Training Topics

Tuesday, July 12, 2022 9:48 PM

1. Python Fundamentals
2. String & Collection
3. Modularity
4. Classes & Objects
5. Operations with files
6. Decorators
7. Multithreading
8. Unit Testing
9. Handling databases
10. Numpy, Pandas, Visualization using Matplotlib

Python Page 1
Setup
Tuesday, July 12, 2022 9:51 PM

1. Download Python3
2. Install Python3 ; Ensure that you check to add python as PATH variable
3. Download VisualStudio /Pycharm IDE
4. To open visual studio at any location
Open cmd
code .
5. Download the extension for Python in Visual Studio
6. Test the enviroment

Python Page 2
Python fundamentals
Tuesday, July 12, 2022 9:52 PM

Python
- object oriented scripting language
- very readable - just like plain English
- interpreted at run time
- interactive

compiler vs interpreter
Eg. java classes
app.java => Hello World
compile -> app.class (bytecode)

java bytecode can be run n number of times without requiring re-compilation

app.py => print ("Hello")

python app.py

entire code in python is interepreted in the run time. Internally python also generates bytecode, but we
do not use it programatically

whitespaces
- In python scope is managed by indentation using whitespaces
- one tab or 4 spacetabs

zen of python
- good practices
- to print zen
import this

Python Page 3
Variables and Values
Tuesday, July 12, 2022 9:59 PM

• Value ==> actual data

"Welcome to training"
100

• Variable ==> name location which holds the value or point to the value

• x = 100
Here x is variable and 100 is value
name = "John Doe"
Here, name is variable and John Doe is value

variables naming convention:

• start variables with small case
• all the new words seperated by underscore eg. top_marks, first_name
• have meaningful names

keywords
• words already known to python interpreter
• can not be used as variable name
• complete list

• Statements
○ A statement is an instruction that the Python interpreter can execute.
x=3
print(x)
• Expressions
○ An expression is a combination of values, variables, operators, and calls to functions.
○ Expression needs to be evaluated
x+2

Statement vs Expressions
Read more here

Operators & Operands

• +, -, * , / ==> operators

• 100+200
+ ==> operator

Python Page 4
 + ==> operator
100, 200 ==> Operands

Operator precedence
1. parenthesis
2. exponentiation
3. division and multiplication
4. addition and subtraction

Division & multiplication has same precedence. They are evaluated left to right
eg. first division is done because of left to right rule

eg. first multiplication would be done because of left to right rule

Logical operators
and
or
not

Comparison operators
==
!=
>
>=
<
<=

Data types
• int
• string
• boolean
○ True,False
○ Case sensitive
○ Should start with capital letters else would not be identified as boolean
○ boolean expressions
▪ 200==200
▪ 10=!100
• float

Python Page 5
• float

Python Page 6
Strings
Tuesday, July 12, 2022 10:23 PM

• immutable objects - can't be changed

• valid strings
first_name = "John" #valid
last_name = 'Doe' #valid
full_name = "John Doe' #error
full_name = "John said 'His full name is John Doe'" #valid

• String concatenation
○ adds two strings
print("John" +"Doe") # valid
>>John Doe

multiply operator with string

• used for repetition
print ("Hello " * 3)
output ==> Hello Hello Hello

formatted strings
• simplify complex strings
• starts with f

Python Page 7
input()
• receives input from user
• always returns string

Type Conversion
• To convert data type from one type to another

int()
float()
str()
bool()

Python Page 8
 Escape character
• Use escape character - backslash(/) to ignore special character

String functions:

Python Page 9
Python Page 10
Python Page 11
Decision statements
Tuesday, July 12, 2022 10:50 PM

Decision statements
1. if
2. if else
3. if elif
4. if elif else

if condition:
## if condition is true, this would be executed
else:
## if condition is false, this would be executed

1. if
weather_condition="hot"

if weather_condition == "hot":
print("Drink lots of water")
print("Have a nice day")

2. if and else

Python Page 12
3. if and elif

4. if, elif and else

Python Page 13
Python Page 14
Loops
Tuesday, July 12, 2022 10:52 PM

iterate over a collection of values

• for loops
• while loops

range()
• used to create sequence of integer
• start is inclusive and end is inclusive

range([start], stop, [step])

range(stop)
range(5)
[0,1,2,3,4]

#start point(inclusive) and end point (exclusive)

range([start], stop)
range(5,10)
[5,6,7,8,9]

