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Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 949
R. Venkata Rao
Jan Taler Editors
Advanced
Engineering
Optimization
Through Intelligent
Techniques
Select Proceedings of AEOTIT 2018
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing
Volume 949
Series Editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Warsaw, Poland
Advisory Editors
Nikhil R. Pal, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
Rafael Bello Perez, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computing,
Universidad Central de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba
Emilio S. Corchado, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Hani Hagras, School of Computer Science & Electronic Engineering, University of
Essex, Colchester, UK
László T. Kóczy, Department of Automation, Széchenyi István University,
Gyor, Hungary
Vladik Kreinovich, Department of Computer Science, University of Texas
at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
Chin-Teng Lin, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chiao
Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
Jie Lu, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology,
University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Patricia Melin, Graduate Program of Computer Science, Tijuana Institute
of Technology, Tijuana, Mexico
Nadia Nedjah, Department of Electronics Engineering, University of Rio de
Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Ngoc Thanh Nguyen, Faculty of Computer Science and Management,
Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
Jun Wang, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering,
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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R. Venkata Rao Jan Taler
•
Editors
Advanced Engineering
Optimization Through
Intelligent Techniques
Select Proceedings of AEOTIT 2018
123
Editors
R. Venkata Rao Jan Taler
Sardar Vallabhbhai National Cracow University of Technology
Institute of Technology, Surat Kraków, Poland
Surat, Gujarat, India
ISSN 2194-5357 ISSN 2194-5365 (electronic)

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing
ISBN 978-981-13-8195-9 ISBN 978-981-13-8196-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8196-6
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
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Conference Patron
Director, SVNIT, Surat
Conveners
Dr. D.Sc. R. Venkata Rao

Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National
Institute of Technology, Surat, India
Dr. D.Sc. Jan Taler
Professor, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Cracow University of Technology,
Cracow, Poland
International Advisory Committee
Dr. Dan Simon, Cleveland State University, USA

Dr. A. Gunasekaran, California State University, USA
Dr. Daizhong Su, Nottingham Trent University, UK
Dr. Atulya Nagar, Liverpool Hope University, UK
Dr. D.Sc. Pawel Oclon, Cracow University of Technology, Poland
Dr. Leandro S. Coelho, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Brazil
Dr. Viviana C. Mariani, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Brazil
Dr. Joze Balic, University of Maribor, Slovenia
Dr. Franc Cus, University of Maribor, Slovenia
Dr. V. S. Kovalenko, National Technical University of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dr. S. H. Masood, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia
Dr. Syed J. Sadjadi, Iran University of Science and Technology, Iran
v
vi Conference Patron
Dr. Husam I. Shaheen, Tishreen University, Syria

Dr. David K. H. Chua, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Dr. Manukid Parnichkun, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Dr. H. T. Luong, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Dr. Samuelson W. Hong, Oriental Institute of Technology, Taiwan
Dr. Liang Gao, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
Dr. Wenyin Gong, China University of Geosciences, China
National Advisory Committee
Dr. S. G. Deshmukh, ABV-IIITM, Gwalior

Dr. Souvik Bhattacharya, BITS, Pilani
Dr. R. P. Mohanty, SOA University, Bhubaneshwar
Dr. V. K. Jain, MANIT, Bhopal (formerly with IIT Kanpur)
Dr. P. K. Jain, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
Dr. B. K. Panigrahi, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi
Dr. P. V. Rao, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi
Dr. J. Ramkumar, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
Dr. Amit Agrawal, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai
Dr. S. K. Sharma, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi
Dr. A. K. Agrawal, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU),Varanasi
Dr. B. Bhattacharya, Jadavpur University, Kolkata
Dr. S. Chakraborty, Jadavpur University, Kolkata
Dr. S. K. Mohapatra, Thapar University, Patiala
Dr. Dixit Garg, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra
Dr. B. E. Narkhede, NITIE, Mumbai
Dr. Manjaree Pandit, MITS, Gwalior
Preface
Optimization may be defined as finding the solution to a problem where it is

necessary to maximize or minimize a single or set of objective functions within a
domain which contains the acceptable values of variables while some restrictions
are to be satisfied. There might be a large number of sets of variables in the domain
that maximize or minimize the objective function(s) while satisfying the described
restrictions. They are called as the acceptable solutions, and the solution which is
the best among them is called the optimum solution to the problem. An objective
function expresses the main aim of the model which is to be either minimized or
maximized. For example, in a manufacturing process, the aim may be to maximize
the profit or minimize the cost. In designing a structure, the aim may be to maxi-
mize the strength or minimize the deflection or a combination of many objectives.
The use of optimization techniques helps the engineers in improving the system’s
performance, utilization, reliability, and cost.
An international conference on “Advanced Engineering Optimization Through
Intelligent Techniques (AEOTIT 2018)” was held during August 03–05, 2018, at
Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, India. The objective
of the conference was to bring together experts from academic institutions,
industries, and research organizations and professional engineers for sharing of
knowledge, expertise, and experience in the emerging trends related to advanced
engineering optimization techniques and their applications. There had been an
overwhelming response to the call for papers. More than 200 research papers were
received from the researchers and academicians of the leading institutes and
organizations. However, only 76 good-quality papers have been selected based on
the recommendations of the reviewers for inclusion in the proceedings. These
papers have covered various intelligent optimization techniques including meta-
heuristics, neural networks, decision-making methods, and statistical tools.
We are extremely thankful to the authors of the papers, national and international
advisory committee members, session chairmen, faculty and staff members of
SVNIT, Surat, and CUT, Cracow, and student volunteers for their cooperation and
vii
viii Preface
help. We are grateful to the team members of Springer Nature for their support and
help in producing these proceedings. We are confident that these proceedings would
benefit the optimization research community.
Surat, India R. Venkata Rao

Kraków, Poland Jan Taler
Contents
Combined Intelligent and Adaptive Optimization in End Milling

of Multi-layered 16MnCr5/316L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Uros Zuperl and Franc Cus
Jaya: A New Meta-heuristic Algorithm for the Optimization of Braced
Dome Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Tayfun Dede, Maksym Grzywiński and R. Venkata Rao
Damage Detection of Truss Employing Swarm-Based Optimization
Techniques: A Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Swarup K. Barman, Dipak K. Maiti and Damodar Maity
Multi-objective Optimization of Wire-Electric Discharge Machining
Process Using Multi-objective Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm . . . . . . . 39
P. J. Pawar and M. Y. Khalkar
Optimization of Process Parameters in Pulsed Electrochemical Honing
Process Using Evolutionary Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Sunny Diyaley and Shankar Chakraborty
Modeling and Simulation of Huge AC Power Network
for Optimization of Corona Power Loss Through
TLBO Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Manan Pathak and Ishita Bhatt
Optimization of Water Distribution Networks Using Cuckoo Search
Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Maduukuri Naveen Naidu, Pankaj Sriman Boindala, A. Vasan
and Murari R. R. Varma
GA-Based Hybrid Approach to Solve Fuzzy Multi-objective
Optimization Model of Multi-application-Based COTS Selection
Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Anita Ravi Tailor and Jayesh M. Dhodiya
ix
x Contents
Optimization of Parameters for Steel Recycling Process

by Using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
S. Allurkar Baswaraj and M. Sreenivasa Rao
Modeling 3D WSN to Maximize Coverage Using Harmony Search
Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Deepika Sharma and Vrinda Gupta
An Efficient Jaya Algorithm for Multi-objective Permutation Flow
Shop Scheduling Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Aseem Kumar Mishra, Divya Shrivastava, Bhasker Bundela
and Surabhi Sircar
Multi-objective Optimization of EDM Process Parameters Using Jaya
Algorithm Combined with Grey Relational Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Ashish Khachane and Vijaykumar Jatti
Application of Fuzzy Integrated JAYA Algorithm
for the Optimization of Surface Roughness of DMLS Made
Specimen: Comparison with GA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Hiren Gajera, Veera Darji and Komal Dave
Comparative Analysis of Fruit Categorization Using Different
Classifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Chirag C. Patel and Vimal K. Chaudhari
Design Optimization of Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger by Using Modified
Jaya Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Kiran Chunilal More and R. Venkata Rao
Prediction of Factor of Safety For Slope Stability Using Advanced
Artificial Intelligence Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Abhiram Chebrolu, Suvendu Kumar Sasmal, Rabi Narayan Behera
and Sarat Kumar Das
The Use of Grey Relational Analysis to Determine Optimum
Parameters for Plasma Arc Cutting of SS-316L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
K. S. Patel and A. B. Pandey
Jaya Algorithm Based Intelligent Color Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Raghu Vamshi Hemadri and Ravi Kumar Jatoth
Tooth Profile Optimization of Helical Gear with Balanced Specific
Sliding Using TLBO Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Paridhi Rai and Asim Gopal Barman
Optimization of Nanofluid Minimum Quantity Lubrication
(NanoMQL) Technique for Grinding Performance Using Jaya
Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
R. R. Chakule, S. S. Chaudhari and P. S. Talmale
Contents xi
Performance Evaluation of Jaya Optimization Technique

