FACULTY OF COMPUTERS &

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Course (Module) Title: Math 1 Module Code: CBS102

Academic Year: 2024/2025 Semester: Fall 2024
Level: 1 Lecturer: Dr.Ahmed Fathy Ahmed

Integration
The Indefinite Integral
Definition 1
A function F (x ) is an anti-derivative of a function f (x ) on an interval I if
F (x )  f (x ), for all x in I . Thus, F (x )  f (x ), is equivalent to

 f (x )dx F (x )  c , c  constant.
Example 1
Find an anti-derivative for each of the following functions.
(1) f (x )  2x (2) g (x )  cos x

Answer.

(1) x 2  c (2) sin x  c

Basic Rules for the Integration

1 x n 1
 x dx  n  1  C , n  1
n

2 1
 x dx  ln x  C
3
 k dx  kx  C , where k  constant
4 ax
 a dx   C , a  0, a  1
x
ln a
e dx  e  C
5 x x

6
 sin x dx   cos x  C
7
 cos x  sin x  C
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 sec x dx  tan x  C
8 2

 csc x dx   cot x  C
9 2

10
 sec x tan x dx  sec x  C
11
 csc x cot x dx   csc x  C
12 dx 1
 1  x 2  sin x  C , x  1
13 dx
1 x 2  tan 1 x  C
14 dx
x  sec1 x  C
x 2 1

Remark 1:

(i)  [f (x )  g (x )]dx   f (x ) dx   g (x ) dx

(ii)  kf (x ) dx  k  f (x ) dx , where k  constant.

Example 2
Find the following integrals

(x  1)2 1  2x 3
(i)  dx (ii)  (7x  2cos x  3  4sin x ) dx
3 x
(iii)  dx
x x3
(i v)  (x  x ) 2 dx (v)  (2  x )(3  x 2 )dx (vi)  (2  y 2 ) 2 dy

Answer.

(x  1)2 x 2  2x  1
(i)  dx   dx
x x
x 2 2x 1
(   ) dx
x x x

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1
  (x  2  ) dx
x
1 2
 x  2x  ln x  c
2

7 4 3x
(ii)  (7x  2cos x  3  4sin x ) dx  x  2sin x 
3 x
 4cos x  c
4 ln 3

1  2x 3  1 2x 3 
(iii)  dx    3  3  dx
x3 x x 

 
  x 3  2 dx

x 2
  2x  c .
2

(iv)  (x  x ) 2 dx   (x 2  2x . x  x ) dx
1
  (x 2  2x .x 2  x ) dx
3
  ( x 2  2x 2  x ) dx
5
x3 x 2 x2
  2.  c
3 5 2
2
5
1 4 1
 x 3  x 2  x 2  c.
3 5 2
(v)  (2  x )(3  x )dx   (6  2x  3x  x 3 )dx
2 2

2 3 1
 6x  x 3  x 2  x 4  c .
3 2 4
(vi)  (2  y ) dy   (4  2.2 y  y ) dy
2 2 2 4

  (4  4 y 2  y 4 ) dy
4 3 1 5
 4y  y  y  c.
3 5

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Example 2
Find the following integrals

(1)  (sin x  cos x )2 dx (2)  cos 2 x dx (3)  sin3x cos2x dx

Answer.

(i)  (sin x  cos x ) 2dx   (sin 2 x  2sin x cos x  cos 2 x ) dx

  (1  sin 2x ) dx
1
 x  cos 2x  c .
2
1
(ii)  cos 2 x dx   (1  cos 2x ) dx
2
1 1
 (x  sin 2x )  c
2 2
1
(iii)  sin 3x cos 2x dx    sin (3  2)x  sin (3  2)x  dx
2
1
  (sin 5x  sin x ) dx
2
1 1 
   cos5x  cos x c
2 5 
Important Rules

(f (x ))n 1
 (f (x )) . f (x )dx   C , n  1
n
1 n 1
f (x )
2  f (x )
dx  ln f (x )  C

f (x )
3  f (x )
dx  2 f (x )  C

Example 3
Find the following integrals
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(i)  tan xdx (ii)  cot x dx

(iii)  sec xdx (iv)  csc x dx

Answer.
 sin x
(i)  tan x dx   
cos x
dx

  ln cos x  c
 ln sec x  c

cos x
(ii)  cot x dx   sin x
dx

 ln sin x  c

sec x (sec x  tan x )

(iii)  sec x dx   sec x  tan x
dx

sec2 x  sec x tan x

 dx
sec x  tan x
 ln sec x  tan x  c .

csc x (csc x  cot x )

(iv)  csc x dx   dx
csc x  cot x
csc2 x  csc x cot x
 dx
csc x  cot x
 ln csc x  cot x  c .

