CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
In Nigeria, road transport is the most commonly used by the majority of citizen, as the
easiest option in moving goods and travelers. Despite the important role played by
road transport, the sector has encountered a number of challenges emanating from
poor road traffic offences information management, resulting to incessant road
accidents, careless driving, over-speeding and other road traffic offences. These have
resulted to numerous consequences including deaths, injuries, disabilities and loss of
properties, all of which accelerate to poverty in the country. While many developing
and developed countries have made concerted efforts to reduce road traffic offence
through the adoption of improved management information technology, Nigeria
seems to be lagging behind.
Nigeria has a total land area of 910,770 square kilometers and human population
of 209,468,964 as of Tuesday, February 16, 2021. Nigeria population is estimated to
increase to 211,400,708 by July 1, 2021, based on United Nations estimates and this
makes Nigeria the most populous country in Africa, and ranks number 7 in the list of
countries by population in the world (World population review, 2021). Its large land
mass and population correlate with its high level of vehicular population estimated at
over 7.6 million with a total road length of about 194,000 kilometers (comprising 34,
120 km federal, 30,500 Km, State and 129,580 km of local roads). (United Nations
Department of Economic and Social Affairs: Population Division, UN, 2019).
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) data, Nigeria ranks 191 out
of 192 countries in the world with un-safe roads with 162 death rates per 100,000
populations from road traffic accident. The country’s ranking indicates the hazards
associated with road transportation in a country that is largely dependent on its road
network for economic, social and physical activities.
In Nigeria, 35,621 people died in 2013 according to World Health Organization’s
estimated report on road traffic death (WHO, 2015). Nigeria density which varies in
rural and urban areas (approximately 51.7% and 48.3% respectively) translates to a
population- road ratio of 860 persons per square kilometers indicating intense traffic
pressure on the available road network. This pressure contributes to the high road
traffic accidents in the country (FRSC, 2012). Injuries are a growing problem: the
three leading causes of death globally from injuries – road traffic crashes, homicide

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and suicide – are all predicted to rise in rank compared to other causes of death,
placing them among the top 20 leading causes of death in the world by 2030. In 2004,
road traffic crashes were the ninth cause of death in the world but road traffic crashes
are predicted to become the fifth leading cause of death by 2030 (World Health
Statistics, 2008).
Around the world road traffic injuries are a major public health challenges that
requires concerted efforts for effective and sustained prevention. An estimated 1.2
million people are killed in road crashes every year and many as 50 million supper
injuries. The world health organization believe that these figures could increase by
more them half over the next 20year unless there is a firm commitment to road safety
and accident prevention, especially in Nigeria, most adult will know of someone who
has been killed or injured in a road traffic accidents. It is a dad fact that many of these
accidents and their consequences will have been avoided.
Therefore this project, computerized traffic offence documentation system will
help to keep records of all traffic offences committed by road users and also maintain
the databases of the commission (F R S C).
The Traffic Offense Documentation System is an innovative and
technology-driven approach to managing and recording traffic-related violations and
offenses. This system is designed to streamline the process of documenting, reporting,
and managing traffic violations by leveraging digital tools and automation

1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The present system of traffic offence system which is the manual system known as
(Notice of Offence Sheet), The manual enforcement of traffic offenses poses
significant challenges to the effective management of road safety and traffic flow. In
many jurisdictions, law enforcement officers are responsible for visually identifying,
documenting, and penalizing drivers who commit traffic violations. However, this
approach is plagued by inefficiencies, subjectivity, and resource limitations, leading
to inconsistent enforcement, potential bias, and a lack of comprehensive data for
analysis.

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1.2 JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY

With the growth in information technology, the study offers numerous values to the
Federal Road Safety Commission and any organisation that deals with offence
documentation data/information. Huge files kept through the manual method in
offices will no longer be there again because information will be stored on the
computer with the help of the Computerised Traffic Offence System. It will help to
keep a comprehensive record of traffic offence documented.

1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this project is to design and implement a computerized traffic offense
documentation system for federal road safety commission, Eleyele, Ibadan.

The Objectives are:

● To provide better services to the public and users making the highway safe for
motorists and other road users.
● To keep records that are complete, integrated and up to date, also recommending
works and devices designed to eliminate or minimize accidents on the highways
and advising the Federal and State Government including the Federal Capital
Territory Administration and relevant governmental agencies on the localities
where such works and devices are required.
● To produce a system where information and output report will be produced or
made available much faster, more accurately and more detailed to the
commission and the public by educating motorist and members of the public on
the importance of discipline on the highway.
● Conducting researches and also the standardization of highway traffic codes.
● Reduce error in offenders’ identification, as lots offenders escape offence due to
wrong identification (pictorial identification) during and after documentation
which makes prosecution of offenders’ difficulty.

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1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study is strived at finding out how effective the Computerization of Nigerian
Road Safety Commission will improve the operation of the commission. However,
the research is limited to traffic offence section.

1.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

To be able carry out the project, a thorough survey of literature will be done to be able
to understand the field of information and the appropriate programming language to
use. This gives an in depth understanding on the website to be developed and also
informed us on how to conduct the system investigation.

The project shall be ascertain by analyzing the background of the existing system,
through succinct observation, interviewing my supervisor for more light on the
background of the existing system and the expected features and functions required on
the new system will be observed, literatures (from library and the internet) will be
utilized for review, questionnaire will be employed if necessary.

The compilation of all information gathered through all adopted methodology will
therefore be gathered and forwarded to my supervisor for subtraction and addition to
ascertain a proceed onto the next step.

The success of the highlighted stage will therefore lead to the system design of the
new system, and will be tendered to my supervisor for necessary amendment. The
permission to proceed from this stage will therefore lead to the implementation of the
development of the software; however, it shall be tendered before my supervisor for
validation before documentation of the software developed for the new system.

