12TH

MATHS
TOP MOST
IMPORTANT
QUESTION
 5 MARKS
1. By vector method, prove that 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜶 − 𝜷) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷
Soln:
Let 𝑎̂ and 𝑏̂ are two unit vectors
𝑎̂ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑖̂ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑗̂
𝑏̂ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑖̂ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑗̂
𝑏̂ ∙ 𝑎̂ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽) − − − −→ (1)
𝑏̂ ∙ 𝑎̂ = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑖̂ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑗̂ ) ∙ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑖̂ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑗̂)
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 − − − −→ (2)
From (1)&(2) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽

2. By vector method, prove that 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜶 + 𝜷) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷

Soln:
Let 𝑎̂ and 𝑏̂ are two unit vectors
𝑎̂ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑖̂ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑗̂
𝑏̂ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑖̂ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑗̂
𝑏̂ ∙ 𝑎̂ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 + 𝛽) − − − −→ (1)
𝑏̂ ∙ 𝑎̂ = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑖̂ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑗̂ ) ∙ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑖̂ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑗̂)
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 − − −−→ (2)
From (1)&(2) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 + 𝛽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽

3. By vector method, prove that 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜶 − 𝜷) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷

Soln:
Let 𝑎̂ and 𝑏̂ are two unit vectors
𝑎̂ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑖̂ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑗̂
𝑏̂ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑖̂ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑗̂
𝑏̂ × 𝑎̂ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)(𝑘̂ ) − −→ (1)
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
̂
𝑏 × 𝑎̂ = |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 0|
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 0
= (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽)(𝑘̂ ) − − − −→ (2)
From (1) & (2) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
4. By vector method, prove that 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜶 + 𝜷) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷
Soln:
Let 𝑎̂ and 𝑏̂ are two unit vectors
𝑎̂ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑖̂ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑗̂
𝑏̂ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑖̂ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑗̂
𝑏̂ × 𝑎̂ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑘̂ − − −−→ (1)
𝑖̂ 𝑘̂
𝑗̂
𝑏̂ × 𝑎̂ = |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 0|
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
0
= (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽)𝑘̂ − − −−→ (2)
From (1)&(2) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 + 𝛽) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
5. Prove by vector method that the perpendiculars (attitudes) from the vertices to the opposite
sides of a triangle are concurrent.

Soln: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑂𝐵 = 𝑏⃗, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑂𝐴 = 𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑂𝐶 = 𝑐
AD⊥BC ; BE ⊥CA To prove CF⊥BA
Case:1 AD⊥BC Case:2 BE ⊥ CA
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝐵𝐶
𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝐶𝐴
𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 ∙ (𝑂𝐶 𝑂𝐵) = 0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 ∙ (𝑂𝐴 𝑂𝐶 ) = 0

𝑎 ∙ 𝑐 − 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏⃗ = 0−⟶ (1) 𝑏⃗ ∙ 𝑎 − 𝑏⃗ ∙ 𝑐 = 0 − −⟶ (2)

From (1) + (2)⟹ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑐 − 𝑏⃗ ∙ 𝑐 = 0
(𝑎 − 𝑏⃗) ∙ 𝑐 = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(𝑂𝐴 𝑂𝐵) ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐶 = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑂𝐶
𝐵𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0 ⟹ 𝐵𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝐶𝐹
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0 ⟹ CF⊥ BA
Hence, the perpendiculars (attitudes) from the vertices to the opposite sides of a triangle
are concurrent.
⃗ = 𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂, ⃗𝒃 = 𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ − 𝟒𝒌
6. If 𝒂 ̂, 𝒄⃗ = 𝟑𝒋̂ − 𝒌 ̂,and ⃗𝒅 = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟓𝒋̂ + 𝒌
̂ verify that
⃗ × ⃗𝒃) × (𝒄
(𝒂 ⃗ × ⃗𝒅) = [𝒂
⃗ , ⃗𝒃, ⃗𝒅]𝒄 ⃗ , ⃗𝒃, 𝒄
⃗ − [𝒂 ⃗
⃗ ]𝒅
Soln:
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
⃗
𝑎 × 𝑏 = |1 −1 0 | = 4𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂
1 −1 −4
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝑐 × 𝑑 = |0 3 −1| = 8𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂
2 5 1
 𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
⃗
(𝑎 × 𝑏) × (𝑐 × 𝑑 ) = |4 4 0 | = −24𝑖̂ + 24𝑗̂ − 40𝑘̂ − − − − − − − − − −→ (1)
8 −2 −6
1 −1 0 1 −1 0
⃗ ⃗
[𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑑 ] = |1 −1 −4| = 28 , [𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ] = |1 −1 −4| = 12
2 5 1 0 3 −1
[𝑎, 𝑏⃗, 𝑑 ]𝑐 − [𝑎, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐 ]𝑑 = 28(3𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ ) − 12(2𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) = −24𝑖̂ + 24𝑗̂ − 40𝑘̂ − −→ (2)
From (1), (2)

