Important question from semiconductor

1What happens to the width of depletion layer of a p-n junction when it is

(i) forward biased,
(ii) reverse biased?
2Show variation of resistivity of Si with temperature in a graph. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:

3Explain how a depletion region is formed in a junction diode

4. Write the empirical relation for paschen series lines of hydrogen atoms.
5. Calculate the kinetic energy and potential energy of an electron in the first orbit of a
hydrogen atom. Given r= 0.53*10-10
6. Why is nuclear fusion not possible in the laboratory?
7Show that nuclear density is independent of mass number A of a nucleus.
8.Draw a curve between mass number and binding energy per nucleon. Give two
salient features of the curve. Hence define binding energy.
9Find the ratio of energies of photons produced due to transition of an electron of hy-
drogen atom from its
(i) second permitted energy level to the first level, and
(ii) the highest permitted energy level to the first permitted level
10.Using Bohr’s postulates of the atomic model, derive the expression for radius of nth
electron orbit. Hence obtain the expression for Bohr’s radius.

11Two thin lenses of power -2D and 2D are placed in contact coaxially. What is the fo-
cal length of the combination?

12Draw a ray diagram of an astronomical telescope in the normal adjustment position.

State two drawbacks of this type of telescope.

13.The radii of curvature of the faces of a double convex lens are 10 cm and 15 cm. If
focal length of the lens is 12 cm, find the refractive index of the material of the lens.

14Draw a ray diagram showing the image formation by a compound microscope.

Hence obtain the expression for total magnification when the image is formed at infin-
ity.

15Define refractive index of a transparent medium. A ray of light passes through a tri-
angular prism. Plot a graph showing the variation of the angle of deviation with the an-
gle of incidence.
16Find the radius of curvature of the convex surface of a plano-convex lens, whose fo-
cal length is 0.3 m and the refractive index of the material of the lens is 1.5.

17In Young’s double slit experiment. The distance between the slits is halved, what
change in the fringe width will take place?

17: The equation for fringe width could be defined as,

β=
λD
d

.
When the distance between slits gets halved,
d
′
=
d
2

,
The new fringe width would be,
β
′
=
2λD
d

∴
β
′
=2β
Hence, the fringe width becomes double when distance be-
tween slits get halved.
Answer:
12(i) Magnifying power m =
−

f
0
f
e

. It does not change with increase of aperature of objective lens, be-

cause focal length of a lens has no concern with the aperature of
lens.

15.
Refractive index of a transparent medium is the ratio of the speed of
light in free space to the speed in the given medium.

16

∴ Radius of curvature = -15 cm.

 Alternating current

1.Why is the use of a.c. voltage preferred over d.c. voltage? Give two reasons.

2. A15.0 µF capacitor is connected to 220 V, 50 Hz source. Find the capacitive reactance

and the rms current.

3. An electric lamp having coil of negligible inductance connected in series with a capaci-
tor and an a.c. source is glowing with certain brightness. How does the brightness of the
lamp change on reducing the
(i) capacitance, and
(ii) the frequency? Justify your Answer.

4…Mention various energy losses in a transformer.

5. light bulb is rated 200 W for 220 V ac supply of 50 Hz. Calculate
(i) the resistance of the bulb;
(ii) the rms current through the bulb.
6. The figure shows a series LCR circuit connected to a variable frequency 250 V source
with L = 40 mH, C = 100 µF and R = 50 Ω.

Determine :
(i) the source frequency which derives the circuit in resonance;
(ii) The quality factor (Q) of the circuit.

7. A series LCR circuit is connected to an ac source. Using the phasor diagram, derive the
expression for the impedance of the circuit. Plot a graph to show the variation of current
with frequency of the source, explaining the nature of its variation.

8. Draw a sketch showing the basic elements of an a.c. generator. State its principle and
explain briefly its working.
Ans..2

3.Answer:
Brightness of lamp
∝

I0,
Assuming zero resistance and zero inductance of lamp

On reducing C or v; It would decrease

∴ Brightness of the lamp will decrease.

