Scribd
Upload
7 views5 pages

GS 3

Uploaded by

shahzeb12892
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
7 views5 pages

GS 3

Uploaded by

shahzeb12892
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

Introduction:

- Speakers use **transformational rules** to generate different types of


sentences for various communication needs.
- Phrase Structure (PS) rules help create deep structures, while
transformational rules transform them into surface structures.

Outcomes of Transformational Rules:


1. Interrogative Sentences (Questions):
- Questions are derived from declarative sentences using
transformational rules.
- Examples:
- Declarative: "You have locked the room."
- Question: "Have you locked the room?"

Transformational Rules:
I. Subject-Auxiliary Inversion:
- Purpose: Changes the order of subject NP and the auxiliary to form
yes-no questions.
- Example:
- Declarative: "He has finished his work."
- Question: "Has he finished his work?"
- Application:
- Also applies to negative statements and sentences with multiple
auxiliaries.
ii. Do-Support:
- Purpose: Used when the VP does not contain any auxiliary; it
involves adding the auxiliary "do" to form questions.
- Example:
- Declarative: "You go for a morning walk regularly."
- Question: "Do you go for a morning walk regularly?"
- Application:
- Sequentially applied with subject-auxiliary inversion for sentences
without auxiliaries.

iii. Wh-Movement:
- Purpose: Moves wh-words (like what, where) to the front of
sentences to form wh-questions.
- Example:
- Declarative: "You bought what."
- Question: "What did you buy?"
- Application:
- Triggers subject-auxiliary inversion and do-support to create
grammatical wh-questions.

Additional Points:
- Negative Yes-No Questions:
- Use subject-auxiliary inversion with contracted negator -n't moving
along with the auxiliary.
- Multiple Auxiliaries:
- Subject-auxiliary inversion applies to the first auxiliary in sentences
with more than one auxiliary.

Conclusion:
Transformational rules play a crucial role in shaping sentences for
different communicative purposes, including forming questions in
various structures. These rules provide the flexibility needed for
effective language use.

Active Sentence Structure:


\ [S [NP_1 [VP V [NP_2]]]\]

1. Subject (NP1): The one doing the action.


2. Verb (V): The action being done.
3. Object (NP2): The one receiving the action.

Passive Sentence Structure:


\ [S [NP_2 [VP be+V-en [PP by [NP_1]]]\]

1. Subject (NP2): The one receiving the action.


2. "be" + Past Participle (V-en): Shows the action done to the subject.
3. "by [NP_1]": Optional. Indicates who performed the action.

Transformational Rules for Passive Sentences:

1. Subject (NP1) Movement:


- NP1 moves to the object position (NP2) and is placed in a by-phrase
(a PP).
- The by-phrase is an optional adjunct.

\ [S [NP2 [VP be+V-en [PP by [NP1]]] \]

2. Object (NP2) Movement:


- NP2 moves to the subject position, filling the position left vacant by
NP1.

\ [S [NP2 [VP be+V-en [PP by [NP1]]] \]

3. Tense Change:
- The tense changes into the appropriate form of 'be' followed by the
past participle form of the verb.

\ [S [NP2 [VP be+V-en [PP by [NP1]]]\]

Examples:
1. Active: The teacher graded the papers.
Passive: The papers were graded (by the teacher).

2. Active: The police have threatened the illegal settlers.


Passive: The illegal settlers have been threatened (by the police).

3. Active: The mother handed a rattle to the baby.


Passive: A rattle was handed to the baby (by the mother).

Summary:
- Passive sentences are derived from active sentences using three
transformational rules.
- Subject moves to the object position (by-phrase is optional).
- Object moves to the subject position.
- Tense changes to 'be' + past participle.
- Examples illustrate the transformation of active to passive sentences.

You might also like