⃗ ) × (𝒄
⃗ ×𝒃
(𝒂 ⃗ ) = [𝒂
⃗ ×𝒅 ⃗ ,𝒅
⃗ ,𝒃 ⃗ ]𝒄
⃗ − [𝒂 ⃗ ,𝒄
⃗ ,𝒃 ⃗
⃗ ]𝒅

Try Yourself:(𝒂 ⃗ ×𝒃 ⃗ ) × (𝒄
⃗ ×𝒅 ⃗ ) = [𝒂⃗ ,𝒄 ⃗ ]𝒃
⃗,𝒅 ⃗ − [𝒃
⃗ ,𝒄 ⃗ ]𝒂
⃗,𝒅 ⃗
⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂ − 𝒌
7. If 𝒂 ̂, 𝒃
⃗ = 𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟓𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌 ̂,and 𝒄 ̂ verify that
⃗ = −𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌
⃗ × (𝒃
𝒂 ⃗ ×𝒄
⃗ ) = (𝒂 ⃗ ∙𝒄 ⃗ − (𝒂
⃗ )𝒃 ⃗ ∙𝒃⃗ )𝒄
⃗
Soln:
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
⃗𝑏 × 𝑐 = | 3 5 2| = 19𝑖̂ − 11𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
−1 −2 3
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
⃗
𝑎 × (𝑏 × 𝑐 ) = | 2 3 −1|
19 −11 −1
= −14𝑖̂ − 17𝑗̂ − 79𝑘̂ − − − − − − − − − −> (1)
𝑎 ∙ 𝑐 = (2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ ) ∙ (−𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ ) = −11

𝑎 ∙ 𝑏⃗ = (2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ ) ∙ (3𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ ) = 19

(𝑎 ∙ 𝑐 )𝑏⃗ − (𝑎 ∙ 𝑏⃗)𝑐 = −11(3𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ ) − 19(−𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ )

(𝑎 ∙ 𝑐 )𝑏⃗ − (𝑎 ∙ 𝑏⃗)𝑐 = −14𝑖̂ − 17𝑗̂ − 79𝑘̂ − − − − − − − −> (2)