for the Production Planning in a Dairy Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Aparna Chaparala, Radhika Sajja, K. Karteeka Pavan
and Sreelatha Moturi
Multi-objective Optimization in WEDM of Inconel 750 Alloy:
Application of TOPSIS Embedded Grey Wolf Optimizer . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
G. Venkata Ajay Kumar and K. L. Narasimhamu
Experimental Investigations and Selection of Solid Lubricant
Assisted Lubrication Strategy in Machining with the Use
of PROMETHEE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
M. A. Makhesana and K. M. Patel
BPSO-Based Feature Selection for Precise Class Labeling of Diabetic
Retinopathy Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Rahul Kumar Chaurasiya, Mohd Imroze Khan, Deeksha Karanjgaokar
and B. Krishna Prasanna
Dynamic Analysis and Life Estimation of the Artificial Hip Joint
Prosthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Akbar Basha Shaik and Debasish Sarkar
Modeling Elastic Constants of Keratin-Based Hair Fiber Composite
Using Response Surface Method and Optimization Using Grey
Taguchi Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
P. Divakara Rao, C. Udaya Kiran and K. Eshwara Prasad
A Decennary Survey on Artificial Intelligence Methods for Image
Segmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
B. Vinoth Kumar, S. Sabareeswaran and G. Madumitha
Air Quality Assessment Using Fuzzy Inference Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Seema A. Nihalani, Nandini Moondra, A. K. Khambete, R. A. Christian
and N. D. Jariwala
Optimization of Water Releases from Ukai Reservoir Using Jaya
Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Vijendra Kumar and S. M. Yadav
Design of Antenna Arrays Using Chaotic Jaya Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . 337
R. Jaya Lakshmi and T. Mary Neebha
Optimization of Friction Drilling Process by Response Surface
Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Akshay Potdar and Sagar Sapkal
Optimization of Parameters in Friction Stir Welding of AA6101-T6
by Taguchi Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Deepak Kumar and Jatinder Kumar
xii Contents
Evolutionary Optimization in Master Production Scheduling:

A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Radhika Sajja, K. Karteeka Pavan, Ch. Srinivasa Rao
and Swapna Dhulipalla
Optimal Irrigation Planning in the Eastern Gandak Project
Using Linear Programming—A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
M. Bhushan and L. B. Roy
Optimization of Squeeze Casting Process Parameters to Investigate
the Mechanical Properties of AA6061/Al2O3/SiC Hybrid Metal Matrix
Composites by Taguchi and Anova Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
L. Natrayan, M. Senthil Kumar and Mukesh Chaudhari
Parametric Optimization of Electrochemical Machining Process
Using Taguchi Method and Super Ranking Concept While Machining
on Inconel 825 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Partha Protim Das and Shankar Chakraborty
Dependency of Bead Geometry Formation During Weld Deposition
of 316 Stainless Steel Over Constructional Steel Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
M. K. Saha, S. Sadhu, P. Ghosh, A. Mondal, R. Hazra and S. Das
Performance Assessment of Inter-Digital Capacitive Structure-Finite
Element Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Sheeja P. George, Johney Isaac and Jacob Philip
MADM-Based Approach for Selection of Welding Process
for Aluminum Tube Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Ravindra Singh Saluja and Varinder Singh
Screening of Organic Brake Pad Materials
Using MADM Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
K. N. Hendre and B. D. Bachchhav
Selection of Coating and Nitriding Process for AISI 4140 Steel
Material to Enhance Tribological Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Pathan Firojkhan, Nikhil Kadam and S. G. Dambhare
Risk-Pooling Approach in Inventory Control Model
for Multi-products in a Distribution Network Under Uncertainty . . . . . 475
Vats Peeyush, Soni Gunjan and A. P. S. Rathore
Optimization of Magnetic Abrasive Finishing Process Using Principal
Component Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
S. B. Gunjal and P. J. Pawar
Contents xiii
Dynamic Distribution Network Expansion Planning

Under Energy Storage Integration Using PSO with Controlled
Particle Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Santosh Kumari, Prerna Jain, Dipti Saxena and Rohit Bhakar
Development of Plant Layout for Improving Organizational
Effectiveness by Hybridizing GT, TOPSIS and SLP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Biswanath Chakraborty and Santanu Das
Optimization of Process Parameters Using Hybrid Taguchi
and VIKOR Method in Electrical Discharge Machining Process . . . . . . 527
B. Singaravel, S. Deva Prasad, K. Chandra Shekar, K. Mangapathi Rao
and G. Gowtham Reddy
Multi-response Optimization of Burnishing of Friction-Welded
AA6082-T6 Using Principal Component Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
R. S. Tajane and P. J. Pawar
Design Optimization of Helicopter Rotor with Trailing-Edge Flaps
Using Genetic Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Saijal Kizhakke Kodakkattu
Statistical Model for Spot Welding of Aluminum Alloy 6082T651
Using an Interlayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Arick. M. Lakhani and P. H. Darji
Fuzzy Programming Technique for Solving Uncertain Multi-objective,
Multi-item Solid Transportation Problem with Linear Membership
Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
Vandana Y. Kakran and Jayesh M. Dhodiya
Investigation of Influence of Process Parameters in Deep Drawing
of Square Cup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
Chandra Pal Singh, Prachi Kanherkar, Lokesh Bajpai and Geeta Agnihotri
Selection of Machining Parameters in Ultrasonic Machining Process
Using CART Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
Shruti Dandge and Shankar Chakraborty
PSF-Based Spectrum Occupancy Prediction in Cognitive Radio . . . . . . 609
Jayesh Patil, Neeraj Bokde, Sudhir Kumar Mishra and Kishore Kulat
Hertzian Contact Stress Analysis in Roller Power Transmission
One-Way Clutch by Using Finite Element Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
Karan A. Dutt, S. B. Soni and D. V. Patel
Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study on Lightweight
Mechanical Member . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
G. Lakshmi Srinivas and Arshad Javed
xiv Contents
Robust Analysis of T-S Fuzzy Controller for Nonlinear System

Using H-Infinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Manivasagam Rajendran, P. Parthasarathy and R. Anbumozhi
Adsorption of Crystal Violet Dye: Parameter Optimization
Using Taguchi’s Experimental Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
T. B. Gupta, D. H. Lataye and S. T. Kurwadkar
Minimization of Springback in Seamless Tube Cold Drawing Process
Using Advanced Optimization Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
D. B. Karanjule, S. S. Bhamare and T. H. Rao
Integrated Production Planning and Scheduling for Parallel
Production Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
K. C. Bhosale and P. J. Pawar
Optimization of Surface Modification Phenomenon for P20+Ni Die
Steel Using EDM with P/M Composite Electrode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
Jayantigar Lakhmangar Ramdatti and Ashishkumar Vitthaldas Gohil
Optimization of Tool Wear and Surface Roughness of Hybrid
Ceramic Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
G. Amith Kumar and T. Jagadeesha
Assessment of Viscosity of Coconut-Oil-Based CeO2/CuO Hybrid
Nano-lubricant Using Artificial Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
Ayamannil Sajeeb and Perikinalil Krishnan Rajendrakumar
Elimination of Nick Defect by Process Optimization for Input Shaft
Reverse Gear Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
Sagar U. Sapkal and Tejas A. Bhilawade
Experimental Investigation of Cutting Parameters on Surface
Roughness in Hard Turning of AISI 4340 Alloy Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
Vaishal J. Banker, Jitendra M. Mistry and Mihir H. Patel
Experimental Study of Process Parameters on Finishing of AISI D3
Steel Using Magnetorheological Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739
V. S. Kanthale and D. W. Pande
Evaluation of Aeration Efficiency of Triangular Weirs
by Using Gaussian Process and M5P Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749
Akash Jaiswal and Arun Goel
Performance Evaluation of Kaplan Turbine with Different Runner
Solidity Using CFD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
Brijkishore, Ruchi Khare and Vishnu Prasad
Contents xv
Prediction of Occupational Risk at Workplace Using Artificial Neural

Network—A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769
Dharmendra V. Jariwala and R. A. Christian
Quantification of Influence of Casting Variables for Minimizing Hot
Spot Area in T Junction by ANOVA and Taguchi Method . . . . . . . . . . 777
Prachi Kanherkar, Chandra Pal Singh and Sanjay Katarey
Taguchi-Based Optimization of Machining Parameter in Drilling
Spheroidal Graphite Using Combined TOPSIS and AHP Method . . . . . 787
Pruthviraj Chavan and Ajinkya Patil
Optimal Configuration of Viscous Dampers Connected to Adjacent
Similar Buildings Using Particle Swarm Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799
Uppari Ramakrishna, S. C. Mohan and K. Sai Pavan Kumar
Combined Economic Emission Dispatch Using Spider Monkey
Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809
Anand Singh Tomar, Hari Mohan Dubey and Manjaree Pandit
Solution of Non-convex Economic Dispatch Problems by Water Cycle
Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819
Vishal Chaudhary, Hari Mohan Dubey and Manjaree Pandit
Multi-objective Design Optimization of Shell-and-Tube Heat
Exchanger Using Multi-objective SAMP-Jaya Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
R. Venkata Rao, Ankit Saroj, Jan Taler and Pawel Oclon
An Improved Jaya Algorithm and Its Scope for Optimization
in Communications Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839
Ravipudi Jaya Lakshmi
Performance Evaluation of TiN-Coated CBN Tools During Turning
of Variable Hardened AISI 4340 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847
Sanjeev Kumar, Dilbag Singh and Nirmal S. Kalsi
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859
About the Editors
Dr. R. Venkata Rao is a Professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering,