#start(inclusive) , end (exclusive) , steps

range([start], stop, [step])
range(5,10,2)
[5,7,9]

Python Page 15
fruits=["kiwis","oranges","bananas","apples"]
for fruit in fruits:
print(fruit)

# nested for loop

for x in range (1,7):
for y in range(1,7):
output = f"{x},{y}"
print(output)

Python Page 16
Collections
Tuesday, July 12, 2022 10:52 PM

• Collections ==> data structures to store a bunch of elements

Different collections in python:

• List
• Dictionary
• Tuples
• Set

List
• mutable collection - can modify the list and elements
• indexed
• negative index allowed
• use square brackets to create list

numbers = []

Slicing
numbers [startpoint(inclusive):endpoint(exclusive)]

Python Page 17
2D List
- Data Science & Machine Learning
[
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
]

- matrix = [
[1,2,3],
[4,5,6],
[7,8,9]
]
- matrix[0][2]

Python Page 18
 for row in matrix:
for item in row:
print(item)

Methods/Functions
numbers = [5, 3, 8, 9]
numbers.append(20)
numbers.insert(0,10)
numbers.remove(5)
numbers.clear()
numbers.pop()
numbers.index(5)
numbers.index(50)
50 in numbers # safe
numbers.count(5)
numbers.sort()
None # absence of value
numbers.reverse()
numbers.copy()

Python Page 19
Remove duplicates from a list
numbers = [3,3,4,5,8,8]
uniques = []

for number in numbers:

if number not in uniques:
uniques.append(number)

Tuples
- can't modify (add or remove)
- numbers=()
- numbers=(10,20,30)

Python Page 20
Unpacking

Python Page 21
Unpacking

Dictionaries
employee
name
email
phone

employees = {}

Python Page 22
Python Page 23
Python Page 24
Set
- unordered
- all the items are unique
- set is modifiable ( we can add/remove values in set)
- elements in set is not modifiable
- a list, a set, a dictionary can not be part of set
- Pop method removes random element in the set

input("Enter the number: ")

4567
Four Five Six Seven

1234
One two three four

Python Page 25
Python Page 26
Functions
Tuesday, July 12, 2022 11:54 AM

- Reusable chunks of code

- Function with no return type and no parameters

def greet_trainee():
print("Hello there!!")
print("Welcome to Python training")

print("Enter")
greet_trainee()
print("Exit")

## Required positional arguments

def greet_trainee(first_name, last_name):
print(f"Hello {first_name} {last_name}!!")
print("Welcome to Python training")
print("Enter")
print(greet_trainee("John", "Doe"))
print("Exit")

## keyword arguments
def greet_trainee(first_name, last_name):
print(f"Hello {first_name} {last_name}!!")
print("Welcome to Python training")
print("Enter")
print(greet_trainee(last_name="Doe",first_name="John"))
print("Exit")

keyword arguments always follow positional arguments and not vice-versa

## return statements
def square(number):
return number*number
output = square(9)
print(type(output))
print(output)

## default arguments
def greet_trainee(first_name, last_name, age=30, salary=1000, org="ACN"):
print(f"Hello {first_name} {last_name} {age} {salary} {org}!!")
print("Welcome to Python training")
print("Enter")
print(greet_trainee("John","Doe"))
print(greet_trainee("John","Doe",22))
print(greet_trainee("John","Doe",22, 2000))
print(greet_trainee("John","Doe",22, 2000, "Accenture"))
print("Exit")

Python Page 27
print("Exit")

## variable length arguments

def sum(*input_values):
result = 0
# input_values = 1,2,3,4
for element in input_values:
result =result + element
return result

print(sum(1))
print(sum(1,2))
print(sum(1,2,3))
print(sum(1,2,3,4,5,9))

## variable length keyword arguments

def cart_items(**products):
for product in products.items():
print(product)
cart_items(fruits="apples", color="yellow", pen="Parker")

Python Page 28
lambda
Tuesday, July 12, 2022 12:44 PM

# lambdas
# functions with no name or anonymous functions
# 2x +3
def f(x):
return 2*x+3
print(f(2))
# lambda arguments : expression
a = lambda x : 2*x+3
print(a(2))

lambda arguments : expression

lambda : "Hello There"

def result(f_name, l_name):

return f_name.strip().title() + " " + l_name.strip().title()
print(result(" mary", "jane "))
## lambdas with two variables
full_name = lambda fn,ln : fn.strip().title() + " " + ln.strip().title()
print(full_name(" jane"," mary "))