The system will be developed with PHP, HTML, BOOTSTRAP, JAVASCRIPT and
MYSQL, throughout the process of implementation both the internal and external
documentation will be taking. The developed system will be demonstrated to our
supervisor to ensure compliance with the system design.

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1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. SYSTEM: A system is a set of related element or subsystem that collectively
form a unified whole.

2. IMPLEMENTATION: process of putting a plan, project, or idea into action or

practice. It involves taking the necessary steps and executing the necessary tasks
to bring a concept or strategy to fruition.

3. ONLINE: Computer or device connected to a network (such as internet) and

ready to use (or be used by) other computer or devices.

4. UPLOAD: transfer (data) from one computer to another, typically to one that is
larger or remote from the user or functioning as a server.

5. INTERNET: Is a collection of computer networks that operate to common

standards and enable the computer and the program they run to communicate
directly.

6. SOFTWARE: This is a logically written program that hardware uses to perform

its operation

7. FRSC: Federal Road Safety Commission is body responsible for the control of
Road users in a country (Nigeria).

8. TRAFFIC:vehicles moving on a public highway.

9. OFFENCE: a breach of a law or rule; an illegal act.

10. DOCUMENTATION: material that provides official information or evidence or

that serves as a record.

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 BACKGROUND THEORY OF THE STUDY

According to the World Health Organisation (2013), 1.24 million deaths are caused
by road traffic accidents every year. Amongst the reasons given, the adoption of risky
and offending behaviour plays a major role, in particular speeding and driving under
the influence of alcohol. From the different approaches drawn on to understand the
adoption of this behaviour, the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB, Ajzen, 1991) has
been very widely employed. Within this framework, the central factor is behavioural
intention. This intention is produced under the influence of three factors: attitude (i.e.
the extent to which the individual evaluates the behaviour positively or negatively),
the subjective norm (i.e. the extent to which the individual thinks that important
people in their life would approve or disapprove of them carrying out the behaviour)
and the perceived behavioural control (i.e. the extent to which the individual considers
that it will be easy for them to adopt this behaviour if they wish).
Information system is a set of hardware, software, data, procedural and human
components that work together to generate, collect, store, retrieve, process, analyze or
distribute information (O’Brien,
2001). While Loudon (2005) says that an information system is a combination of
human andcomputerized resources that result in the collection, storage, retrieval,
communication and use of data for the purpose of efficient management of operations
and for business planning.
According to Inmon (2003), system of record (SOR) is an information storage
system commonly implemented on a computer system, which is the authoritative data
source for a given data element or piece of information. The need to identify systems
of record can become acute in organizations where management information systems
have been built by taking output data from multiple source systems, re-processing this
data, and then re-presenting the result for a new business use.
According to Loudon (2005) all traffic management departments in any country
around the world have systems that they employ to manage the records of the traffic
itself, staff, penalties and cases. The rise of the new system of case management
introduced building of jail rooms, use of knowledgeable people for example
policemen, fines after every case coverage and compensations.

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 The Federal Road Safety Corps(FRSC) is the lead and coordinating agency for
road safety management in Nigeria. This status has conferred on the FRSC the
responsibility of playing its role as the key driver of all road safety efforts in
Nigeria.While this is essential for achieving the goal of the safe system approach,
unfortunately it has become unattainable due to its current involvement in managing
road safety at operational level, a position it shares with several other agencies also
duly empoweredto perform similar functions. Road safety responsibility is to provide
the benefits ofcoverage where cross-functional gaps exit,
it portends the dangers of role submergence and conflict which may arise out of
competing interests. It is disturbing to notethat such conflicts currently characterize
road safety activities in Nigeria.
There is a department of the Nigeria Police Force constitutionally empowered to
act as the primary enforcement agency of all traffic laws and regulations of the
Federal,State and Local governments in the country.The Nigeria Police Forces
performs this duty through its Motor Traffic Division. Thus like the FRSC, the Police
carries outroad patrols, vehicle checks, and prosecute traffic offenders. The Vehicle
Inspection Officers (VIO) is constitutionally mandated to issue and renew Licenses
for all privateand commercial vehicle drivers, and issue such permits as Hackney
Carriages, Stage Carriages, and Goods Carriages. They also regulate fares and register
new vehicles and keep a register of such in all states of the Federation. It is with this
body that FRSC faces the greatest conflict especially in carrying out some of its
important road safety activities. There are other Federal Ministries (e.g. Transport,
Works), State Ministries e.g. Works and Transport; Transport Regulatory Authorities;
Local Government Councils; and Trade Unionse.g. National Union of Road Transport
Workers (NURTW) who are empowered
to play either persuasive, preventive or punitive safety roles in the country.
Conventionally, the FRSC is expected to coordinate the activities of these bodies
inorder to improve road safety, but their linkages are either non-existent or at best
weak and in a few cases they even operateat cross-purposes.
Sumaila (2013) studied traffic accidents and safety management in Nigeria. The
study focused on trends in road crashes and involves critical review of current road
safety approaches with a viewto identifying their defects and deficiencies in tackling
the traffic accident problem in the country. Accident records and details of current
safety measures obtained from suchrelevant agencies as the Federal Road Safety