S. V. National Institute of Technology, Surat, India. He has more than 28 years of
teaching and research experience. He completed his B.Tech. in 1988, M.Tech. in
1991, Ph.D. in 2002, and obtained his D.Sc. in 2017. Dr. Rao’s research interests
include: advanced optimization algorithms and their applications to design,
thermal and manufacturing engineering, and fuzzy multiple attribute
decision-making (MADM) methods and their industrial applications. He has more
than 300 research papers to his credit, published in national and international
journals and conference proceedings. He has received national and international
awards for his research efforts. He is a reviewer for more than 80 national and
international journals and serves on the editorial boards of several international
journals. He has also been a Visiting Professor at Cracow University of
Technology, Poland in January 2016, November 2016, and June 2018, at BITS
Pilani Dubai campus in 2017, and at the Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok
in 2008, 2010, 2015 and 2018. He has authored six books entitled “Decision
Making in the Manufacturing Environment Using Graph Theory and Fuzzy
Multiple Attribute Decision Making Methods” (Volume 1 (2007) and Volume 2
(2013)), “Advanced Modeling and Optimization of Manufacturing Processes:
International Research and Development” (2010), “Mechanical Design
Optimization Using Advanced Optimization Techniques” (2012), “Teaching-
Learning-Based Optimization Algorithm And Its Engineering Applications”
(2016), and “Jaya: An Advanced Optimization Algorithm And Its Engineering
Applications” (2018), all of which were published by Springer.
Dr. Jan Taler is a Professor and Director of the Institute of Thermal Power
Engineering of Cracow University of Technology, Poland. He has more than
40 years of teaching and research experience, having completed his M.Sc. in 1974,
Ph.D. in 1977, and D.Sc. in 1987. He has published about 300 articles in scientific
journals. He has authored 10 books and over 20 chapters in scientific monographs
and entries in the Encyclopedia of Thermal Stresses. He conducts research in the
field of heat transfer engineering and thermal power engineering with special
xvii
xviii About the Editors
interest in the following areas – inverse heat conduction problems, measurement of

heat flux and heat transfer coefficient, ash fouling and slagging in steam boilers,
dynamics of large steam boilers, and optimization of thermal systems. He has
participated in many research projects funded by industry and the Polish Committee
for Scientific Research. Many of his innovative technical solutions have been
implemented in power plants.
Combined Intelligent and Adaptive
Optimization in End Milling
of Multi-layered 16MnCr5/316L
Uros Zuperl and Franc Cus
Abstract In this work, a new intelligent and adaptive optimization for end milling of
four-layer functionally graded steel is presented in order to maximize the machining
performance, minimize the production costs, and maximize the metal removal rate
and ensuring the surface quality requirements. The proposed optimization consists
of intelligent modeling of cutting quantities and particle swarm optimization (PSO)
algorithm. Particle swarm optimization method is employed in real time to find
optimum cutting conditions considering the real tool wear. Adaptive neural inference
system is used to predict the tool flank wear timely on the basis of estimated cutting
forces. Cutting forces and finally surface roughness were estimated during machining
by using artificial neural networks (ANNs). The experimental results show that the
proposed approach found an optimal solution of cutting conditions which improved
the metal removal rate and improved the machining performance for 24% compared
to conventional machining with off-line optimized parameters.
Keywords Adaptive optimization · Cutting conditions · Ball-end milling ·

Multi-layered metal material · Flank wear · PSO · ANFIS · Neural networks
1 Introduction
Machining of functionally graded steels fabricated by LENS technology [1] has been
commonly applied in the industry of sheet metal forming tools. The machinability
of these materials is problematic due to their composition that is not homogenous.
This is the main reason for sudden and unexpected cutting tool wear which results
in immense tool costs.
Cutting tool wear is directly connected to the set of chosen cutting conditions.
Therefore, there is a considerable practical interest in searching of economically
optimum cutting conditions. Many researchers were concerned with increasing the
U. Zuperl (B) · F. Cus

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
e-mail: [email protected]
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 1

R. Venkata Rao and J. Taler (eds.), Advanced Engineering Optimization
Through Intelligent Techniques, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 949,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8196-6_1
2 U. Zuperl and F. Cus
productivity of machining processes [2] and improving surface quality [3] of the
final part through cutting parameters’ optimization.
In order to prevent excessive tool wear and its negative effects, the cutting condi-
tions are often selected conservatively and without taking into account the real cut-
ting tool condition. Progressive cutting tool wear is not considered in optimization
routine. Even if the cutting conditions are optimized by sophisticated, state-of-the-
art optimization algorithms such as teaching learning-based optimization (TLBO),
evolutionary algorithms (EA), and swarm intelligence-based optimization (PSO)
algorithms, they cannot be optimized–adjusted in real time during the machining
[4].
In most cases, such activities result in lowering the productivity and increasing
manufacturing costs.
Therefore, many optimization systems with an adaptation of cutting parameters
during machining have been developed and tested. They are designated as the adap-
tive optimization (AC) systems.
Zuperl and Cus [5] employed the ANN and three types of limitation equations
for multi-objective optimization of machining parameters. Ko and Cho [6] tested an
adaptive optimization technique to maximize the material removal rate in milling
based on artificial flank wear model.
Liu and Wang [7] developed an adaptive control with optimization for the milling
process based on the neural network for modeling and the neural network for control.
Chiang et al. [8] developed an artificial neural network for online determination of
optimal cutting parameters by maximizing material removal rate.
In this work, a new intelligent adaptive optimization is introduced for end milling
with the aim to maximize the machining performance, minimize the production costs,
and ensure the surface quality requirements.
The progressive cutting tool wear is incorporated into optimization algorithm.
Optimization structure is composed of (1) an intelligent prediction models that predict
cutting forces, flank wear, surface roughness and (2) an optimization module that
maximize the milling performance by consideration of cutting constraints.
2 Combined Intelligent and Adaptive Optimization Routine
The aim of the combined intelligent adaptive optimization is to improve the ball-end
milling performance by adjusting the feed rate (f ) and cutting speed (vc ) in real time.
The four-layer functionally graded steel is used in the cutting process.
The optimization takes into account gradually increasing tool wear, a machining
cost and a machining rate (represented by metal removal rate—MRR). Therefore, a
multi-objective optimization process with two conflicting objectives and with seven
limitation non-equations has to be performed to solve the defined task.
In order to find optimal cutting parameters, the particle swarm optimization (PSO)
algorithm was integrated with intelligent models that generalize the cutting forces,
Combined Intelligent and Adaptive Optimization in End Milling … 3
ANN
Cutting force
n, f, Fx, Fy, Fz
model n, f,
RD=k
AD=k
AD=k Adaptive optimizationmodule
Fx, Fy, Fz Cutting

n, f,
ANN
n, f, Ra model Ra PSO AD=k Optimum
RD=k cutting
criteria?
Inteligent prediction
AD=k algorithm nopt,

fopt
module
VB(t) DNCSSO
ANFIS
n, f, n, f,
VB model VB(t)
RD=k R =k CNC
AD=k AD=k
AN
FIS
controller
Fagor 8040-M
VB(t)
Machine tool
n, f, function y
RD=k
AD=k
Fig. 1 Structure of intelligent adaptive optimization routine
tool wear, and surface quality based on experimental measurements. An optimization

scheme is shown in Fig. 1.
The intelligent models are grouped together in the intelligent prediction module,
and its outputs are fed into the adaptive PSO module.
The PSO starts the optimization process by generating random population which
consists of cutting speeds, feed rates, and depth of cuts. Then, the trained ANN
assigns cutting forces for entire population.
The cutting forces are inputted to an adaptive neural fuzzy inference system
(ANFIS) which predicts the flank wear second by second for every particle. The
output from the ANFIS model is the input to the surface roughness (Ra) model.
The ANN is trained to model the surface roughness for entire population. In the last
phase, the performance function (y) is calculated which serves as objective function
and represents the solution domain. The optimization algorithm moves the particles
of the swarm in order to find the maximal value of the performance function. The
position of the found performance function extreme represents the optimal cutting
conditions for particular second of machining.
Seven constraints are listed in Table 1.
The particles that result in higher cutting force and surface roughness than defined
threshold are eliminated from the population.
Table 1 List of used Name Limitation equation

constraints in adaptive
Spindle speed (n) n min ≤ π ·D vc ≤ n max
optimization routine 1000
Feed rate (f ) f min ≤ π ·D vc · f z ≤ f max