Python Page 29
Module
Tuesday, July 12, 2022 1:02 PM

Module - a python file

related codes
organize code (classes, functions)

Package - related modules

organize module

How to import module

1. import <<name of the module>>

2. from <<name of the module>> import <<function name>>

# all the functions of the module are available

import greet
## only the functions mentioned would be available
from sample.python import greetings

greet.greet_trainee("Mary", "Jane")
greetings()

Docstring
• Writing documentation
• """"""
• Method_name.__doc__

Python Package
• __init__.py

Python Page 30
Classes & Object
Wednesday, July 13, 2022 11:03 AM

• Class - blueprint/template of an object

• Object - instance of class
• Classes and object are used to model real-world entities. Eg. employee, cart, Person

Class syntax:
class <ClassName>:
statement1
statement2
function1()
function2()

• Class names start with capital letter. eg. Person, Manager, Associate
• In case of multiple words, capitalize first letter of each word. eg. ShippingCart, PointOfSale

Eg. of syntax
• Line 1 defines the class with "class Person:"
• Line 2 defines a class variable
• Line 3 defines a method
• self is a special keyword which represent current instance/object.
○ when line 9 executes, walks() is called upon p1 object; "self" value at line 4&5 woul be p1

Constructors:
• Method which is called at the time of creating an object
p = Person()
Person() implicitly call the constructor __init__(self) to create Person object

• use constructors to add instance variables to class

Classes and Objects Page 31

 OOPS Concept:
• Object-oriented programming system
○ Inheritance
○ Polymorphism
○ Encapsulation
○ Abstraction

Inheritance
• parent-child relationship
• child inherits methods and attributes from their parent
• improves code reusability
• multiple inheritance is allowed in python

Syntax of creating parent and child class

class <ParentClass>:
statement1
statement2
statement3

class <ChildClass>(<ParentClass>):
stmt1
stmt2

○ Line 1 creates Person class

○ Line 12 creates Employee class
○ Line 12 also makes Person class parent of Employee
○ Line 13: Empty classes gives error in python. Use pass keyword to make empty classes.
○ After execution, we can see Employee has inherited it's parent's methods and attributes

Classes and Objects Page 32

 Method Overriding
• The child class can override parent's method implementation.
• Use the same method signature(method name and parameters) to do so.
• Below screenshot shows an example of method overriding
• Line 9: Employee walks() is overriding parent's walks()

Classes and Objects Page 33

More examples of inheritance

Classes and Objects Page 34

 Operator Overloading

1+2
>3
__add__(1,2)
__mul__(1,2)
__div__(2,2)

print(10+21)
print(int.__add__(10,21))

print("10"+"21")
print(str.__add__("10","21"))

Example of Operator Overloading

1. Overloaded add function
2. Overloaded str function used to display

class Student:
def __init__(self, m1, m2):
self.m1 = m1
self.m2 = m2

def __add__(self, other):

m3 = self.m1 + other.m1
m4 = self.m2 + other.m2
return Student(m3,m4)

def __str__(self):
return f"[Student: m1={self.m1}, m2={self.m2}]"

Classes and Objects Page 35

 return f"[Student: m1={self.m1}, m2={self.m2}]"

s1 = Student(m1=90, m2=80)
s2 = Student(m1=70, m2=98)

s3 = s1+s2
print(s3)
print(s3.m1)
print(s3.m2)

# dunder - double underscore

Encapsulation
○ Data Hiding
○ Make instance variables private and provide getters and setters for them
○ python does not have any explicit access specifier/modifier keywords( public, private,
protected)
○ use underscores to make variables/method private or protected

def walks(): --> public method

def _walks(): --> protected method
def __walks(): --> private method

Classes and Objects Page 36

Example of private instance variables & getters and setters method
class Person:
def __init__(self):
# make your instance variables private
self.__name = "John"
self.__age = 20

# getter method
def get_name(self):
return self.__name

# setter method
def set_name(self, name):
self.__name = name

def get_age(self):
return self.__age

def set_age(self, age):

if age < 0:
print("Invalid Age")
else:
self.__age = age

def walks(self):
print(f"{self.name} of age {self._age} walks")
self._talks()

def _talks(self):
print(f"{self.name} of age {self._age} talks")

def __str__(self):
return f"[Person: name = {self.__name}, age = {self.__age}]"

p1 = Person()
p1.set__name("Mary")
p1.set__age(25)
print(p1)

