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DSA and System Design Roadmap

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188 views7 pages

DSA and System Design Roadmap

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dhanavidhya2202
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DSA Roadmap

1. Language Selection

●​ Pick one language (Java, C++, Python) and ensure a solid grasp of its syntax and
libraries relevant to DSA.

2. Programming Foundations

●​ Master the Basics​

○​ Data Types
○​ Variables
○​ Operators
○​ Conditional Statements
○​ Loops
○​ Functions
●​ Understand Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)​

○​ Class & Objects


○​ Inheritance
○​ Abstraction
○​ Encapsulation
○​ Polymorphism

3. Linear Data Structures

●​ Arrays
●​ Linked Lists (Singly and Doubly Linked Lists)
●​ Stack
●​ Queues (including Circular Queue and Deque)
●​ Hash Maps / Hash Tables

4. Time and Space Complexities

●​ Time Complexity (Big-O, Big-Theta, Big-Omega)


●​ Space Complexity
●​ Methods to Calculate Complexities (Iterative and Recursive Analysis)

5. Sorting Algorithms

●​ Bubble Sort
●​ Insertion Sort
●​ Selection Sort
●​ Merge Sort
●​ Quick Sort
●​ Heap Sort

6. Searching Algorithms

●​ Linear Search
●​ Binary Search

7. Tree Data Structures

●​ Concepts​

○​ Binary Trees
○​ Binary Search Trees
○​ AVL Trees
○​ B Trees
●​ Tree Traversal​

○​ Pre-order Traversal
○​ In-order Traversal
○​ Post-order Traversal
○​ Level-order Traversal
●​ Algorithms​

○​ Breadth-First Search (BFS)


○​ Depth-First Search (DFS)

8. Graph Data Structures

●​ Representation​

○​ Adjacency Matrix
○​ Adjacency List
●​ Directed Graphs​

○​ Topological Sorting (including Kahn’s Algorithm)


○​ Cycle Detection
●​ Undirected Graphs​

○​ Dijkstra’s Algorithm
○​ Spanning Trees
○​ Minimum Spanning Tree (Prim’s and Kruskal’s Algorithms)
●​ Graph Traversal​

○​ Breadth-First Traversal
○​ Depth-First Traversal

9. Complex and Advanced Data Structures

●​ Tries
●​ B/B+ Trees
●​ Segment Trees
●​ Fenwick Trees (Binary Indexed Trees)
●​ Tree-Based Indexing

Problem-Solving Techniques

●​ Recursion
●​ Brute Force
●​ Two Pointer Technique
●​ Greedy Algorithms
●​ Sliding Window Technique
●​ Divide and Conquer
●​ Dynamic Programming (1D and 2D problems)
●​ Backtracking

Useful Resources:

Platforms To Practice DSA:


Leetcode - https://leetcode.com/
Codechef - https://www.codechef.com/
Hackerrank - https://www.hackerrank.com/

Video Tutorial: freeCodeCamp's DSA Course

Learn and Practice DSA - Strivers A2Z DSA Course

Visualise Data Structures and Algorithms:


https://visualgo.net/en

https://www.cs.usfca.edu/~galles/visualization/Algorithms.html
System Design Roadmap

1. Fundamentals of System Design

●​ Basic Computer Science Knowledge:​

○​ Networking: TCP/IP, HTTP/HTTPS, DNS, Load Balancers.


○​ Operating Systems: Processes, Threads, Sockets, File Systems.
○​ Databases: SQL, NoSQL, ACID, BASE.
●​ Scalability:​

○​ Vertical vs. Horizontal Scaling


○​ CAP Theorem.
●​ System Design Basics:​

○​ Monolithic vs. Microservices


○​ APIs: REST, GraphQL, gRPC

2. Core Components

●​ Databases:​

○​ SQL: MySQL, PostgreSQL.


○​ NoSQL: MongoDB, Cassandra, Redis.
○​ Sharding, Indexing, Query Optimization
●​ Caching:​

○​ Client-Side, Server-Side, Distributed Caching


○​ Tools: Redis, Memcached
●​ Load Balancing:​

○​ Algorithms: Round Robin, Least Connections


○​ Tools: Nginx, HAProxy, AWS ELB
●​ Message Queues:​

○​ Concepts: Pub/Sub, Dead Letter Queues


○​ Tools: Kafka, RabbitMQ, Amazon SQS
●​ Storage Solutions:​

○​ Block Storage, Object Storage (e.g., S3), CDNs

3. High-Level Design (HLD)

●​ System Architecture:​
○​ Monolithic vs. Microservices.
○​ Event-Driven vs. Request-Response
●​ System Components:​

○​ Databases
○​ Caching
○​ Load Balancers
○​ APIs
●​ Component Interaction:​

○​ Communication Protocols:
■​ REST
■​ RPC
■​ gRPC
●​ Scalability & Fault Tolerance:​

○​ Horizontal/Vertical Scaling
○​ Redundancy
●​ Security:​

○​ Authentication
○​ Encryption (SSL/TLS)

4. Low-Level Design (LLD)

●​ Data Structures:​

○​ Arrays
○​ Trees
○​ Graphs
○​ Tries
○​ Segment Trees
●​ Algorithms:​

○​ Sorting
○​ Searching
○​ BFS
○​ DFS
●​ Class Design:​

○​ OOP Principles
○​ UML Diagrams.
●​ Code Efficiency:​
○​ Time/Space Optimization
○​ Profiling

5. Advanced Concepts

●​ Distributed Systems:​

○​ Leader Election
○​ Consensus (Paxos, Raft)
●​ Scalability & High Availability:​

○​ Auto-Scaling
○​ Failover Mechanisms
●​ Data Engineering:​

○​ Batch vs. Stream Processing


○​ Apache Spark
●​ Observability:​

○​ Metrics: Prometheus.
○​ Logging: ELK Stack.
○​ Tracing: Jaeger.

Real-World System Design

●​ Patterns:​

○​ Event-Driven
○​ CQRS
○​ Saga
●​ Popular Problems:​

○​ URL Shortener
○​ File Storage
○​ Notification System
○​ Ride-Sharing
●​ Security:​

○​ OAuth
○​ JWT
○​ API Security
Useful Resources

1.​ Visualize Distributed Systems Concepts​

○​ Raft Consensus Animation.


○​ System Design Visualizations

2.​ Video Tutorials​

○​ System Design YouTube Series by Gaurav Sen


○​ freeCodeCamp’s System Design Playlist
○​ High Level Design tutorial Playlist
○​ Low Level Design tutorial Playlist

3.​ System Design Interview


○​ Read: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ka3Vd5jk0zJVIlzlHGJ-4qfUhutPsMCp/view

4.​ Course
○​ Complete System Design Videos by Striver

5.​ Mock Interviews


○​ Pramp - https://www.pramp.com/dev/uc-system-design
○​ InterviewBit - https://www.interviewbit.com/system-design-interview-questions/

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