1000·z
Cutting width (RD ) RD ≤ aemax

Cutting depth (AD ) AD ≤ apmax
Required cutting power (P) MRR·Kc
≤ Pdov
60
Surface roughness (Ra) Ra ≤ Raref
Cutting force (F) F( f, n) ≤ Fmax
Where z represents the of cutting edges, D is cutting tool diameter,
Kc is specific cutting force constant, and aemax /apmax is allowable
depth/width of cut for specific cutting tool
The performance function considered in this research is the quotient of the MRR
and machining costs. The performance index is calculated according to [9]:
y = MRR(C1 + (C1 · t1 + C1 · β) · (TWT)/W0 )−1 (1)
The machining costs for milling operation consist of machining cost per effective
time of cutting (C 1 ) and cost of tool and regrind per change (C 2 ); t 1 is tool change
time. W 0 is maximum flank wear. TWR is tool wear rate. β parameter determines
the type of performance function [9].
Figure 2 presents block diagram of the intelligent adaptive optimization routine.
The adaptive optimization takes into consideration produced surface roughness and
actual value of tool flank wear. The adaptive optimization stops when the tool is
worn.
The ANFIS system is applied for predicting the values of flank wear VB(t) for
the whole tool life of the cutting tool during machining.
The ANFIS is chosen for developing the tool wear model due to its ability to
quickly determine the connections between machining parameters, cutting force,
and VB at a given time point.
The first developed ANFIS-based flank wear model is described in the work of
Zuperl et al. [10]. The inputs to the model are: vc , f, AD , RD , F x , F y , F z, and machining
time (t). The output is flank wear (VB(t)). The model predicts the flank wear with
maximal 4% error.
Firstly, a statistics is employed to simulate the Ra. In the statistical model, the
functional relations between the Ra, VB(t), F x , F y , F z and cutting conditions are
provided. Statistical model is obtained at 75% confident level. Validation results
reveal inaccuracies in modeling of the Ra at small feed rates.
Therefore, a simple three-layered feedforward network based on the backprop-
agation learning algorithm is used instead to predict the Ra. The developed ANN
has one output neuron for Ra, eight input neurons for vc , f, AD , RD , VB(t), and three
Start PSO
Random population generation

si=(f, n); i=1...50
fi, ni
ANN cutting forces prediction

Fx,y,z(si)
Yes
No
Ignore F < Fref
Accept
Fx,y,z(si)
ANFIS flank tool wear prediction

VB(si, t); t=1...tool life
Machining time t
Clock No Yes
Stop
VB< VBmax Proceed
milling
VB(si, t)
ANN Ra prediction
Ra(si)
Yes
No
Ignore Accept
Ra<Raref
Ra(si)
MRR, Cost Performance function calculation

function y(si)
y(s)
nopt, No
fopt Yes
CNC Best particle-optimum Found Modify particles´s speed
controller cutting conditions Update particles´s position
Fig. 2 A general flow chart of intelligent adaptive optimization routine

cutting force components F x , F y , F z . The ANN architecture has seven neurons in

other two layers. The output from the ANN is Ra. The validation results revealed
that the maximum percentage prediction Ra error is less than 3.2%.
A simple three-layered feedforward network based on the backpropagation learn-
ing algorithm is used to predict F x , F y , and F z . Therefore, three output neurons for
three cutting force components are needed.
The inputs to the ANN are: vc , f, AD , RD , D, the cutter rotation angle , the height
of the deposited stainless steel layer (d), the deposited layer hardness (HV). The
developed ANN architecture has 12 hidden neurons in other two layers. An ArcT-
angent activation function was used to transform the signals between the neurons.
The validation test results revealed that the ANN can forecast components of cutting
forces with the prediction error 3.9% [11].
The optimum number of hidden neurons and hidden layers was determined by
simulations. The aim of the simulations was to find the most appropriate architecture
of the neural network, which will have the lowest prediction error at the lowest num-
ber of completed training iterations. In simulations, the number of hidden neurons
and layers was systematically varied in order to find the best compromise between
the training speed and the accuracy of the predicted values. For this purpose, 150
neural networks with different architecture were trained and tested. The results of
the simulations were shown on the diagrams from which it was possible to determine
the optimal number of hidden neurons and layers.
The optimum number of hidden neurons was determined in two steps. The goal
of the first step is to identify a number of hidden neurons, in which the network
prediction error was the lowest after the 500 performed training iterations. It has been
found that the increase in the number of neurons leads to the decrease of prediction
error. In the second step, the simulations determined the number of hidden neurons
in which the network reached the prediction error of 5% with the smallest number
of training iterations. It has been found that the increase in the number of neurons
reduces the training speed. Furthermore, by increasing the number of hidden neurons,
the number of necessary training iterations to achieve the 5% prediction error first
decreases until it reaches a minimum (12 neurons) and then begins to increase again.
In the same way, in two steps, the effect of the number of hidden layers on the
performance of a neural network was determined. The simulation results indicate:
The optimal number of hidden neurons is 12. The neural network with 12 hidden
neurons in two hidden layers reaches the smallest prediction error after 500 train-
ing iterations and needs the lowest number of training iterations to achieve the 5%
prediction error.
3 Experimental Testing and Results
The proposed adaptive optimization routine has been validated with two machining
tests. In these experimental tests, the machining with constant AD and RD has been
carried out on a HELLER BEA02 milling machine.
The first test is conventional milling with constant cutting conditions. In this test,
the cutting conditions are determined with the PSO and intelligent models before
machining (off-line optimization), and then, these conditions are kept constant during
the rest of machining.
The second test is milling with employed adaptive optimization routine which is
after that compared with machining experiment using constant cutting conditions in
order to analyze the obtained y and examine the efficiency of developed adaptive
optimization method. The sum of y was employed as a comparison criterion.
The objective of the adaptive optimization is to maximize the y and to maintain the
Ra at the defined Raref . The PSO algorithm starts with a population of 50 candidate
solutions (particles), which are continuously moving on function y and searching for
the maximum value of y.
In order to achieve the faster convergence of the PSO algorithm, the acceleration
constants c1 and c2 was initially set to 1.94 according to past experiences. The popu-
lation size of 50 was found to be appropriate. The wmin was set to 0.4, the wmax to 0.9
and the number of iteration to 150 in order to calculate the inertia weight factor w. A
uniform probability distribution was used to generate random numbers for updating
the velocity. The V max (maximum velocity) is determined by considering 10% of the
variable dynamic range. After the initial PSO parameters were set, the PSO algorithm
was run 10 times until convergence. The identical results are obtained in all runs;
therefore, the PSO parameters and swarm population are appropriate. Furthermore,
the perceived scattering of the particles in the swarm during all performed iterations
indicated that the PSO parameters were appropriate and should be used for optimiza-
tion of cutting conditions. The laser engineered functional graded steel material with
dimension 400 mm × 60 mm was used for machining tests. The four 0.8 mm thick
layers of the 316L powder were deposited on the 16MnCr5 substrate by the LENS
850-R 3D metal printer with 0.7 laser beam. The hardness of individual deposition
was 290 HV.
The test piece was machined by two flute ball nose end mill with 4 mm nose
radius. The material of the cutter was a sintered tungsten carbide K88UF coated with
PVD-TiAlN coating. The cutting material hardness was 1770 HV.
The second experiment is started with the following initial parameters and con-
straints: RD = 4 mm, AD = 1 mm, vc = 100 m/min, f = 250 mm/min, F ≤ 300 N,
100 ≤ f ≤ 400 mm/min, and n ≤ 4100 min−1 . Maximum tool wear (VBmax ) was set
to 0.2 mm. Figure 3 shows the response of cutting conditions and objective function
for milling with adaptive optimization. In this experiment, cutting speed and feed
rate are optimized adaptively in order to maintain the value of performance function
y at the maximal value. Figure 3a shows the response of cutting speed when adap-
tive optimization is carried out and the course of cutting speed during conventional
machining. In the first experiment, the cutting speed is constant and set to 85 m/min.
In second experiment, the cutting speed varies between 85 and 98 m/min. At the
beginning of machining, when the TWR is low, the adaptive optimization increases
the cutting speed up to 100 m/min in order to maximize the MRR and consequently
the y. During machining, tool wear increases and to compensate the higher TWR, the
system decreases the cutting speed. The lower cutting speeds decrease the values of
(a)
v c [m /m in ]
105 Cutting speed
100
95
90
85
Inteligent adaptive optimization
80 Off-lin optimized cutting parameters
50 100 150 200 250 t [s ]

(b)
f [m m /m in ]
fmax
400
Feed rate
350 Inteligent adaptive optimization
Off-lin optimized cutting parameters
300
250
200
150
50 100 150 200 250 t [s ]

(c) 3
y [m m /$ ]
0.8
Performance function
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3 Inteligent adaptive optimization

Off-lin optimized cutting parameters
50 100 150 200 250 t [s ]