Classes and Objects Page 37

# overloaded methods
def add(a, b):
return a + b

def add(a, b, c):

return a + b + c

def add(a, b, c, d):

return a + b + c + d

add(1,2)
add(1,2,3)
add(1,2,3,4)

Classes and Objects Page 38

Exceptions
Tuesday, July 12, 2022 1:03 PM

Exceptions are errors that disruptthe normal flow of execution.

try:
age = int(input("Enter the age: "))
print(age)
except ValueError:
print("Invalid value")
print("Hello")

Example: try and except

# appropriate exception handler

class Person:
def __init__(self):
# make your instance variables private
self.__name = "John"
self.__age = 20

# setter method
def set__name(self, name):
self.__name = name

def set__age(self, age):

try:
if age < 0:
raise ValueError("Age should not be a negative number")
else:
self.__age = age
# appropriate exception handler
except ValueError as error:
print(error)

def __str__(self):
return f"[Person: name = {self.__name}, age = {self.__age}]"

p1 = Person()
p1.set__name("Mary")
print("Start")
p1.set__age(-10)
print(p1)
print("Bye")

app

Multi except block

app
Classes and Objects Page 39
 app

def set__age(self, age):

try:
if age < 0:
raise ValueError("Age should not be a negative number")
else:
self.__age = age
x = 10 / 0
# appropriate exception handler
except ValueError as e:
print(e)
except ZeroDivisionError as error:
print("Please do not divide by 0")

finally block
- always executed

def set__age(self, age):

try:
if age < 0:
raise ValueError("Age should not be a negative number")
else:
self.__age = age
x = 10 / 0
# appropriate exception handler
except ValueError as e:
print(e)
except ZeroDivisionError as error:
print("Please do not divide by 0")
finally:
print("I'll always be there")

def set__age(self, age):

try:
self.__age = age
# appropriate exception handler
except ValueError as e:
print(e)
except ZeroDivisionError as error:
print("Please do not divide by 0")
finally:
print("I'll always be there")

Custom Exception
# Example of creating a custom exception
class InvalidAge(Exception):
def __init__(self):
print("Invalid age")

class Person:

Classes and Objects Page 40

class Person:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
self.age = 10

def set_age(self, age):

try:
if age > 0:
self.age = age
else:
# throwing custom exception
raise InvalidAge()
# handling the custom exception
except InvalidAge as error:
print(error)

p1 = Person("John")
p1.set_age(-10)
print("Bye")

Classes and Objects Page 41

I/O with files
Thursday, July 14, 2022 11:34 AM

from pathlib import Path

path = Path("shipping")
# checks if directory exists
print(path.exists())

path = Path("ecommerce")
if not path.exists():
# creates the directory
path.mkdir()
else:
# deletes the directory
path.rmdir()

# glob() - search for files & directories

path = Path()
print(path.glob("*.*"))

for file in path.glob('*.*'):

print(file)

Read and write with text file

app

Write in csv file

import csv

# writing data in csv file

# csv file mentioned should exist
csvfile = open("employee.csv", "w", newline='')
obj = csv.writer(csvfile)
employee_details =[('John',50, 5000),('Mary',45, 4000), ('Dean',25, 2000),('Sam', 15, 500)]
obj.writerows(employee_details)
# for row in employee_details:
# obj.writerow(row)
csvfile.close()

read data in csv file

employee.csv
John,50,5000

Classes and Objects Page 42

John,50,5000
Mary,45,4000
Dean,25,2000
Sam,15,500

import csv

# read data in csv file

# csv file mentioned should exist
csvfile = open("employee.csv", "r", newline='')
obj = csv.reader(csvfile)
for row in obj:
print(row)

Reading data in dictionary format

app

Classes and Objects Page 43

Decorators
Thursday, July 14, 2022 12:22 PM

def division_decorator(func):
def inner_method(a, b):
print("Running decorator")
if a < b:
a, b = b, a
return func(a, b)

return inner_method

@division_decorator
def division(a, b):
return a / b

print(division(14, 7))
print(division(7, 14))