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Corps, The Nigeria Police and Department of Road Transport Services in addition to
maps and photographs provided the basic data for the study. The results of the study
revealed there exist in general high rate of accidents in Nigeria with the driver as the
main culprit, the functional limitations of FRSC as the lead agency for road safety
matters, the practical difficulties of implementing the driver license and vehicle
registration schemes, and poor driving culture of Nigerians arising from weak traffic
education, public awareness and enforcement programmes.
Gana and Emmanuel (2014) in their study discussed the roles of the Federal Road
Safety Corps (FRSC) in the enforcement of Road Traffic Laws. The finding from the
study revealed that there is dearth of operational equipments in FRSC thus hampering
its performance. It further observed that Road traffic laws are strong and adequate, but
lack effective enforcement, which is responsible for non-compliance. The study
also revealed that FRSC has done very well in its performance especially in Educating
motorists through various public enlightenment campaigns.The study shows that there
are bad roads with narrow lanes and potholes resulting to traffic congestions and
crashes. Having identified these challenges, the study recommended among others,
adequate funding of the corps, effective enforcement of existing road traffic laws by
all the relevant law enforcement agencies, trainingof the law enforcement personnel
and construction of befitting roads.
Atubi and Gbadamosi (2015) examined the global positioning and
socio-economic impact of road traffic accidents
in Nigeria. They noted that Nigeria has a serious road accident problem and more
road safety measures need to be introduced.In order to identify priorities for actions it
isimportant that there is a clear understanding of the road accident problem and the
likely effectiveness of road safety improvements. It is therefore, a priority for Nigeria
to have an appropriate accident information system and that they carry out research
and evaluation studies of remedial measures. Another basic requirement is a well
trained road safety teams which is capable of coordinating and integrating a wide
ranging programme of road safety improvements which are preferably low cost.
Road safety has been identified as an essential component which should be
integrated in road management system. The first image of road safety coming to mind
may be the number of accidents happening on roads 18. Road safety refers to reduce
the risk of a person in accident. Road safety provides safe environment to all road
users. Government organizes different programs regarding road safety such as driver

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safety programs, pedestrian safety, child and teenager’s safety programs, drink and
driving related programs and speed management programs. These programs are
organized to make people aware of causes of road accidents but these programs fail to
create awareness, modify abnormal behaviour of drivers, and poor enforcement of
driving law. Road safety considers risk factors related to the road and its environment,
the road user, the vehicle and emergency services. Road safety is to be achieved to
decrease in crash occurrences with safer vehicle and roadway designs as well as road
user behaviour modification programs. The injury risks of individuals in traffic
crashes are influenced by a multitude of factors including vehicle features, roadway
designs, poor law of enforcement, driver characteristics, type of collisions and
environmental conditions 20. Road safety can be improved by use of education,
engineering and enforcement. Road safety entails safe roads Road safety is considered
important for road users. The road authorities and road safety agencies employ some
type of road safety management program, designed to improve the road safety
performance for the system users. Safety management programs consist of various
initiatives, such as a road improvement program, vehicle maintenance testing
programs, campaigns to stop drinking and driving, speed enforcement programs, the
development of road or vehicle safety standards, a road safety research program, or
other various road safety programs 23. Road safety can be managed by five E‟s such
as (i) Education, (ii) Enforcement, (iii) Engineering, (iv) Environment and (v)
Emergency Service in road safety.
● Education
Drivers‟ behaviour can be improved through safety educational programs. Education
and awareness are used to provide the information regarding road safety and different
media are used by the host country. The Government plays an active role in
conducting awareness among road users by improving road safety through campaigns
and educational programs. Road safety education and awareness for children and rural
people is an effective tool for improving the behaviour of road users . Education
provides the good senses to all the road users resulting into improved driver behaviour.
Non-Government organization’s road safety policies and programs play an important
role in reducing road accidents and injuries. They appoint a legislator for raising
awareness about road safety generally and support a specific legislative change.

9
● Enforcement
Road accidents can be prevented by use of helmets, seat belts and enforcement of
safety law. These factors are involved in promoting road safety and decreasing
collision between vehicles and others. Enforcement of law on use of helmets, wearing
of seat belts, and detection of drunken driving and prevention of plying of over loaded
vehicles are helpful to reduce the road accidents. Enforcement can be effective by
increasing restraints on the use of child. Enforcement can reduce the number of road
deaths. Enforcement of alcohol diminishing laws is more effective to achieve risk of
detection. Enforcement of law is helpful to reduce the accidents. Legislation is an
effective way to discourage risky behaviour and increase road safety. Driving under
the influence of alcohol is an important risk factor for road traffic injuries and deaths.
Enforcement is a key in identifying and reducing the potential of the road network
that lead to road crashes.

● Engineering
Design of roads and vehicles contribute to prevent the road accidents. Vehicle
maintenance prevents accidents and also save the occupants and other road users
coming in contact with vehicle. Engineering provide most scientific design to make
the roadway safe for all the users . Planning and implementation of road safety
designs is work of National Highway Authority of India (NHAI). All the work related
to design of highways is completed by the consultants meeting all relevant geometric
and safety standards which include provisions for flyovers, by passes, railway
over/under bridges, bus/truck lay‐byes, service roads, junction improvements,
overhead signs, cautionary/regulatory/regulatory/informatory retro‐reflective sign
boards, crash barriers, medians, thermoplastic road markings, traffic lights and
delineators. The policy is made to avoid the conflicts through the traffic with provide
by‐passes for roads passing through busy towns

● Environment
Norman et al. have identified that environmental factor plays an important role in
reducing road traffic accidents. Drivers risk taking behaviour remains unchanged in
environment situation that result into road accident. Banik et al. have described that
most of road accident occurred in rainy season as compared to winter season. 4.0 per
cent of road accident occurs in rainy season. Most of road becomes slippery and

10
tending to muddy non-paved road in rainy season and drivers lose the control on
vehicle due to stormy weather. Treat et al. have found that 4.7 per cent road accidents
occur due to the environment factors. Caird et al. have identified that the
characteristics of the vehicle and the environment influence pedestrian and driver
behaviour in ways that lead to accidents. Road user behaviour is equally influenced by
environment and vehicle. Stanton and Salmon have found that there are many
environment factors such as surface condition, lighting, traffic density, atmospheric
conditions, responsible in road accidents. Infrastructure related factors that are fixed
and do not change with the environment such as traffic way flow, traffic control
device, locality, road way alignment and relation to junction. This infrastructure does
not work properly or is not sufficient to control the vehicle and is not in proper
condition to provide the information to the drivers that result into road accidents.
percent of road accidents occurred due the environment and infrastructure problems.
Dorn and Brown have described that variables of road accidents differ from country
to country, however they seems to be common. One of the most significant causes is
animal related accidents that result from serious injuries to death.