4.Answer:
(i) A transformer is an electrical device for converting an alternating current at low voltages
into that at high voltage or vice versa.
If it increases the input voltage, it is called step- up-transformer.

Principle : It works on the principle of mutual induction i.e., “when a changing current is
passed through one of the two inductively coupled coils, an induced emf is set up in the
other coil.”
5..Answer:

Hint: (i) 242Ω

(ii) Irms = 0.90 atmosphere.

6. Answer:

7.

8. Answer:
(a) Principle of A.C. generator : The working of an a.c. generator is based on the principle
of electromagnetic induction. When a closed coil is rotated in a uniform magnetic field with
its axis perpendicular to the magnetic field, the magnetic flux linked with the coil changes
and an induced emf and hence a current is set up in it.
(b) Let N = number of turns in the coil
A = Area of face of each turn
B = magnitude of the magnetic field
θ = angle which normal to the coil makes with field B at any instant
ω = the angular velocity with which coil rotates
 EMI

1. A rectangular loop PQMN with movable arm PQ of length 10 cm and resistance 2 Ω

is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 0.1 T acting perpendicular to the plane of the
loop as is shown in the figure. The resistances of the arms MN, NP and MQ are negli-

gible Calculate the

(i) emf induced in the arm PQ and
(ii) current induced in the loop when arm PQ is moved with velocity 20 m/s.
2. State Lenz’s Law.
A metallic rod held horizontally along east-west direction, is allowed to fall under grav-
ity. Will there be an emf induced at its ends? Justify your answer.
Yes there will be an emf induced as the horizontal component of field of earth, velocity
of the motion of the rod and the length of the rod are all perpendicular to each other.

3. A coil of number of turns N, area A, is rotated at a constant angular speed ω, in a uni-

form magnetic field B, and connected to a resistor R. Deduce expressions for :
(i) Maximum emf induced in the coil.
(ii) Power dissipation in the coil.

4.i) Define mutual inductance.

(ii) A pair of adjacent coils has a mutual inductance of 1.5 H. If the current in one coil
changes from 0 to 20 A in 0.5 s, what is the change of flux linkage with the other coil?

5. State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. Figure shows a rectangular conductor

PQRS in which the conductor PQ is free to move in a uniform magnetic field B perpendicu-
lar to the plane of the paper. The field extends from x = 0 to x = b and is zero for x > b. As-
sume that only the arm PQ possesses resistance r.
When the arm PQ is pulled outward from x = 0 to x = 2b and is then moved backward to x
= 0 with constant speed v, obtain the expressions for the flux and the induced emf. Sketch
the variations of these quantities with distance 0 ≤ x ≤ 2b.
6.A plot of magnetic flux (ϕ ) versus current (I) is shown in the figure
for two inductors A and B. Which of the two has larger value of self
inductance?

7. Two bar magnets are quickly moved towards a metallic loop con-
nected across a capacitor ‘C’ as shown in the figure. Predict the po-
larity of the capacitor. (All India 2013)
1.Answer:

(i) emf induced

(ii) Current in the loop,

2.Answer:
Lenz’s law states that “the polarity of induced emf is such that it tends to produce a cur-
rent, which oppose the change in magnetic flux that induced it”.

3. Answer:
We know that induced emf

4.Answer:
(i) Mutual inductance : Magnetic flux, linked with the secondary coil due to the unit current
flowing in the primary coil,

2
=
M
1
Therefore, induced emf associated with the secondary coil, for a unit rate of change of cur-
rent in the primary coil.

2
=−M
d
l
1
dt

[i.e. the phenomenon of production of induced emf in one coil due to change in current in
neighbouring coil]

(ii) Given : M = 1.5 H, I1 = 0, I2 = 20 A, ∆t = 0.5 sec, dϕ = ?