Example 4
Find the following integrals

x2 1
(i)  dx (ii)  e x (1  e x )3 dx (iii)  x ln x dx
x 1
3

Answer.

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x2 1 3x 2
(i)  dx   dx
x 1
3 3 x 1
3

1
 .2 x 3  1  c
3
2
 x 3  1  c.
3
1
(ii)  e x (1  e x )3 dx  (1  e x )4  c .
4

1 1
(iii)  dx   x dx  ln ln x  c .
x ln x ln x

Methods of the Integration

1- Integration by Substitution:
We want to find the integration f ( g (x )).g (x ) dx

To find this integration, we put u  g (x )

So, du  g (x )dx

Substitute in the above integration, we obtain  f (u ) du F (u )  C .

Example 5
Find the following integrals

cos x
(1)  e sin x cos x dx (2)  x sin (x 2 ) dx (3)  dx
x
Answer.

(1) I   e sin x cos x dx

Put u  sin x  du  cos x dx

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 I   e u du
 eu  c
 e sin x  c

(2) I   x sin (x 2 ) dx
1

2
 2x sin (x 2 ) dx

Put u  x 2  du  2x dx

1
I 
2
 sin u du
1
  cosu  c
2
1
  cos x 2  c
2
cos x cos x
(3) I   dx  2 dx
x 2 x
1
put u  x  du  dx
2 x
 I  2 cosu du

 2sinu  c

 2sin x  c

Example 5
Find  sinax dx

Answer.

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1
I 
a
 a sin ax dx
Put u  ax  du  adx

1
I 
a
 sin u du
1
  cosu  c
a
1
  cosax  c
a
Similarly, we can prove the following:
1 1
 cos ax dx  sin ax  c
a
2 1
 tan ax dx  ln (sec ax )  c
a
3 1
 cot ax dx  ln (sin ax )  c
a
4 1
 sec ax dx  ln (sec ax  tan ax )  c
a
5 1
 csc ax dx  ln (csc ax  cot ax )  c
a

dx 1 x
1
x  sec1  c
x 2  a2 a a
dx x
2
  sinh 1 c
a2  x 2 a
dx x
3
  cosh 1 c
x 2  a2 a

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1 1 x
4
 tanh  c, x  a
dx a a
 a 2  x 2   1 1 x
 coth  c, x  a

a a
dx 1 1 x
5
 x a2  x 2 a   sech
a
 c, x  0

dx 1 x
6
x   csch 1  c , x  a, x  0
a2  x 2 a a

Example 6:
Find the following integrals

ex x dx
(1)  dx (2) 
1 x 4
dx (3)  x 2  2x  5
1  e 2x

Answer.

ex
(1) I   dx
1  (e ) x 2

Put u  e x  du  e x dx

du
 I 
1u 2

 sin 1 u  c

 sin 1 (e x )  c

x
(2) I   1  (x )2 dx
1 2x
 
2 1  (x 2 )2
dx

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Put u  x 2  du  2x dx

1 du
I  
2 1u 2
1
 tan 1 u  c
2
1
 tan 1 (x 2 )  c
2
dx dx
(3)  x 2  2x 5

(x  2x  1)  1  5
2

dx

(x  1)2  4
Put u  x  1  du dx

dx
I 
u 4
2

1 u
 I  tan 1  c
2 2
1  x 1
 I  tan 1   c
2  2 

 I  x  2tan 1 (e x )  c

Example 5:
Find the following integrals

ex ex
(1)  x (x  1) dx
2 10
(2)  dx (3)  dx
1e x 1  e 2x
dx
(4)  (5)  sin 3x cos x dx (6)  tan x sec 2 x dx
x (1  x )3