● Emergency Services
Emergency response services can be helpful to increase the road safety. The
government of India
is doing efforts to provide trauma care facilities to citizens of India. There are many
trauma care
schemes going on in India such as: National Highway Trauma Care Project
(NHTCP) National Highways Accident Relief Services Scheme (NHARSS) NHAI
– Incident Management System (IMS) Emergency Medical Service Systems
(EMSS).

2.1.1 CHALLENGES OF ROAD SAFETY

Despite technological advancement and improved environment including good
conditions, the rate of road traffic accidents continues to increase.
According to David (1999), the second African Road Safety congress in Addis-Ababa,
Ethiopia in 1989 revealed that the road safety situation in a developing Economic
(especially Africa) still poses a great concern as shown in the following coparative
statistics: At the global level: 500,000 persons die and 10, 12 to 15million persons are

11
injured every year in road accidents throughout the world and approximately 30% of
these fatalities and injuries are experimented in developing countries. A recent
analysis of Global Burden of Disease, in assesing changes in ranking order of disease
burden for 15 leading causes in the world, shows that road traffic accidents ranked No.
9 in 1990 and will probably be No. 3 in the year 2020, if not properly checked and
controlled. At the regional level: Research shows that road accidents are the second
highest cause of death for the 5 to 44 years age group in Africa. The major challenge
facing the Federal Road Safety Commission and other coordinating bodies is act of
competent support staff and experts to assess the relevance of existing road safety.
Programme implementation and continuity, funding and follow-up of the actions
undertaken, are additional challenges. There is need for increased funding, the
initiation of the in-depth studies and actions plan to improve Road Safety situation at
the national, sub-regional and regional levels. The essence is exchange of experiences
and results in order to gradually increase available relevant knowledge.

2.1.2 MEASURES TO PREVENT AND CONTROL ACCIDENT

We must adopt or acquire sufficient safety education to develop positive safety

attitudes and habits. Road Safety eduvcation should be introduced in the primary
schools among pupils. In addition, Teachers’ Guide, Posters, leaflets and an activity
book should be published and distributed to all Head Teachers, Information
Technology and Physical Education personnel, and the pupils of all primary schools.
Talks on road safety should be delivered to Secondary schools and higher institutions
in Nigeria.

● Planning or ordering the enivironment to make it accident free. Government

should construct and maintain good road network in the country. Enough road
signs should be provided at strategic points to inform road users of sharp bends,
pedestrian crossing, T-junctions, roundabouts, danger.The main ojectivies of
campaign should be to reduce the annual road deaths to the bearest minimum.
Increase level of awareness and understanding of traffic codes for pedestrians on
the road. Develop responsible attitude amongst pedestrians toward their own
safety.

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● Regular maintance and repairs of vehicle is a vert important factor in the
prevention of road accidents.Minimum vehicle safety standards should not be
compromised, good maintenance culture should be encouraged.

● Avoidance of haste, confusion procrastinatiion while on the highway. Always

drive at a speed limit which is reasonable, credible, acceptable by the FRSC and
other road users. Overspeeding dangerous overtaking should be avoided. Drivers
should always endeavour to abide by traffic rules, give correct, prompt, adequate
and clear signals without any procrastination.

● There should be a constant consciousness of hazadous situations like reckless

driving by other drivers, bad road network, mechanically defective vehicles,
impairment of visibility on highways.

2.2 RELATED WORKS

2.2.1 TRAFFIC OFFENCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

In recent years, the quantity of motor vehicles increases rapidly and the burden of the
management of the road traffic are increasingly heavy. There are several ways to
make travelling safe and one is through the Traffic Police. Responsibility of the traffic
Police regarding traffic management includes enforcing traffic rules and regulations
and penalizing the driver in case of violating traffic rules. In today's information-rich
society, everything is becoming smart. This project shows the design and
development of smart traffic offence analysis tool with e-payment.

Traffic offence management is a major concern in cities around the world.

Mobilized Traffic Offence System is a powerful mobile based application that records
all the traffic offences committed citywide. The application helps the traffic police
keep adequate information of all traffic offences that has been committed by road
users and also maintain the databases of the driver and vehicle details. We have many
existing android applications that helps the vehicle driver to check his challan status
and he can pay the penalty online without the intervention of traffic police .but our
application focuses on traffic police as user and he can penalize the one who commits
the traffic offence and can collect the penalty amount on spot using e-payment .with
the information stored in the database.

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2.2.2 ROAD OFFENCE INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN
NIGERIA

Nigeria ranked as the country with the second largest road network in Africa in 2011.
It population density which varies in rural and urban areas (approximately 51.1% and
48.3% respectively) translates to a population-road ratio of 860 persons per square
kilometres showing intense traffic pressure on the available road network. This
pressure contributes to the high road traffic offence mishap in the country. In Nigeria,
road transport is the most commonly used by the majority of citizen, as the easiest
option in moving goods and travellers. Despite the important role played by road
transport, the sector has encountered a number of challenges emanating from poor
road traffic offences information management, resulting to incessant road accidents.
Road accidents, resulting from lack centralized database, making road traffic offence
information manipulation and accessibility of the database difficult. There is no
proper offenders’ identification hence wrong persons could be accused. Also the
system has no room for pictorial diagram display of the offence committed, as well as
the penalty of offence as an evidence to facilitate prosecution. Hence the offender
often sees himself as being compelled to accept responsibility of offence he did not
commit. The poor road offence information management situation in Nigeria has
reached such an alarming proportion even to the point of sheer frustration and near
helplessness, resulting to numerous consequences including deaths, injuries,
disabilities and loss of properties, all of which accelerate to poverty in the country.
The death of the most productive member exerts a devastating impact to the families,
pushing many into poverty with long lasting effect to their children and their
community at large. While many developing and developed countries have made
concerted efforts to reduce road traffic offence through the adoption of improved
management information technology, Nigeria seems to be lagging behind.