5. Answer:
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction: “The magnitude of the induced emf in a circuit
is equal to the time rate of change of magnetic flux through the circuit”

6.Answer:
Since ϕ = LI
∴L=
Slope of A is greater than slope of B
∴ Inductor A has larger value of self inductance than inductor B.

7.Answer:
When both magnets move towards loop, the A side plate of cL capacitor will be positive
while the lower plate B is negative, making the induced current in a clockwise direction.

Magnetism and matter

1.Relative permeability of a material, µr = 0.5. Identify the nature of the mag-
netic material and write its relation to magnetic susceptibility.
2. In what way is the behaviour of a diamagnetic material different from that of
a paramagnetic, when kept in an external magnetic field?
3.The figure shows the variation of intensity of magnetisation versus the ap-
plied magnetic field intensity, H, for two magnetic materials A and B :

(a) Identify the materials A and B.

(b) Why does the material B, has a larger susceptibility than A, for a given
field at constant temperature?
4.Draw magnetic field lines when a
(i) diamagnetic,
(ii) paramagnetic substance is placed in an external magnetic field.
Which magnetic property distinguishes this behaviour of the field lines due to
the two substances?
5.Current flows through a circular loop. Depict the north and south pole of its
equivalent magnetic dipole.

6.Relative permeability of a material µr = 400. Identify the nature of the mag-

netic material.
7.Which physical quantity has the unit Wb/m2

? Is it a scalar or a vector quantity?

8. A bar magnet of magnetic moment M is aligned parallel to the direction of

a uniform magnetic field B. What is the work done to turn the magnet, so as
the align its magnetic moment:

(i). Oppo- site to the field direction?

9. A point change +q is moving with

speed perpendicular to the magnetic
field B as shown in the figure. What
should be the magnitude and direction
of the ap- plied electric field so that the
net force acting on the charge is zero?
Answer:1

1. Diamagnetic material
2. µr = 1 + Xm
 Answer:
2.
1. A diamagnetic specimen would move towards the
weaker region of the field; while a paramagnetic
specimen would move towards the stronger region.
2. A diamagnetic specimen is repelled by a magnet
while a paramagnetic specimen moves towards the
magnet.
3. The paramagnetic gets aligned along the field and
the diamagnetic perpendicular to the field.
3.Answer:

Slope of the line gives magnetic susce¬ptibilities.

For magnetic material B, it is giving higher +ve value.
So material is ‘ferromagnetic’.
For magnetic material A, it is giving lesser +ve value
than ‘B’.
So material is ‘paramagnetic’.

(b) Larger susceptibility is due to characteristic ‘domain

structure’. More number of mag¬netic moments get
aligned in the direction of magnetising field in compari-
sion to that for paramagnetic materials for the same
value of magnetising field.

4.Answer:
(i) When a diamagnetic material is placed in an external
magnetic field.

(ii) When a paramagnetic material is placed in an exter-

nal magnetic field.

Magnetic susceptibility distinguishes this behaviour of

the field lines due to the two substances.

5 Answer:
Direction of the magnetic field lines is given by right
hand thumb rule.

6.Answer:
It is Ferromagnetic.

7.Ans: Magnetic field has the unit

 Wb/m2
. It is a vector quantity.
8Ans: We know that work done,
W = MB(cos1
−cos
θ
2
)
Here,

θ
1
=
0
0
and
θ
2
=18
0
0
⇒W = MB(cos
0
0
−cos
180
0
)
⇒W = MB(1−(−1))
⇒W = 2MB
(ii). Normal to the field direction?
Ans: Here,
θ
1
=
0
0
and
θ
2
=9
0
0
⇒W = MB(cos
0
0
−cos
90
0
)
⇒W = MB
9. Ans: We know that:
Force on the charge due to magnetic field

= qVB sinθ
Since

B
⃗
⊥
to the plane of paper,

F = qVB sin
90
 0
F= qVB
(along OY)
Force on the charge due to electric field is:

F = qE
Net force on charge is zero if

qE = qVB
E = VB
(along YO)