From (1),(2)
⃗ × ⃗𝒄) = (𝒂
⃗𝒂 × (𝒃 ⃗ − (𝒂
⃗ ∙ ⃗𝒄)𝒃 ⃗ ∙ ⃗𝒃)𝒄
⃗

⃗ × ⃗𝒃) × 𝒄
Try yourself :(𝒂 ⃗ = (𝒂 ⃗ − (𝒃
⃗ )𝒃
⃗ ∙𝒄 ⃗ ∙𝒄
⃗ )𝒂
⃗

TYPE- I
8. Find the non-parametric form of Vector Equation, and Cartesian equation of the plane
passing through the point (0,1,-5) and parallel to the straight lines
̂) + 𝒔(𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟔𝒌
⃗ = (𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ − 𝟒𝒌
𝒓 ̂) and 𝒓⃗ = (𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟓𝒌 ̂) + 𝒕(𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 𝒌
̂ ).
Soln: 𝑎 = 0𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ 𝑏⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ 𝑐 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
Vector Equation: 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝑠𝑏⃗ + 𝑡𝑐
𝑟 = (0𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ ) + 𝑠(2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ )
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
Cartiesian Equation: | 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 | = 0
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
 𝑥−0 𝑦−1 𝑧+5
⇒| 2 3 6 |=0
1 1 −1
(𝑥 − 0)(−3 − 6) − (𝑦 − 1)(−2 − 6) + (𝑧 + 5)(2 − 3) = 0
−9𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 𝑧 − 13 = 0 or 9𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 𝑧 + 13 = 0
Non Parametirc Vector Equation: (𝑟 − 𝑎) ∙ (𝑏⃗ × 𝑐 ) = 0
̂) + 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟎
⃗𝒓 ∙ ( 𝟗𝒊̂ − 𝟖𝒋̂ + 𝒌
9. Find the non-parametric form of Vector Equation, and Cartesian equation of the plane
𝒙−𝟏 𝒚+𝟏 𝒛−𝟑
passing through the point (2,3,6) and parallel to the straight lines = = and
𝟐 𝟑 𝟏
𝒙+𝟑 𝒚−𝟑 𝒛+𝟏
= =
𝟐 −𝟓 −𝟑
Soln: 𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ 𝑏⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ 𝑐 = 2𝑖̂ − 5𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂
⃗ =𝒂
Vector Equation: 𝒓 ⃗ + 𝒕𝒄
⃗ + 𝒔𝒃 ⃗
𝑟 = ( 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ ) + 𝑠(2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(2𝑖̂ − 5𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ )
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
Cartiesian Equation: | 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 | = 0
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑥−2 𝑦−3 𝑧−6
⟹| 2 3 1 |=0
2 −5 −3
(𝑥 − 2)(−9 + 5) − (𝑦 − 3)(−6 − 2) + (𝑧 − 6)(−10 − 6) = 0
−4𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 16𝑧 + 80 = 0 (or) 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 − 20 = 0
Non Parametirc.Vector Equation: (𝑟 − 𝑎) ∙ (𝑏⃗ × 𝑐 ) = 0
̂) − 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟎
⃗ ∙ (𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟒𝒌
⟹ 𝒓
10. Find the non-parametric form of Vector Equation and Cartesian equation of the plane
passing through the point (1,-2,4) and perpendicular to the plane 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟏𝟏 and
𝒙+𝟕 𝒚+𝟑 𝒛
parallel to the line 𝟑 = −𝟏 = 𝟏 .
Soln: 𝑎 = 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ 𝑐 = 3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
⃗ =𝒂
Vector Equation : 𝒓 ⃗ + 𝒕𝒄
⃗ + 𝒔𝒃 ⃗
𝑟 = (𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ ) + 𝑠(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ )
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
Cartiesian Equation: | 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 | = 0
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑥−1 𝑦+2 𝑧−4
⟹ | 1 2 −3 | = 0
3 −1 1
(𝑥 − 1)(2 − 3) − (𝑦 + 2)(1 + 9) + (𝑧 − 4)(−1 − 6) = 0
−𝑥 − 10𝑦 − 7𝑧 + 9 = 0 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 7𝑧 − 9 = 0
Non Parametirc.Vector Equation: (𝒓 ⃗ ×𝒄
⃗ ) ∙ (𝒃
⃗ −𝒂 ⃗)=𝟎
 ̂) − 𝟗 = 𝟎
⃗ ∙ (𝒊̂ + 𝟏𝟎𝒋̂ + 𝟕𝒌
⟹ 𝒓

11. Find the parametric form of Vector Equation, & Cartesian equations of the
plane containing the line 𝒓 ̂) + 𝒕(𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝟒𝒌
⃗ = (𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌 ̂) and perpendicular to
̂) = 𝟖.
plane ⃗𝒓. (𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝒌
Soln: 𝑎 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ 𝑏⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ 𝑐 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
⃗ =𝒂
Vector Equation : 𝒓 ⃗ + 𝒕𝒄
⃗ + 𝒔𝒃 ⃗
𝑟 = (𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ ) + 𝑠(2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ )
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
Cartiesian Equation: | 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 | = 0
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧−3
| 2 −1 4 |=0
1 2 1
(𝑥 − 1)(−1 − 8) − (𝑦 + 1)(2 − 4) + (𝑧 − 3)(4 + 1) = 0
−9𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 5𝑧 − 4 = 0 (𝑜𝑟) 9𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 5𝑧 + 4 = 0