Global trends in road transportation have shown that efficient and safe transportation
management models are becoming highly dependent on Information and
Communications Technologies [3]. ICTs’ adoption in road traffic offence information
management operations will help to achieve the ambition of drastic reduction in road
traffic offences and road accidents prevalent in Nigeria.

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2.2.3 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF BIOMETRIC TRAFFIC
OFFENCE SYSTEM (BTOS)
Rules and regulations are paramount in all aspects of life that range from way one
wishes to live to how others should accommodate one’s life style. All human being
need to enjoy their rights to access
and use public infrastructure. The law enforcement agents world over are charged
with such a responsibility and work towards sustaining it at the expense of keeping
law and order. One such related public infrastructure is roads that accommodate
automobiles. Much as each person is free to use the road he/she should not infringe
on the other’s right too. But at time drivers and pedestrians fall short on this calling
for law enforcers’ intervention. (Mubaraka, Jirgi and Nanyanzi, 2013).
Traffic offence is a violation of trafficregulations, such as breaking the speed
limit and stop sign infractions. Stopping for a stop sign (or traffic light) means the
vehicle must come to a complete stop. According to Osuagwu (2007), Biometrics
refers to a brand new technology to reliably indicate whether people are actually who
they say they are using traits unique to them. These traits include fingerprint patterns,
the arrangement of tissue in the eye’s iris, and the timbre of a person’s voice.
Biometric identifiers are the distinctive, measurable characteristics used to label
and describe individuals (Jain, 2000). Biometric identifiers are often categorized as
physiological versus behavioral characteristics (Jain et al, 2008). Motivation In
Nigeria, the law enforcement agencies responsible for the inspection of Traffic
Highways are the Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC), Vehicle Inspection
Officers (VIO) and the Nigerian Police Force. These agencies are bound to the use of
brick and mortar inspection techniques which make use of paper based manual
recording system for storing the records of traffic offenders. The limitations of these
manual systems; Lack of Real-Time Verification or records for traffic offenders;
Lack of Offender’s Database Bank; Lack of Monitoring/Tracking of offenders;
Inconsistent Grading System; and Inadequate Identification make it difficult for the
enforcement agencies to track and monitor traffic offenders. It is on this backdrop of
this that this project aims to conduct research on the design and development of
Biometric Traffic Offence System (BTOS).

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2.2.4 Design and Implementation of the Road Traffic Offense Information
Management System Based on J2EE

With the development of transportation in our country, the number of motor vehicle
drivers and vehicles is growing. Accordingly, road traffic offense and accidents are
increasing. At present, the traditional management mode has been still used on the
aspects including the status of traffic violation, working condition of the police on
duty and the adjustment of the location of the police on duty that for years. In recent
years, with the rapidly expanding number of drivers and motor vehicles, the
increasingly complex situation of road traffic, and the constantly updated vehicle
performances and vehicle types, the traditional management method actually has been
far from enough to satisfy the need of modern traffic management. To resolve a
variety of existing issues effectively, present network resources should be taken full
advantage of, which will be convenient for Traffic Police Department to implement
scientific management and establish a scientific and complete the Road Traffic
Offense Information Management System for the sake of realizing the scientific and
standardized administration of motor vehicle drivers' traffic violations and accident
information.

J2EE is a technical criterion launched by SUN Company and formulated with the
participation of many international mainstream manufactures. This criterion has the
features of openness, standardization, structure, mutual manipulation and extensibility.
The J2EE criterion has been widely accepted by the relevant industry. After many
years of development, J2EE has actually become the standard of application servers.
The typical four-layer structure of J2EE is:

1. Client layer components that are running on the client machine;

2. Web layer components that are running on the J2EE server;
3. Business layer components that are running on the J2EE server;
4. Enterprise information system layer software that is running on the EIS server.

2.3 CURRENT METHODS IN USE

The current method in use is a manual process which is based on pen on paper
because any query that is needed to be made will be documented inside a file and
kept in a cabinet.

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2.4 APPROACH TO BE USED IN THIS STUDY
The approach used in getting this project done is by designing an efficient Road
Traffic Offense Information Management System.
The design phase is transformed into using some programming codes. This
phase is computer and compiler specific. It is the stage whereby developer writes out
program codes that will carry out the instructions carried out by the system.
However, to successfully build and implement this new system, a number of things
are very necessary and are much needed/required to be in place.

17
 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter looks at the various research methodologies and research methods that
are commonly used by researchers in the field of information systems.
At this stage, the information gathered were analyzed and restructured into a
more relevant and useful data.
Data analysis and restructuring was based on the identification of the basic needs
and the structure required for the project.

3.1 METHODOLOGY
There are two main sources of data collection in carrying out this study, information
was basically obtained from the two sources which are:
a) Primary source
b) Secondary source

3.1.1 Primary source

Primary source refers to the sources of collecting original data in which the researcher
makes use of empirical approach which is the observation.
● Observation
Observation in the course of this study at FEDERAL ROAD SAFETY, ELEYELE,
IBADAN, OYO STATE revealed that they uses the manual method of recording
offences. The process involves extensive paperwork, where officers record traffic
offenses by hand, leading to delays in data processing and difficulties in maintaining
accurate records. The manual systems often result in inefficiencies in tracking repeat
offenders and analyzing traffic violation patterns, as collating and retrieving
information is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Furthermore, the reliance on
physical documentation increases the risk of data loss or damage. These inefficiencies
can hinder the FRSC's ability to effectively enforce traffic laws and develop
data-driven strategies for road safety improvements. Despite these challenges, the
manual system remains in use due to limited resources and infrastructure needed to
implement a comprehensive digital solution. Addressing these issues requires

18
significant investment in technology and training to transition to a more efficient,
automated system.
This will help us to collect data about some cons of the current system as well as
how we will be able to improve the proposed one.