Machining time
Fig. 3 Response of feed rate and cutting speed during milling with intelligent adaptive optimization
and during conventional milling with off-line determined parameters
performance function y. Figure 3b shows the two responses of feed rate for adaptive
optimization and for conventional machining. From Fig. 3b, it can be seen that the
feed rate for the conventional milling is constant (235 mm/min) during the machin-
ing process. When milling with intelligent adaptive optimization, the feed rates have
reached the values that were significantly above the feed rates during the first 155 s
of conventional machining.
The test results have confirmed the significant influence of feed rate on the Ra.
The increasing tool wear during machining also affects the Ra. Therefore, the opti-
mization system decreases the feed rates to maintain the Ra at the desired level and
to compensate the effect of the increased flank wear on the Ra. Figure 3c shows
the two responses of performance function y for both the adaptive optimization and
conventional machining with constant parameters.
In milling with fixed cutting conditions (Fig. 3c), the y exceeds the value of
adaptive optimization only after 205 s of machining. Before that, during milling
with intelligent adaptive optimization, the calculated value of y is about 120% higher.
First, the adaptive optimization routine abruptly increases the y up to 0.84 mm3 /$.
After the peak is reached, the value of the performance function is slowly decreasing
due to the reduction of vc and f.
In the first experiment, the flank wear rate is higher in the beginning of machining
and then became linear. Consequently, the y increases at the beginning of machining
and then remains almost constant during the rest of operation. The calculated sum of
y for proposed adaptive optimization routine was 46.4, compared to 35.5 for milling
with constant cutting conditions. That indicates that the total sum of y is for 24%
higher during milling with employed intelligent adaptive optimization. The sum of
y has increased despite the fact that the tool wear was much more intensive. During
the entire machining, the Ra was maintained at the desired level. Milling with the
proposed optimization routine increases the material removal rate and improves the
machine tool capacity.
In this paper outlined, adaptive optimization routine was compared with three non-
traditional adaptive control optimization systems (ACO) and conventional machining
with constant cutting conditions. The comparison results show that the intelligent
adaptive optimization based on a PSO method and intelligent prediction algorithms
outperforms the optimization strategy which is not connected to the machining pro-
cess. A cost reduction of 14% is established compared to conventional machining.
A cost reduction of 25% is established compared to adaptive control optimization
approaches. The proposed approach found an optimal solution of cutting conditions
which improved the MRR by 26% and reduced the machining time up to 18%.
Chiang et al. [8] used in adaptive control optimization (ACO) system a neural net-
work estimation module and an optimization module with evolutionary optimization
algorithms to minimize the production cost. A production cost reduction of 28% is
established compared to conventional machining with off-line optimized parameters.
Zuperl et al. [12] merged the off-line optimization algorithm with adaptive cutting
force control in end milling. In his work, the cutting force surface is the objective
function and the PSO is employed to adjust feed rate and thus to improve the MRR
up to 27% in comparison with the conventional machining.
4 Conclusion
In this work, the new intelligent adaptive optimization for milling of multi-layered
metal materials is developed. In machining of multi-layered metal materials, the
classical off-line optimization methods are not efficient due to intensive and unchar-
acteristic cutting tool wear. Therefore, it is needed to online optimize the cutting
parameters throughout the machining and to include the progressive tool wear in
optimization routine. The proposed optimization integrates two ANN models to pre-
dict cutting forces and Ra, the ANFIS model to predict the progressive flank wear,
the algorithm to asses the performance function and the PSO to find the appropriate
cutting conditions during the machining operation.
A test case has been presented to demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed
intelligent adaptive optimization. The experimental results show that the proposed
approach found an optimal solution of cutting conditions which improved the MRR,
reduced the machining time up to 17%, and thus improved the machining perfor-
mance for 24% compared to conventional machining with off-line optimized param-
eters. The results of optimization are also compared and analyzed using methods
of other researchers. The results indicate that the proposed optimization is effec-
tive compared to other techniques. The comparison results show that the adaptive
optimization based on a PSO method and intelligent prediction algorithms outper-
forms off-line optimization strategy and a larger cost reduction of 14% compared
to conventional machining is achieved. The study’s main findings are also that the
ANN and ANFIS methods are effective in precise modeling of milling quantities and
can be successfully integrated in the adaptive optimization algorithm. The proposed
intelligent adaptive optimization provides a novel way for maximizing machining
performance in end milling of multi-layered metal materials.
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Exploring the Variety of Random
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Bending over, Jack drove his strong teeth into the sail where his left
hand had a grip; then with the weight on his jaw, he shifted his hand
and groped for the bunt gasket, whilst Hank hurled furious profanity
at the frightened gambler, who was hanging on to the jackstay to
leeward, terrified, half-demented, quite useless.
The card-sharper made no attempt to move from his position, and
whilst Jack and Broncho passed the bunt gasket, Hank slid out along
the footrope and, grasping the jackstay with his left hand, hit fiercely
with his right at the face of the shirker.
There is a grim work sometimes aloft in the raging of a gale, the
work of heated blood and feelings overwrought by the cruel stress of
the moment.
The gambler flinched from the vicious blows and whimpered
miserably.
"The cur's no use, anyhow!" shouted Jack disdainfully, but Hank in
his mad rage heeded him not.
At last the sail was overcome; they swung themselves into the
rigging and slowly descended, struggling against the fury of the wind.
Each gust pinned them down as if spreadeagled, and it was a work
of difficulty and arduous labour shifting their feet from one ratline to
another. When they reached the deck they were streaming with
perspiration and nearly dead beat with their terrific exertions, but the
keen, chilly wind soon put new life into them. Paying no heed to the
buffeting of the storm, the flying spume, or the pattering hail, they
hastily hauled themselves along the weather rail in the pitch
darkness, knowing by long experience of night work the geography
of the ship.
They found the rest of the crew gathered round the main fife-rail,
about to haul up the main course.
The lull had passed and the wind was once more shrieking over
them in its mad turbulence. Hail, snow, and spindrift flew across the
straining vessel in solid sheets, whilst on every side the torn-up sea
lashed itself into smoking soap-suds, and in rushing breakers hurled
itself to leeward.
The ship, too heavily pressed under whole topsails and two courses,
ploughed her way straight through the rising seas, taking whole
mountains of green water over her weather rail forward which,
pouring aft, kept the maindeck continually awash.
A bright shaft of light from the carpenter's lamp suddenly flashed
forth upon the wild scene, illuminating with its rays the group of
sorely spent men amidships. Then it went out before the onslaught
of the furious wind, and the darkness seemed greater than before.
Muller, the German, was just slacking away the main-tack when a
furious gust came; he lost his head at the wrong moment and the
tack took charge.
In a second pandemonium reigned. A frightful slating arose from the
released sail, and the heavy block raged about at random,
threatening death at every spring, whilst the great ninety-foot
mainyard buckled like a bamboo cane.
The confusion for some minutes was indescribable, and by way of
improving the situation, the bosun and four of the best men were
washed from the clew-garnet into the lee-scuppers.
At the break of the poop the old man danced and screamed with
rage, swinging his arms and beating his fists on the rail in a very
whirlwind of passion.
Black Davis, hanging on with one hand and grasping a belaying-pin
in the other, clawed his way skilfully along the weather bulwark and
pounced upon the unfortunate Dutchman.
"Hell an' furies!" he screeched. "Yew infernal, stockfish poundin'
Dutch son of a shark, yew slab-sided, bean-swillin', dunderhead yew,
what yew think y'r doin', hey? Want ter carry away the mainyard, yew
slush-brained numskull?"
Crack! crack! crack! went the belaying-pin on the wretched man's
head.
Suddenly, in the midst of it all, the wind lulled again, and the bosun,
crawling up the sloping deck on hands and knees, gave tongue
lustily:
"Haul away there, haul away, haul away, haul away!"
Once more backs were bent and arms stretched out. Slowly the
buntlines came two blocks under the frenzied efforts of the half-
dazed men.
"Away aloft an' make it fast!" came the command.
The stumbling, panting crowd pushed and shoved and tumbled over
each other as they struggled to the rail and swarmed over it into the
rigging.
Headed by the untiring bosun, they raced up the ratlines and
scrambled out along the footropes.
"Dig your fingers in and on to the yard with her, boys. All together,
now, ay-hay an' up she comes!" roared the bosun from the bunt.
"Make a skin! make a skin!" he went on sharply.
"It's shore none easy," muttered Broncho.
"Now you have her! now you have her!" came the bosun's
overstrained voice again. "Roll her, boys, roll her!"
"She's a-comin'!" gasped some one, and with a last great effort they
got the sail on the yard.
"I'll sit down on the footrope, whilst you swing the gasket to me,"
Jack called to the cowpuncher, leaning over and putting his lips close
to the other's ear.
"I surmise as how a diamond-hitch ain't needful in these heavenly
regions," grunted Broncho to himself as he passed the gasket.
"Don't haul on it with both hands," suddenly cried the rover from the
footrope below him. "Keep fast hold of the jackstay with one hand.
Never trust a gasket, or one day you'll take a header to the deck."
"You can bet your moccasins I'll be a heap regyardful of what you-
alls advises. I'm none anxious to come flutterin' from my perch that-
away," observed Broncho, as he took Jack's advice.
Hardly was the main course fast before the wind shifted suddenly
into the west-south-west, and began to blow harder than ever.
The men were trooping off to man the fore and mizzen upper-topsail
spilling-lines, and Black Davis and the bosun were at the halliards;
but as the wind came astern, the old man thundered out:
"Hold all fast there! Weather crojjick brace!"
"Weather crojjick brace!" echoed the mate. "Let go o' that gear!" and
he crossed the deck to slack away the lee braces.
As the helm was put up and the ship went off, a heavy westerly sea
came up on each quarter, and soon converted the maindeck into a
raging flood, which made squaring the yards no child's play.
"Now you're going to see what a Cape Horner's maindeck is like in
heavy weather," remarked Jack to Broncho, as they took hold of the
brace, ready to haul away on the word of command.
"I ain't hankerin' after no sech spectacle," replied Broncho. "I've had
the vividest scrimmage of my life, an' I'm some jolted up an' chewed
from the effects tharof."
"Haul away!" roared Black Davis.
Hardly had three pulls been taken before the top of a sea fell upon
them, and the whole watch lay on their backs submerged and
hanging on to the brace for dear life.
Two or three unfortunates let go their hold and were washed
helplessly away, head under, at the sport of the mighty, swirling mass