Classes and Objects Page 44

Unit test
Thursday, July 14, 2022 12:34 PM

Expected Output vs Actual Output

## Below is not a unit test.

def sum(a, b):
return a + b

# 1,2 = 3
# inputs - a=1, b=2
# expected output = 3
expected_output = 3
actual_output = sum(1, 2)

if expected_output == actual_output:
print("Pass")
else:
print("fail")

Actual Test
import unittest

def sum(a, b):

return a + b

class AppTest(unittest.TestCase):
def test_sum(self):
expected_output = 30 # 10 +20
actual_output = sum(10, 20)
self.assertEqual(actual_output, expected_output)
self.assertEqual(sum(10, 10), 20)
self.assertTrue(sum(50, 50) == 100)
self.assertGreater(sum(10,10),10)
self.assertGreaterEqual(sum(10,10),20)

if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()

Classes and Objects Page 45

Handling of databases
Thursday, July 14, 2022 12:51 PM

sqlite3
Download sqlite3 DB browser : https://download.sqlitebrowser.org/DB.Browser.for.SQLite-3.12.2-
win64.msi

**Note: Python_DB is in the same folder as current project.

In case of a different path, provide absolute path to connect

import sqlite3

conn = sqlite3.connect('Python_DB.db')
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.execute("insert into employee(emp_id, emp_name, emp_salary) values (1004,'Dean',1000)")
conn.commit()
cursor.execute("update employee set emp_salary=6000 where emp_id=1002")
conn.commit()
cursor.execute("delete from employee where emp_id=1001")
conn.commit()
cursor.execute("select * from Employee")
data = cursor.fetchall()
print(data)

Classes and Objects Page 46

Multithreading
Friday, July 15, 2022 9:26 AM

Simple threading example:

from threading import Thread
from time import sleep

class Hello(Thread):
def __init__(self, name):
Thread.__init__(self)
self.name = name

def run(self):
for i in range(20):
#sleep(1)
print(f"{self.name}: {i}")

# create a thread
t1 = Hello("t1")
t2 = Hello("t2")

# start a thread
t1.start()
t2.start()

t1.join()
t2.join()

print("Done with the program")

Synchronization
import threading
from threading import Thread
from time import sleep

class Hello(Thread):
def __init__(self, name):
Thread.__init__(self)
self.name = name

def run(self):
thread_lock.acquire()
for i in range(10):
#sleep(1)
print(f"{self.name}: {i}")
thread_lock.release()

Classes and Objects Page 47

 thread_lock.release()

thread_lock = threading.Lock()
# create a thread
t1 = Hello("t1")
t2 = Hello("t2")

# start a thread
t1.start()
t2.start()

t1.join()
t2.join()

print("Done with the program")

Classes and Objects Page 48

Data Analysis & Visualization
Friday, July 15, 2022 9:52 AM

• numpy
○ scientific computing
○ numerical and statistical analysis
• pandas
○ data analysis
○ data science
○ reads any file format and creates an object in the memory
• matplotlib
○ data visualization module for python
○ quick analysis of data

Setup
Open command prompt as admin
pip3 install --upgrade pip
if above gives error
pip install --upgrade pip

## at the time of training : version of pip 22.1.2

Install jupyter notebook

pip install jupyter

Start jupyter notebook

jupyter notebook

Please execute below commands

pip install numpy
pip install pandas
pip install openpyxl
pip install matplotlib
pip install seaborn

Data Analysis And Visualization Page 49

numpy hands-on
Friday, July 15, 2022 10:50 AM

Output would be seen in below file. Open with a browser

numpy_han
dson
.py file

numpy_han
dson
# ndim: number of array dimensions
x = np.array([1, 2, 3])
x.ndim
x = np.zeros([2,3,2])
print(x)
x.ndim

Data Analysis And Visualization Page 50

pandas hands-on
Friday, July 15, 2022 11:27 AM

sample_data.csv
Name, LOC, Proj, Salary
Tom, DDC, ACV, 2000
Harry, BDC, PQR, 9000
Henry, PDC, QWE, 1999
Rohit, PQR, TRY, 5000
Mohit, QWD, DDC, 2000
Chris, GTH, MPI, 3000

sample_dat
a

sample

sample

training_da
ta
.html for pandas handson (with output)

pandas_ha
ndson

.py file for pandas handson

pandas_ha
ndson

Data Analysis And Visualization Page 51

matplotlib
Friday, July 15, 2022 11:56 AM

student

matplotlib_
handson

matplotlib_
handson

Data Analysis And Visualization Page 52