3.1.2 Secondary source

The need for the secondary sources of data for this kind of project cannot be over
emphasized. The secondary sources of data were obtained from magazines, journal,
library and internet.
Therefore the secondary source of information is being carried out for the completion
of this research work.

3.2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF THE CASE STUDY

In February 1988, the Federal Government created the Federal Road Safety
Commission through Decree No.45 of the 1988 as amened by Decree 35 of 1992
refered to in the statute of books as the FRSC Act cap 141 laws of the Federation of
Nigeriav (LFN). Passed by the National Assembly as Federal Road Safety
Commission (establishment) Act 2007. The functions of the commission generally
relates to making the highway safe for motorist and other road users. Recommending
works and devices designed to eliminate or minimize accidents on the highways and
advising the Federal and State Governments including the Federal Capital Territory
Administration and relevant governmental agencies on the localities where such
works and devices are required,and educating motorists and members of the public on
the importance of discipline on the highway. In particular the commission is charged
with the responsibilities for preventing or minimizing accidents on the highway;
clearing obstructions on any part of the highways; Educating drivers, motorists and
other member of the public generally on the proper use of the highways; Designing
and producing the driver’s license. Decade of action, the mission of safe road in
Nigeria is to reduce road crash deaths and injuries by 50% by 2020. Safe Road in
Nigeria is a response to United Nation’s Decade of Action for Road Safety. It is one
of the initiatives of Federal Road Safety Commission of Nigeria to promote safety on
our roads.

19
The FRSC is currently headed by Dauda Ali Biu. whose title is the Corps Marshal and
Chief Executive (COMACE) the highest rank in the Corps ranking system. Prior to
the impact of the establishment of Federal Road Safety Commission in 1988,there
was no concrete and sustained policy action to address the carnage on Nigerian roads.
Earlier attempts in this direction were limited to discrete and isolated attempts by
some states of the federation and individuals. Notable among the efforts to institute a
formdable road safety program was the effort of Shell Petroleum Development
Company of Nigeria (SPDC) between 1960 and 1965. The effort of the Nigerian
Army in the training of its offices and men on road safety in the early 1970s also
contributed to road safety ideals and consciousness in Nigeria: The Nigeria Army
started the first public Road Safety campaign in 1972 when it iniated an annaul Road
Safety week. The First delibrate policy on road safety was the creatin in 1974 of the
National Road Safety Commission (NRSC) by the then military government. The
impact of the commission was however not sustained. In 1977,the Military
Administration in Oyo state, Nigeria established the Oyo state Road Safety corps
which made some local significant improvements in road safety and road discipline in
the state that lasted till 1983, when it was disbanded by the federal government. With
the continued dangerous trend of road traffic accidents in Nigeria then, which placed
it as one of the most road traffic accident (RTA) prone countries worldwide (second
to Ethiopia), the Nigerian government asw the need to establish the present Federal
Road Safety Corps in 1988 to address the carnage on the highways.

3.3 OPERATION OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM

This approach is such that the mangement staff will the offenders’ data/information
on a piece of paper or a register and kept in file cabinet or even on the desk of the
officer incharge. Critical analysis of this system reveals that it is a system prone to a
lot of errors, careless handling, theft, flood, fire and other forms of accidents and it is
not effective. Searching for someone’s record is time consuming and boring the
system is such that the office is filled up with files which makes the office dirty and a
resting place for pest. Careful analysis also shows that due to complexities of the
manual system, informaton stored is difficult to retrieve. Also because of the
inconsistency of the manuel system, at times file are lost because of mismanagement.

20
3.4 SYSTEM ANALYSIS
A system is set of interrelated object or component that works to perform a task in
order to achieve a set goal. Analysis is the crucial observation of an object of
consideration under area such as objectives, behavior and response to different
situation.
System analysis is a method that involves the application of systematic approaches to
collect facts about existing system with the aim improving it or replacing it with more
efficient system within the context of the available resources.

3.5 PROBLEMS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM

A lot of problems are associated with the existing system, involves the use of manual
system to store data/information. The system has proved defective as the objective ot
the system has also failed. Among the problems associated with the existing system
include the following:

● It can be easily damaged or destroyed

● Data redundancy

● Time wasted in searching/sorting for information

● Poor security and protection

● Misplacing and Mismanging of files

3.6 THE PROPOSED SOLUTION

The new system is expected that with the introduction of the new system, alot of
positive changes will be noticed. The numerous problems associated with the manual
system will be minimized to the bearest minimum, if not totally eradicateds.
Management staff that previously had difficulties in carrying out their duties
effectively, will now have to appreciate it, they will now work with joy and zeal and
this will lead to a positive change and improvement in the functions of the Federal
Road Safety Commission because of the visual approach of the development.

21
3.7 PROCESS ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
The details supplied by the user is processed and stored in the database and can be
further accessed by the administrator of the system.
● Data design: This involves the choice of data structure and database. The
website uses MYSQL server as the database. This sophisticated database allows
the administrator to monitor effectively and run some query language in the
server. It is equipped with maximum security to prevent hacking.

● User interface design: It is a system that permits the interaction between

human beings and the computer. The project has a user interface design because
of the level of interaction the school wants.