of water. Bruised, battered, and choked, they were rolled over and
over and hurtled mercilessly forward in the cruel grasp of the raging
torrent.
As the water gradually drained off, Black Davis, who was clinging to
the lee crojjick brace, with which he had taken a rapid turn round the
pin, felt a heavy bundle of gasping humanity bump heavily up
against his sturdy sea-boots.
Long habit caused him to draw back his toe and deliver a shrewd
kick at the object.
A muffled yell broke forth.
"Oh, it's yew, is it, yew lump o' Dutch grease? Git up!" he snarled as
he repeated the dose.
Half senseless, chock full of salt water, breathless and bruised, with
sore head and sore ribs, the luckless Muller contrived to scramble
giddily to his feet and blunder hurriedly out of range.
As he once more took hold of the brace, the German gritted his teeth
and muttered ferociously:
"Vait, mine fine mister mate, I dink I vill my knife stick into you von
dark nacht; yah, mine Gott! Den you no more kick me, ain't it? Yah!"
Then other unfortunates gathered their scattered faculties together
as the thundering voices of the mate and bosun mingled with the
roar and the scream of the stormfiend.
Pinto disengaged himself from the rough embrace of the fife-rail and
crawled up on all fours. Studpoker Bob, who had clung wildly to the
poop-ladder after the first mad rush, appeared grumbling in his usual
surly fashion, and Jimmy Green limped painfully forth from behind
the hatch.
"Haul away!" roared the bosun.
A bright whisp of a moon now appeared, soaring like a flashing
scimitar into the eye of the wind, and it was very welcome as it shed
its cold beams upon the wild scene.
The wet, glistening decks, the mass of curved cordage bending to
the blast, the line of toiling men, the clear-cut figure of the old man
swaying at the break of the poop, the raging sea which rolled in great
snow-capped mountains of ink, the scudding ragged clouds, and the
rounded bosoms of the straining topsails—all these its silver rays
showed forth in rugged, strongly touched relief.
The wheel was now too much for the strength of little Angelino, and
though he worked furiously, heaving it up and down with all his
might, he was always too late in meeting her; the compass card
grew more and more unsteady in its movements, and the ship began
to swing a couple of points on each side of her course.
The result was that the tired men at the braces spent most of their
time under water.
"Somebody'll be overboard directly, if Angelino goes on letting her
run off like that," grunted Jack to the bosun, as they hung on, dipped
to their waists in the surging flood, and waited for the maindeck to
clear itself.
"This old Higgins is a bit of a wet ship, I'm thinkin'," reflected the
bosun. "She's as bad as any iron ship that ever I was on. Call 'em
diving-bells an' half-tide rocks—these here wooden Yankees are just
as bad."
Presently an extra big monster came along, and broke aboard high
over the men's heads, sweeping across the maindeck with a
deafening roar, and taking every man on the braces away in its
furious embrace.
This was too much for the old man. For a few moments his whole
crew disappeared from sight in the flood; then, as the water began to
pour off over each rail in turn, he caught sight of an odd leg or arm
poking out of the torrent for a second, like derelict boughs tossed
about in a swollen mountain stream.
With a furious imprecation he turned and pounced upon Angelino.
"Oh, it's yew again, is it? What in hell d'yew think y're doin', spinnin'
tops er what? Snakes! d'ye want to have her broach to? Hard up,
yew scattermouch, hard up! Thet's enuff! Neow then, meet her as
she goes off. Gol darn my skin, yew ain't got more strength than er
cockroach! Heave her down, man, heave her down——Gaul bust my
boots, down, I said—don't yew know down from up yet? Jeerusalem,
y're enuff to make the Archangel Gabriel bawl blue hell."
Then, giving the little dago a cuff on the ear, he rushed to the break
of the poop, bellowing,
"Lee-wheel, hyeh, send a lee-wheel along, Mister Davis, an' send a
man to relieve thet dago; he ain't more use than a bad egg."
By the time the yards were squared and the starboard watch allowed
to go forward, all but an hour of their watch below had passed.
"Well, Broncho," said Jack with a queer note of gaiety in his voice, as
they stripped off their oilskins, "this is something like, eh? This is the
weather to wash the mud out of a man and keep his blood from
getting sluggish and clogged." And he sang softly,
"See how she buries that lee cat-head;
Hold on, good Yankee pine!"
The foc's'le presented a dreary interior, and seemed more calculated
to produce melancholy and sourness than gaiety; yet, as the light
from the lamp fell upon the rover's face, there was a look of
exultation upon it; his eyes glittered and beamed with a great
content, whilst the corners of his lips curved and his mouth opened
with a bright, unconscious smile.
A born fighter, the blood of battle was surging in his veins, roused by
the tempestuous strife with the elements. The queer fascination of
danger gripped him; he gloried in the desperate struggle with those
two mighty ones, the wind and sea, in all the grandeur of their fearful
passions.
It is not given to every nature to feel this strange delight in battle, this
glorious uplifting of the soul in moments of great stress or peril, this
queer, sweet sensation of sheer personal joy which tingles through a
man's blood and converts it into electric fluid, whilst it cools his
nerve, clears and sharpens his brain, and enables him to take no
heed of hunger or thirst, heat or cold, bruises or knockdowns, but to
accomplish prodigies of strength, endurance, and valour with a cold,
icy courage and unwearying muscles.
Broncho stared at the rover with wondering eyes, then glanced
round as if to see wherein lay the cause of this strange joy.
On the floor of the foc's'le three inches of water washed steadily
backwards and forwards at each heave of the tumbling vessel; from
a line overhead suspended a row of yellow oilskin coats and pants,
which swayed gravely to the rolling like so many headless bodies.
Everything seemed damp and miserable; the air was close and foul
and the wet clothing steamed; a mess of debris and wreckage
washed wearily to and fro on the flood; tired men with aching limbs
lay silent between their damp blankets, whilst that great comforter,
the pipe, sent out great clouds of smoke from each pair of lips.
Outside, mingling with the crash of the seas, the stormfiend could be
heard playing his great oratorio.
"We shore seems to be havin' a mighty strenuous time of it," replied
Broncho slowly, "though how you contrives to accoomilate joy an'
delight tharfrom has me a heap surprised. What with the way this
here locoed ship's a-buckin' an' pitchin' worse'n the meanest cayuse
that ever wears ha'r, an' the waves like stampeded landslides a-
pourin' over one an' a-heavin' one around without consultin' nobody's
opeenions on the proposition, it's shore toomultuous an' is due to
have me some ravelled an' frayed if it keeps up this vigorous high-
flung gait."
"Waache eein bietje!" laughed Jack. "This cattle stampede's merely
beginning; it's just taking a preliminary pasear. Wait till we get into
the clutches of a Cape Horn snorter."
"A cattle stampede is low down an' ornery compared to this here
fatiguin' disturbance," returned Broncho in disgust.
"It bogs down as plumb dull an' no account before this impulsive
whirlwind, which I states emphatic is a whole team an' jest raises
Almighty discord from the heavenly vaults to the bottomless pit as
easy as winnin' a Jack-pot with four aces."
"Douse that glim," growled a voice, and soon the foc's'le resounded
with the deep, heavy breathing of tired men asleep in a foul
atmosphere.
CHAPTER XII
"A CALL FOR NERVE"
At midnight it was Jack's wheel and Broncho's look-out.
"How's she steering?" asked Jack, as he took the wheel from Hank.
"Oh, not so dusty. They've got the relievin' tackles rigged, an' she
only wants watching. Ain't yew got no lee-wheel with yew, though?"
"No, I guess I can manage."
"Waal, I reckon yew can tiew, though it'll come heavy on yew, durned
heavy."
It was now blowing a strong, steady gale, with squalls at intervals—a
good fair sample of "running easting down" weather.
The sky was almost clear, and the great Southern Cross gleamed
high up in the heavens.
The Higgins required careful watching to meet her in time as she
was hurled from mountain to valley. Down, down, down into the
depths, down she dropped until the foresail began to shake; then up,
up, up she went again, staggering desperately to reach the top as,
like a beast of prey, a great hill of whirling liquid with a seething crest
of foam swooped upon her.
High up above the helmsman it reared its raging top, a nerve-
shaking, a terror-giving sight as it threatened to overwhelm the
struggling ship with its huge bulk and roll her over and over, broken,
waterlogged, sinking—only one more ship to be posted as missing,
gone to an unknown grave in the vast depths of the mighty Southern
Ocean. But up swung the stern of the gallant clipper as, held steady
by Jack's cool hand, she ran dead before it, and the great roller
rushed by harmless and fell with a deafening clatter upon the flooded
maindeck.
In such a sea everything depends upon the helmsman, and the
bosun kept handy to the wheel, ready to give his powerful aid should
the emergency arise.
But the rolling-stone needed no help—he was thoroughly in his
element. A magnificent helmsman, a few spokes either way and he
kept the Higgins steady on her course.
The thought that the safety of the vessel and the lives of his
shipmates depended upon his skill and nerve was pure bliss to him.
He rejoiced in it, and mocked at the vainly pursuing seas.
The helm was heavy, however, for one man, and all his strength was
needed; yet he felt it not. His muscles rebounded to the call upon
them, and he threw the wheel up a turn with easy grace, where
another man would have been straining with cracking muscles.
With legs firmly planted on the grating, he stood to windward,
swaying easily with the motion of the vessel, whilst with keen eyes
he steered by a star at the yardarm, hardly taking a glance at that
deceiver, the compass.
This, this was life, strenuous, stern, full of fearful hardship, yet
wonderful bewitching joy—the life which sharpens the faculties,
quickens the wits, and hardens the backbone of a man, producing at
the same time a self-reliance not to be come at by any other method.
It is the strife, the struggle, the fierce endeavour which, once
experienced, make the quieter, more tranquil paths of life seem dull
and insipid.
It is the sense of safety in this life which palls upon men and drives
adventurers forth into the world, seeking anything that will arouse
their natures, grown sluggish and torpid in the monotony of the
modern daily round.
Some go and shoot big game, others climb mountains, a few
explore, and some rush gaily into foreign wars, all for the same
reason, to shake off the choking folds of security's sombre cloak and
feel the thrill of danger.
What is there to compare with this exulting feeling, this tasting of the
juice of peril in realms where the spice of life, the sweets of a hard-
fought victory, are known to the full?
In these realms the qualities of nerve and pluck are at a premium,
and he who has not sufficient goes under, broken and tossed aside
in swift defeat. In these realms a man is thoroughly tested and
tempered in the fire, and he must be "clean strain" or he won't
survive the ordeal.
Jack gazed with a look of defiance into the heart of the storm.
"Fight me, you raging sea and howling wind," he cried in his
exultation; "overcome me, if it is so fated, but I will give you a stiff
battle. All my cunning, all my nerve, all my endurance are ready to
my call. Exhaust them if you can, break them down, but first you
have to break my spirit, strain it, tear it, beat upon it, crush it down;
and if you are able to destroy it, you can take my useless body also.
Blow, ye winds; smite me, O sea, for I am ready!" And he hummed
the famous chanty:
"Blow the man down, Johnny, blow the man down!
To my aye, aye, blow the man down!
If he be white man or black man or brown,
Give me some time to blow the man down."
Meanwhile, on the foc's'le head, Bucking Broncho trudged up and