Non Parametirc.Vector Equation: (𝒓 ⃗ ×𝒄

⃗ ) ∙ (𝒃
⃗ −𝒂 ⃗)=𝟎
̂) + 𝟒 = 𝟎
⃗ ∙ (𝟗𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ − 𝟓𝒌
⟹𝒓
12. Find the non-parametric form of vector eqn, and Cartesian eqns of the
̂) + 𝒔(−𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝒌
⃗ = (𝟔𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝒌
plane 𝒓 ̂) + 𝒕(−𝟓𝒊̂ − 𝟒𝒋̂ − 𝟓𝒌 ̂).
Soln: 𝑎 = 6𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ 𝑏⃗ = −𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ 𝑐 = −5𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂
Vector Equation : ⃗ =𝒂
𝒓 ⃗ + 𝒕𝒄
⃗ + 𝒔𝒃 ⃗
𝑟 = (6𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) + 𝑠(−𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(−5𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ )
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
Cartiesian Equation: | 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 | = 0
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑥−6 𝑦+1 𝑧−1
| −1 2 1 |=0
−5 −4 −5
(𝑥 − 6)(−10 + 4) − (𝑦 + 1)(5 + 5) + (𝑧 − 1)(4 + 10) = 0
−6𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 14𝑧 + 12 = 0 (𝑜𝑟) 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 7𝑧 − 6 = 0
Non Parametirc.Vector Equation: (𝒓 ⃗ ×𝒄
⃗ ) ∙ (𝒃
⃗ −𝒂 ⃗)=𝟎
⟹ 𝒓 ̂) − 𝟔 = 𝟎
⃗ ∙ (𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟓𝒋̂ − 𝟕𝒌
MODEL-II
13. Find the non-parametric and Cartesian form of the eqn of the plane passing through the
𝒙−𝟏 𝟐𝒚+𝟏 𝒛+𝟏
points (-1,2,0), (2,2,-1) and parallel to the straight line 𝟏 = 𝟐 = −𝟏
Soln: 𝑎 = −𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 0𝑘̂ 𝑏⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ 𝑐 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
 ⃗ = (𝟏 − 𝒔)𝒂
Vector Equation: 𝒓 ⃗ + 𝒕𝒄
⃗ + 𝒔𝒃 ⃗
𝑟 = (1 − 𝑠)(−𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂) + 𝑠(2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ )
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
Cartiesian Equation: |𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 | = 0
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑥+1 𝑦−2 𝑧−0
⇒| 3 0 −1 | = 0
1 1 −1
(𝑥 + 1)(0 + 1) − (𝑦 − 2)(−3 + 1) + (𝑧 − 0)(3 − 0) = 0
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 − 3 = 0
Non Parametirc Vector Equation: (𝒓
⃗ −𝒂 ⃗ −𝒂
⃗ ) ∙ [(𝒃 ⃗ )×𝒄
⃗]=𝟎
̂) = 𝟑
⃗ ∙ (𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌
⟹𝒓
14. Find the non-parametric form of vector eqn, Cartesian eqns of the plane passing through
the points (2,2,1), (9,3,6) and perpendicular to the plane 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟔𝒛 = 𝟗.
Soln: 𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ 𝑏⃗ = 9𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ 𝑐 = 2𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂
⃗ = (𝟏 − 𝒔)𝒂
Vector Equation: 𝒓 ⃗ + 𝒕𝒄
⃗ + 𝒔𝒃 ⃗
𝑟 = (1 − 𝑠)(2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) + 𝑠(9𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(2𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ )
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
Cartiesian Equation: | 2 − 𝑥1
𝑥 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 | = 0
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑥−2 𝑦−2 𝑧−1
⇒| 7 1 5 |=0
2 6 6
(𝑥 − 2)(6 − 30) − (𝑦 − 2)(42 − 10) + (𝑧 − 1)(42 − 2) = 0
−24𝑥 − 32𝑦 + 40𝑧 + 72 = 0 (or) 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 5𝑧 − 9 = 0
Non Parametirc Vector Equation: (𝒓
⃗ −𝒂 ⃗ −𝒂
⃗ ) ∙ [(𝒃 ⃗ )×𝒄
⃗]=𝟎
⟹ 𝒓 ̂) − 𝟗 = 𝟎
⃗ ∙ (𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟒𝒋̂ − 𝟓𝒌
15. Find parametric form of Vector Equation and Cartesian equations of the
plane passing through the points (2, 2,1), (1,-2,3) and parallel to the straight