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1  sinx sinx cosx

(7)  x x  1 dx (8)  dx (9)  dx
cos 2 x cos x  sin x
2 2

sinx  cosx (ln x ) 2 sin x

(10)  dx (11)  dx (12)  dx
(sin x  cos x )2 x cos3 x
sinx  cosx 2 1 tan x
(13)  dx (14)  x e 3x dx (15)  dx
sin 3 x sec4 x

tan 1 x x 1  ln x
(16)  dx (17)  dx (18)  dx
1 x 2 (1  3x 2 )
7
2 3  x ln x

Answer.
1
(1)  x (x 2  1)10 dx   2x (x 2  1)10 dx
2
1 (x 2  1)11
 . c
2 11
1 2
 (x  1)11  c
22
Another solution:
1
I 
2
 2x (x 2  1)10 dx

Let u  x 2  1  du  2x dx

1 10 1 u 11
 I   u du  . c
2 2 11
1 2
 (x  1)11  c
22
ex
(2)  dx  ln 1  e x  c
1 e x

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Another solution:

Let u  e x  1  du  e x dx
du
I 
u
 ln u  c
 ln 1  e x  c

ex
(3) I   dx
1  (e x )2

Let u  e x  du  e x dx

du
 I   tan 1 u  c  tan 1 (e x )  c
1u 2

dx 1
(4)   2  (1  x ) 3dx
x (1  x ) 3
2 x

(1  x )2
2. c
2
 (1  x )2  c

1
(5)  sin 3x cos x dx  sin 4 x  c
4

(6)  tan x sec2 x dx    tan x 

1
2 sec2 x dx

 tan x 
3
2 3
2
  c   tan x  2  c
3 3
2
(7)  x x  1 dx

Let u  x  1  dx  du and x  u  1

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 I   (u  1) u du   (u u  u ) du
1 1
 (u . u 2  u 2 ) du
3 1
 (u 2  u 2 ) du
5 3
u2 u2
  c
5 3
2 2
5 3
2 2
 (x  1) 2  (x  1) 2  c
5 3
1  sinx 1 sinx
(8)  2
dx   [  ] dx
cos x cos x cos 2 x
2

  [sec2 x  (cos x ) 2 sinx] dx

  [sec2 x dx   (cos x ) 2 .  sinx dx
(cos x ) 1
 tan x  c
1
 tan x  sec x  c

sinx cosx 1 sin 2 x

(9)  dx   dx
cos2 x  sin 2 x 2 cos 2 x

1 1 2sin 2 x
 .  dx
2 2 cos 2 x
1 1
 .  .2 cos 2x  c
2 2
1
 cos 2 x  c
2

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sinx  cosx
(10)  dx   (sin x  cos x )2 (sinx  cosx)dx
(sin x  cos x ) 2

(sin x  cos x )1

 c
1
1
 c
sin x  cos x

(ln x ) 2 1
(11)  dx   (ln x ) 2 . dx
x x
1
 (ln x )3  c
3
sin x
(12)  3
dx    cos 3 x .  sin x dx
cos x
cos 2 x
 c
2
1
 sec2 x  c
2
sinx  cosx  sin x cosx 
(13)  dx      dx
sin 3 x  sin 3 x sin 3 x 
 1 cosx 
   2  3  dx
 sin x sin x 

 
  csc2 x  sin 3 x cosx dx

sin 2 x
  cot x  c
2
1
  cot x  csc2 x  c
2

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2 1 1 2
(14) I   x e 3x dx   6x e 3x 1 dx
6
Let u  3x 2  1  du  6x dx
1
 I   e u du
6
1 1 2
 I  e u  c  e 3x 1  c
6 6
tan x sin x
(15)  4
dx   .cos 4 x dx
sec x cos x
   cos3 x .  sin x dx
1
  cos 4 x  c
4

tan 1 x
1
1 1
(16)  dx   (tan x ) 2. dx
1 x 2 1 x 2
3
(tan 1 x ) 2
 c
3
2
3
2
 (tan 1 x ) 2  c
3

2  2
x 1 7
(17)  7
dx   6 x (1  3x ) dx
(1  3x 2 ) 2 6

5
1 (1  3x 2 ) 2
 c
6 5
2
1 5
 (1  3x 2 ) 2  c
15
1  ln x  (1  ln x )
(18)  dx    dx   ln 3  x ln x  c
3  x ln x 3  x ln x
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