down, five paces to windward and five paces back in a vain attempt
to keep himself warm.
"This here seems a pretty tough game I'm into," he mused. "It shore
needs sand to make a winnin' against the kyards these tempestuous
elements holds up, an' a gent can't drop out o' this game the fates
drags him into. He's got to stay with it from his first sun-up to his last
moon-rise, for if he lays down an' quits he leaves this mortal game
for good, which no critter with the smallest grain o' sand is goin' to do
without puttin' up some sort of a fight; yet when Providence begins to
crowd the play an' get action this-a-way, it's shore a hard, deep
crossin'.
"I never allows I'd have to dig up the hatchet an' go on the war-path
with any sech ragin', blisterin' proposition as this. It kind o' shakes
the grit out of a man an' makes him feel small an' petty."
As the Higgins rushed madly before the blast, she buried her nose to
the cat-heads in each huge comber. At each plunge she threw great
masses of spray full fifty feet away from her dripping cutwater to port
and starboard.
The wind roared in a voice of thunder out of the foot of the foresail,
but with the exception of the fore-topmast staysail the head sails had
been made fast, and the long bare jibboom stabbed viciously into the
smother as each overtaking sea rushed onward.
Broncho, as he looked ahead with straining eyes, submitted to a
strong feeling of awe as each gigantic sea went foaming by, leaving
a white curtain of spume and froth in its train as it roared past at
headlong speed.
The majesty, the might, the stupendous power of the furious sea, its
insolent treatment of the strong ship as it raged around her, its fury,
its superb grandeur—all these appealed to the wild soul of the
cowboy, and the charm, the fascination of the Great Waters was
beginning to wrap itself around him.
It is this great power of fascination and attraction which the sea
possesses that gets to the root of men's hearts, and, once there, can
never be exorcised.
Suddenly, as Broncho watched the furious battle and meditated
thereon, at a moment when the Higgins balanced giddily on the top
of a sixty-foot "grey-beard," he caught sight of a ship hove-to on the
port tack under lower-topsails, lying right across the down-easter's
bows.
"Ship right ahead," he yelled. "We'll be clean over her as we're
goin'."
Before he could say more the stranger lay close aboard on the crest
of the last roller, in plain view of all.
She was an iron Clyde-built barque, with painted ports, and made a
grand picture in the moonlight as she lifted gracefully to the top of
the great hill of water. Helpless, unable to move out of the way, she
lay at the mercy of the Higgins, and a collision in that sea would
mean the loss of both ships with all hands.
"We'll hit her plumb on the port quarter," cried the bosun to Jack.
"Down with your helm, down with it, even if we have our decks swept
bare," he roared.
To bring the sea on either beam would mean the grave danger of
broaching to, with the chance of a capsize and the certainty of
having the decks swept fore and aft.
Jack, cool and collected as ever, hove the wheel down a few spokes.
"Right down!" yelled the bosun, who was hanging on to the mizzen
backstays. "Right down, or you won't clear her."
"If you leave it to me, I'll clear her all right," said the rover coolly, his
eyes glued on the barque.
"Have it your way, have it your way," returned the bosun, giving in to
Jack's calm confidence.
"Better order the hands aloft, or some one'll get taken overboard,"
went on Jack quietly; "and you might hand me the end of that boom-
guy."
As Jack hurriedly lashed himself to the wheel, the bosun's deep
voice broke through the noise of the gale like a foghorn.
"Aloft, all hands!" he thundered. "Away aloft for your lives."
The men needed no second bidding, but raced up the ratlines, for a
gigantic roller was raising its head above them to starboard as it tore
down upon the Higgins.
It was a moment of terrible peril. Would they go clear of the barque?
Would the huge "grey-beard" destroy them? Two heavy chances
against them. Everything depended on Jack's skill, his keen eye, his
strong arm, and his nerve—above all, his nerve.
The elements had taken up his wild challenge with a vengeance. He
had swung the Higgins four points off her course and stood braced
ready for the shock, for that terror of sailors, a pooper, was
approaching at terrific speed. The bosun, half way up the mizzen
rigging, yelled wildly to him. He caught something about "hanging
on," but the rest was lost in the roar of the gale.
Over his shoulder he caught a quick glimpse of the approaching sea,
a great wall of water, black and forbidding, which, as it raced in
pursuit of the flying clipper, grew momentarily more mountainous,
until, having reached the limit of its growth, it burst its whole length of
summit into boiling, hissing white water, which gave it more than
ever the appearance of a snow-capped ridge of solid earth.
As Jack turned his eyes resolutely away, he realised how the
inhabitants of Herculaneum must have felt the moment before
Vesuvius poured its molten lava upon them.
Still he stood erect, head up, without a flinch. It was a position
sufficient to scare the stoutest heart, and freeze a man's brain into
idiocy. Yet his nerve never failed him, whilst the watch clung aloft,
shaking with sheer fright, and with wavering eyes stared wildly from
the helpless barque to Jack, and from Jack to the swooping demon
of a sea, which, roaring and raging in pursuit, lifted its foaming head
on a level with their blanched faces.
Broncho, hanging in the fore-rigging, gave his chum up for lost.
"He's shore due to cash in this time," he muttered sadly. "Even if we-
alls go clear o' that ship, he'll come through the racket a drowned
cawpse. Poor old Jack, standin' thar game as hornets, no more
fretted than if he's coolly sittin' down to a poker game."
Jack gave one last look astern at the approaching sea, and then a
keen glance at the hove-to Scotchman.
"We'll do it by the skin of our teeth," he murmured, as he put the
helm up a few spokes to steady her as she went.
And now the mountain of water was upon him. Catching the Higgins
on her starboard quarter, it hit the mizzen-mast half way up to the
crossjack yard, and with a fearful din went raging over everything.
It washed over the poop until the spanker boom was hidden; the two
quarter-boats were smashed into staves, and there was a crash of
splintered glass as the windows of the afterhouse went in.
Jack wondered, as it fell upon him, whether the terrific force of the
comber would not tear the wheel up and carry it with himself
overboard.
But the stout wheel held, and Jack was crushed furiously against it
until all the wind was beaten out of his body, and his ribs almost
stove into his lungs.
Still he kept his senses, and never lost his presence of mind. Grimly
he grasped the spokes and waited for the end, wondering how long
he could live under water without becoming unconscious.
A hideous pain in his chest gradually overcame his will-power, and
caused a drowsiness in his brain, which echoed one word again and
again.
"Loyola!" it said, "Loyola! Loyola!"
But it is slow work drowning. His eyes shut in agony, there was a
rushing sound in his ears, and his head felt as if it would burst. With
clenched teeth he fought the growing feeling of insensibility. Seconds
would decide it now.
"Goodbye, my darling, goodbye!" cried his fading senses.
It was his last conscious effort. Was this the end? Would the water
never clear off? Indistinct pictures of his past life flitted through his
dazed brain like blurred dreams.
The notes of a long-forgotten tune tingled in his ears, then suddenly
changed to a bugle call; the Reveille was sounding, clear and shrill,
to be broken in upon by the deep boom of Big Ben striking the hour;
then he heard nothing but a wild moaning, and a sound as of the
flapping of countless wings. Flames flashed on his eyeballs; blue,
red and green, purple and yellow sparkled before him like a myriad
of precious gems; then all was black, a hideous, piercing black.
With a sickly roll the Higgins freed herself, and the tons of water,
pouring to leeward, washed over her rail in a smother of foam; then,
with a jerk, the gallant vessel gained her level once more.
The breath of the keen westerly gale put new life into the half-
drowned man, as he hung crumpled up and stupefied in his lashings,
his hands still grasping the spokes with contracted muscles.
Slowly he opened his eyes and gasped for breath like a fish out of
water. His scattered senses returned to him, and his keen brain
revived with a wonderful vitality; but whilst his mind, recovering
rapidly, grasped the situation, his overstrained body remained weak
and helpless.
Dimly his dazed eyes perceived the Scotchman rising ahead on the
crest of the wave which had just swept over him. He heard wild cries
from aloft, but could distinguish no words.
Instinctively he exerted his last pound of strength to meet her as she
fell off, and then collapsed into unconsciousness.
And now the Higgins flew upon the stranger with the swoop of an
eagle.
All hands but the senseless helmsman gazed fascinated at the
nearing peril, whilst the bosun scrambled hastily out of the mizzen
rigging and made for the wheel.
But Jack had done his work. It was touch and go, but he had judged
the distance exactly. As the Higgins surged past, her bow wave
swamped the poop of the barque and poured over her rail.
The Scotchman was close enough to toss a biscuit aboard, and a
weird chorus of yells arose from her crew, who had swarmed into her
rigging. The Higgins' starbowlines replied with a ringing cheer, and
the next moment the barque was almost out of sight astern, only her
topmasts showing from behind a big sea.
The bosun ground the wheel up, and the Higgins was put on her
course again.
But what a sight were her decks! The two boats were matchwood,
the doors of the bosun's locker and carpenter's shop opening to
windward were burst in; the heavy poop-rail of brass was bent and
twisted into all shapes, whilst the standard compass box lay forced
over by sheer weight of water to an angle of forty-five degrees.
The cabin was nearly full of water, which had poured in through the
smashed windows, and the foc's'le and midshiphouse were both
badly waterlogged. The maindeck was a hideous tangle of gear
washed off the pins, and the top of the midshiphouse had been
swept bare. Galley funnel, harness casks, rolls of wire, all were
gone; whilst of the poop ladders, one lay over-turned, clean
wrenched from its supports.
The mate now appeared, followed by the old man and the steward.
"What in hell er yew been doin' with my ship, bosun?" roared the old
man, and the bosun started in to explain.
Meanwhile, with tender hands, the senseless form of the rover was
unlashed from the wheel and carried forward to the foc's'le, and the
old man, on hearing what had happened, had the grace to send the
steward along with a stiff glass of grog.
In the foc's'le Jack quickly regained his senses, the men contending
eagerly for the honour of attending upon him.
A buzz of conversation went round as the port watch, who had been
washed out of their bunks by the big sea, eagerly asked question
after question.
Suddenly the bosun stood in the broken doorway.
"How are you feeling, Jack? It were a pretty close call, weren't it?
Smite me pink, but you've got the pluck of the devil, an' I'm proud to
be shipmates with ye. Your hand, mate," and he grasped the rover's
hand in his great paw with a grip of iron.
"I'll be as right as can be, directly," said Jack weakly.
"Well, you just stay where you are and don't think of moving," replied
the bosun. "Now then, the rest of you starbowlines, out you come!
There's heaps of work to do"; and he retired aft, followed by the
watch.
The carpenter was routed out, and whilst some of the men helped
the steward in the cabin the rest were kept busy nailing up weather-
boards over the broken windows of the afterhouse.
CHAPTER XIII
"THE MAN WITH THE GUN"
"Seven bells! Tumble up, starbowlines, an' show a leg. There's
burgoo for breakfast."
It was Jim calling the watch at 7.20 a.m., so that they could get their
breakfast before going on deck at eight bells.
"Burgoo? Who said burgoo?" cried Red Bill, sitting up excitedly at
the announcement of this luxury.
"I've just seen Lung cooking it," declared Jim. "The steward says
there's to be burgoo for breakfast from forty to forty."
"Then we're in the Roaring Forties all right," observed Jack.
"Did you see that ere chink a-cookin' of it, did you say, kid?" inquired
old Ben Sluice.
"Yes, I did," replied the boy.
"Well, I'm glad I didn't, or I couldn't have ate it, for sure," returned the
ex-miner with a grunt. Like many westerners, he considered the pig-
tail tribe as "rank p'ison," and he never lost an opportunity of deriding
the Higgins' cook.
"How's that ere boisterous party, the weather, a-conductin' himself
this maunin'?" asked Broncho. "I'm hopin' he's got his fur some
smoothed since last night, when he's shore more pesky than a
croger[8] with the indigestion."
"She's hummin' pretty strong yet," Jim replied; and then inquired
softly, "How you feelin' this mornin', Jack?"
"Fit enough to put the gloves on with Sullivan, and as hungry as fifty
Siwash Indians," replied the latter gaily, vaulting out of his bunk.
"Fur a bloke as wos as near drowned as you wos, h'I bloomin' well
thinks you tyke the cyke," exclaimed the cockney. "W'y, my gills is
still flappin' fur air an' me stomich gurglin' wi' salt water after that ere
washin' around we gets squarin' 'er in las' night."
"Be Jasus, ye're roight, me son o' London Town, an' I've been after
dramin' I was a fish an' couldn't get into the wather. Shure, it were a
crool drame after spendin' the blitherin' night sprainin' me nose with
tryin' to get it out of the wet. Ah, the wather! I ain't after havin' no use
for it onless it's a weak solution in a glass of ould Oirish," said Pat in
disgust.
"'Allo, Pat, 'old 'ard! I'm a bloomin' swot if you ain't given yer jibboom
a bigger hoist," burst out the cockney with a note of concern in his
voice.
Pat's nose was very much what society papers call tip-tilted.
"Arrah, now, with yer bamboozlin'," cried Pat.
"Wot you sye, byes?" pursued the cockney. "Ain't 'e been an' cock-
billed that yard of 'is?"
"You shore has her p'intin' so as an angel with a spy-glass can look
down your nostrils," remarked Bedrock Ben, solemnly, amidst
laughter.
"Fetch the grub along, there's a good chap," said Curly, whose duty it
was, but who was vainly struggling to get a pair of wet rubbers on
over damp socks, to Jim.
"Right you are," said the boy cheerily, and he started off cautiously
for the galley for two reasons—the one to avoid the succession of
dollops which poured over the rail, the other to escape the vigilant
eye of the mate.
He found the industrious Lung busy burnishing up his pots and pans,
and though several inches of water were washing over the floor of
the galley, it was as clean as a new pin.
"Starboard watch's breakfast ready yet, Lung?" asked Jim.
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Advanced Engineering Optimization Through