● Procedural design: This involves the design of an efficient algorithm that will
satisfy the functional description of the various sub systems of the website.

3.8 REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

This includes the hardware and software required for the execution of activities in
the organization. This task can be divided into three:
● Hardware requirement
● Software requirement
● Program installation

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT
The hardware requires ensuring proper running of the new system are:
i. Computer system.
ii. A local area network.
iii. Minimum of 40 Gigabyte of Hard drive.
iv. Minimum of 4 Gigabyte RAM.
v. Pentium II processor and above

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
i. Windows 7 XP
ii. Browser.
iii. XAMPP Server

22
 PROGRAM INSTALLATION
The computer system is installed with the help of hardware and software expert to
ensure the working ability of the software.

3.10 DESIGN SUMMARY

Design summary is the combination of system flow chart and the hierarchical input
and output chart system. System flow chart contain the module in the software like,
Staff Portal, admin and update content module while the hierarchy input process and
output chart, it is the basic input require by the software and output generated.

a) HIPO Chart
Input Processes Output

Enter Username and Validate Username and

Password Display the Dashboard
password

Click on the preferred

Navigate through modules Display Selected Module
module

aasssd
Enter Values Store Inputted Values Display the Report

23
b. SYSTEM FLOWCHART

Start

Enter Details

If Password No
Correct

Yes

1. Admin Login
2. Add/Manage Offence
3. Add/Manage Users
4. View Offence Detail
5. Logout

If Do
Yes
Option= 1 Admin Login

No

If Do
Yes
Option =2 Add/Manage
Offence
No

If Yes Do
Option= 3 Add/Manage
Users
No

A B

24
 A
A BB

No

If Yes Do
Option=4 Offence
Detail
No

Do
If Yes
Log
Option=5

Stop

25
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 SYSTEM DESIGN

The decision to introduce the use of computer is aimed at improving the operational
procedure, and information flow without need to use expensive equipment.
After the analysis of the existing system the problem has been found, the next stage
is designed which should be able to help the proper management of the activities of
the state.
The new system is expected to be more efficient than the existing system that is
manual system, which is currently in operation. The system is designed in such a
way that everybody will be able to understand and use the system as expected.
System design begins with the authorization for the development of a new system,
following the analysis stage.
System design includes the task of detailed specification of processing requirements,
inputs, files and segmentation of processing into program.

4.1 OUTPUT DESIGN

This is the description of how reports to be generated by the system should look like.
It is a crucial stage in the development of a new system because the system will be
judged by the output obtained from the system.
In computing, output generated are always in various forms, such as paper tape,
visual display, and punched cards etc but the output to be generated by this system is
paper printout. And screen displays are:

4.1.1 REPORTS TO BE GENERATED:

The reports that are generated with this new system and the reports are as follow :
● Report on Offence List.
● Report on Users.
● Report on Offence Details.
● Report on System Settings

4.1.2 SCREEN FORMS OF REPORT: The Screen form of this reports are
printed out on paper. The screen reports printed out are:

26
 Filename: view-offence

Database name: traffic.sql

Input device: Keyboard

Storage device: Hard disk drive

Fig 4.1 List of Offence

4.1.2 SCREEN FORMS OF REPORT: The Screen form of this reports are

printed out on paper. The screen reports printed out are:

Filename: view-users

Database name: traffic.sql

Input device: Keyboard

Storage device: Hard disk drive

27
 Fig 4.2 List of Users

4.1.3 SCREEN FORMS OF REPORT: The Screen form of this reports are

printed out on paper. The screen reports printed out are:

Filename: offence-detail

Database name: traffic.sql

Input device: Keyboard

Storage device: Hard disk drive

28
 Fig 4.3: Offence Details Report

4.1.4 SCREEN FORMS OF REPORT: The Screen form of this reports are

printed out on paper. The screen reports printed out are:

Filename: site-settings

Database name: traffic.sql

Input device: Keyboard

Storage device: Hard disk drive

29
 Fig 4.4: System Setting

FILES USED TO GENERATE REPORTS

The following files are used to generate the reports

A file named view-offence is used to generate offences report

A file named view-user is used for listing all system users report.

A file named report-offence is used to add offences into the system.

4.2 INPUT DESIGN

This is the description of how data are generated and input into the system. It is an
important stage in development of a new system because it determines what the
output that will be obtained from the system will look like.

4.2.1. LIST OF INPUT ITEMS REQUIRED

● Add Offence

● Add Users

● Login Form

30
 4.2.2 DATA CAPTURE SCREEN FORMS FOR INPUTS

This is the print out of the screen form for inputs.

Fig 4.5: ADD OFFENCE FORM

Fig 4.6: ADD USERS FORM

31
 Fig 4.7: USERS LOGIN FORM

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 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 SUMMARY
A Traffic Offense Documentation System is a digital platform designed to streamline
the process of recording and managing traffic-related violations and offenses. It serves
as a comprehensive database where law enforcement agencies can input, track, and
store information related to traffic incidents. The system allows officers to record
details of traffic offenses, including date, time, location, vehicle details, driver
information, and nature of the violation.

5.2 CONCLUSIONS
FRSC, plays the role as the leading and coordinating agency for road safety
management in Nigeria, Unfortunately this has become unattainable due to its current
involvement in managing road safety at operational level; a position it shares with
several other agencies also duly empowered to perform similar functions. Though
shared road safety responsibility provides the benefits of coverage where
cross-functional gaps exist, it also portends danger in role submergence and conflict
which may arise out of competing interests. It is disturbing to note that such conflict
currently characterize road traffic offence information management in Nigeria. The
main challenge of implementing road traffic offence information management in any
developing country is to fully embrace improved information and communication
technology in road traffic information management, especially as regards to offence
management. This will go a long way to reduce incessant accidents in Nigeria.

5.3 RECOMMENDATION
The software design if effectively implemented will solve the problem associated with
the existing system of offence documentation system of the research case study by
putting in place an efficient computer based online offence documentation system. It
is trusted that the efforts and investment in Road Traffic Offence
InformationManagement System will result in the much-needed positive benefits
toward road traffic offences and accidents reduction in Nigeria.

33
 REFERENCE

1. Sumaila, A F. Road crashes trends and safety management in Nigeria. Journal of

Geography and Regional Planning. 2013, 6(3). 53-62.

2. http://consumer.ncc.gov.ng/news.asp?index=336. Accessed on: 8 th, March 2015.

See also:Jayadevan, P K “Managing traffic information technology”. Accessed
from
http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-03-17/news/29138725_1_traff
ic-police-bangalore-traffic-vehicle-owners on 11th August 2014

3. Atzori, L, Iera, A and Morabito, G. The internet of things: A survey”, Comput.

Netw, 2010, vol. 54, no. 15, pp. 2787–2805.

4. Ashton, K. That Internet of Things thing‖, RFiD Journal, 2009.

5. Bandyopadhyay, D and Sen, J. The internet of things - applications and

challenges in technology and Standardization", Springer International Journal of
Wireless Personal Communications, 2011, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 49-69.

6. Guillemin, P and Friess, P. Internet of things strategic research roadmap‖, The

Cluster of European Research Projects, Tech. Rep., September 2009,
http://www.internetofthings-research.eu/pdf/IoT Cluster Strategic Research
Agenda 2009.pdf [Accessed on: 2011

7. Singh, D, Tripathi, G and Jara, A J. A survey of Internet-of-Things: Future Vision,

Architecture, Challenges and Services‖, IEEE World of Forum on Internet of
Things.

8. Xu, B. Key IOT Technology and Application Research‖, Applied Mechanics and
Materials,2014, vol. 543-547, pp. 3411-3414.

9. Dike, D. Assessment of management information systems in road traffic

management in Nigeria. Journal of Management and Corporate Governance.
2012,4. Accessed from
http://www.cenresinpub.org/pub/Dec2012/JMCG/page%252032-44%2520-2075-.
pdf

34
APPENDIX A

35
SYSTEM FLOWCHART

Start

Enter Details

If Password No
Correct

Yes

1. Admin Login
2. Add/Manage Offence
3. Add/Manage Users
4. View Offence Detail
5. Logout

If Do
Yes
Option= 1 Admin Login

No

If Do
Yes
Option =2 Add/Manage
Offence
No

If Yes Do
Option= 3 Add/Manage
Users
No

AA BB

36
 A
A BB

No

If Yes Do
Offence
Option=4 Details

No

Do
If Yes
Log Out
Option=5

Stop

37
APPENDIX B

38
 SOURCE CODE

<?php

include_once 'include/header.php';

?>

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en">

<head>

<meta charset="utf-8">

<title>Traffic Offence Documentation System</title>

</head>

<body>

<div class="carousel slide" data-ride="carousel" id="mycarousel">

<br><br>

<ol class="carousel-indicators">

<li data-target="#mycarousel" data-slide-to="0" class="active"></li>

<li data-target="#mycarousel" data-slide-to="1"></li>

<li data-target="#mycarousel" data-slide-to="2"></li>

</ol>

<div class="carousel-inner">

<div class="item active">

<img src="img/a.jpg">

</div>

<div class="item">

<img src="img/b.jpg">

39
 </div>

<div class="item">

<img src="img/1600652880_chicken.jpg">

</div>

</div>

<a class="left carousel-control" data-slide="prev" href="#mycarousel">

<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-chevron-left"></span>

</a>

<a class="right carousel-control" data-slide="next" href="#mycarousel">

<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-chevron-right"></span>

</a>

</div>

<div class="container">

<div class="row">

<div class="col-sm-4 col-lg-3 hidden-xs hidden-sm">

<hr class="hr"><div style="color: orange;font-size: 16px;font-weight:

bold;" class="t-head">CARS CATEGORY</div><hr class="hr-1">

<ul class="list-group" style="margin-top: 40px">

<?php

$query = mysqli_query($conn, "SELECT * FROM

order_category");

$count = mysqli_num_rows($query);

while ($row = mysqli_fetch_array($query)) {

?>

40
<a class="list-group-item" href="category.php?filter=<?php echo
base64_encode($row['category_name']);?>&&p=<?php echo
$row['category_id']; ?>"><?php echo $row['category_name']; ?></a>

<?php

?>

<div style="color: orange;font-size: 16px;font-weight: bold;margin-top:

40px;" class="t-head text-center">Supported By</div>

<div class="img" style="margin-top: 30px;line-height: 150px;">

<img style="width:45%" src="brand/b1.jpg">

<img style="width:45%" src="brand/b2.png">

<img style="width:45%" src="brand/b3.png">

<img style="width:45%" src="brand/b4.png">

<img style="width:45%" src="brand/b5.png">

<img style="width:45%" src="brand/b6.png">

</div>

</div>

<div class="col-sm-12 col-lg-9">

<hr class="hr1">

<div class="t-head" style="color: orange;font-weight:

bold;font-style: italic; font-size: 17px">

OUR CARS

</div>

<hr class="hr2">

<div class="row" style="margin-top: 40px">

41
 <p>Category:<?php echo
$fetch['product_category']; ?></p>

<a href="viewproduct.php?id=<?php echo

base64_encode($fetch['product_name']);?>&&p=<?php echo
$fetch['product_id']; ?>" class="btn btn-default"><i class="fa
fa-shopping-cart"></i> View Details</a>

</div>

</div>

</div>

<?php

?>

</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

<?php

include 'include/footer.php'

?>

42
APPENDIX C

43
SAMPLE INPUT

44
SAMPLE OUTPUT

45
46
47