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Teaching Learning Based Optimization Algorithm And Its

Optimization Methods in Engineering: Select Proceedings of

Advanced Computing and Intelligent Engineering:

Advances in Interdisciplinary Engineering Select

Operations Management and Systems Engineering Select

Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering: Select

Advances in Mechanical Engineering: Select Proceedings of

Advances in Industrial and Production Engineering Select

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11156

ISSN 2194-5357 ISSN 2194-5365 (electronic)

Director, SVNIT, Surat

Dr. D.Sc. R. Venkata Rao

International Advisory Committee

Dr. Dan Simon, Cleveland State University, USA

Dr. Husam I. Shaheen, Tishreen University, Syria

National Advisory Committee

Dr. S. G. Deshmukh, ABV-IIITM, Gwalior

Optimization may be deﬁned as ﬁnding the solution to a problem where it is

Surat, India R. Venkata Rao

Combined Intelligent and Adaptive Optimization in End Milling

Optimization of Parameters for Steel Recycling Process

Performance Evaluation of Jaya Optimization Technique

Evolutionary Optimization in Master Production Scheduling:

Dynamic Distribution Network Expansion Planning

Robust Analysis of T-S Fuzzy Controller for Nonlinear System

Prediction of Occupational Risk at Workplace Using Artiﬁcial Neural

Dr. R. Venkata Rao is a Professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering,

interest in the following areas – inverse heat conduction problems, measurement of

Uros Zuperl and Franc Cus

Keywords Adaptive optimization · Cutting conditions · Ball-end milling ·

U. Zuperl (B) · F. Cus

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 1

2 Combined Intelligent and Adaptive Optimization Routine

Fx, Fy, Fz Cutting

AD=k algorithm nopt,

Fig. 1 Structure of intelligent adaptive optimization routine

tool wear, and surface quality based on experimental measurements. An optimization

Table 1 List of used Name Limitation equation

Feed rate (f ) f min ≤ π ·D vc · f z ≤ f max

Cutting width (RD ) RD ≤ aemax

y = MRR(C1 + (C1 · t1 + C1 · β) · (TWT)/W0 )−1 (1)

Random population generation

ANN cutting forces prediction

ANFIS flank tool wear prediction

MRR, Cost Performance function calculation

Fig. 2 A general flow chart of intelligent adaptive optimization routine

cutting force components F x , F y , F z . The ANN architecture has seven neurons in

3 Experimental Testing and Results

105 Cutting speed

50 100 150 200 250 t [s ]

50 100 150 200 250 t [s ]

0.3 Inteligent adaptive optimization

50 100 150 200 250 t [s ]

Meanwhile, on the foc's'le head, Bucking Broncho trudged up and

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