line passing through the points (2, 1, −3) and (−1,5, −8).
Soln: 𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ 𝑐 = −3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂
⃗ = (𝟏 − 𝒔)𝒂
Vector Equation: 𝒓 ⃗ + 𝒕𝒄
⃗ + 𝒔𝒃 ⃗
𝑟 = (1 − 𝑠)(2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) + 𝑠(𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(−3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ )
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
Cartiesian Equation: |𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 | = 0
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑥−2 𝑦−2 𝑧−1
| −1 −4 2 |=0
−3 4 −5
 (𝑥 − 2)(20 − 8) − (𝑦 − 2)(5 + 6) + (𝑧 − 1)(−4 − 12) = 0
12𝑥 − 11𝑦 − 16𝑧 + 14 = 0
Non Parametirc Vector Equation: (𝒓
⃗ −𝒂 ⃗ −𝒂
⃗ ) ∙ [(𝒃 ⃗ )×𝒄
⃗]=𝟎
̂) + 𝟏𝟒 = 𝟎
⃗ ∙ (𝟏𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝟏𝟏𝒋̂ − 𝟏𝟔𝒌
⟹𝒓
MODEL-III
16. Find the parametric vector, non-parametric vector and Cartesian form of the equations of
the plane passing through the three non-Collinear points (3,6, −2),
(−1, −2,6) ,and (6, 4, –2).
Soln: 𝑎 = 3𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ 𝑏⃗ = −𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ 𝑐 = 6𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂
⃗ = (𝟏 − 𝒔 − 𝒕)𝒂
Vector Equation: 𝒓 ⃗ + 𝒕𝒄
⃗ + 𝒔𝒃 ⃗
𝑟 = (1 − 𝑠 − 𝑡)(3𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ ) + 𝑠(−𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(6𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ )
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
Cartiesian Equation: | 2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 | = 0
𝑥
𝑥3 − 𝑥1 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 𝑧3 − 𝑧1
𝑥−3 𝑦−6 𝑧+2
⇒ | −4 −8 8 |=0
3 −2 0
(𝑥 − 3)(0 + 16) − (𝑦 − 6)(0 − 24) + (𝑧 + 2)(8 + 24) = 0
16𝑥 − 48 + 24𝑦 − 144 + 32𝑧 + 64 = 0 (𝑜𝑟) 16𝑥 + 24𝑦 + 32𝑧 − 128 = 0
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 − 16 = 0
Non Parametirc Vector Equation: (𝒓
⃗ −𝒂 ⃗ −𝒂
⃗ ) ∙ [(𝒃 ⃗ ) × (𝒄
⃗ −𝒂
⃗ )] = 𝟎
̂) − 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟎
⃗ ∙ (𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟖𝒌
⟹𝒓
17. Derive the equation of the plane in the intercept form.
Soln: 𝐴(𝑎, 0,0), 𝐵(0, 𝑏, 0), 𝐶(0,0, 𝑐)
𝑎 = 𝑎𝑖̂ + 0𝑗̂ + 0𝑘̂ , 𝑏⃗ = 0𝑖̂ + 𝑏𝑗̂ + 0𝑘̂ , 𝑐 = 0𝑖̂ + 0𝑗̂ + 𝑐𝑘̂ ,
⃗ = (𝟏 − 𝒔 − 𝒕)𝒂
Vector Equation: 𝒓 ⃗ + 𝒕𝒄
⃗ + 𝒔𝒃 ⃗
𝑟 = (1 − 𝑠 − 𝑡)𝑎𝑖̂ + 𝑠𝑏𝑗̂ + 𝑡𝑐𝑘̂
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
Cartiesian Equation: |𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 | = 0
𝑥3 − 𝑥1 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 𝑧3 − 𝑧1
𝑥−𝑎 𝑦 𝑧
| −𝑎 𝑏 0| = 0
−𝑎 0 𝑐
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
+ + =𝟏
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
𝒙−𝟏 𝒚−𝟐 𝒛−𝟑 𝒙−𝟒 𝒚−𝟏
18. Show that the lines = = and = = 𝒛 intersect and hence find the point
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟐
of intersection.
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 3 −1 −3
Soln: Condition for intersecting lines | 𝑙1 𝑚1 𝑛1 | = 0 ⇒ |2 3 4 |=0
𝑙2 𝑚2 𝑛2 5 2 1
 𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3
Let = = =𝑠 ⟹ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (2𝑠 + 1,3𝑠 + 2, 4𝑠 + 3)
2 3 4
𝑥−4 𝑦−1
= =𝑧=𝑡 ⟹ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (5𝑡 + 4,2𝑡 + 1, 𝑡)
5 2

At the point of intersection (2𝑠 + 1,3𝑠 + 2, 4𝑠 + 3) = (5𝑡 + 4,2𝑡 + 1, 𝑡)

∴ we get 𝑠 = −1, 𝑡 = −1
The point of intersection (𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛)=(−𝟏, −𝟏, −𝟏)
Try yourself.
𝑥−3 𝑦−3 𝑥−6 𝑧−1
✓ Show that the lines = , 𝑧 − 1 = 0 and = , 𝑦 − 2 = 0 intersect and hence
3 −1 2 3
𝒙−𝟑 𝒚−𝟑 𝒛−𝟏 𝒙−𝟔 𝒛−𝟏 𝒚−𝟐
find the point of intersection. Hint: 𝟑 = −𝟏 = 𝟎 & = 𝟑 = 𝟎
𝟐
✓ Find the parametric form of a vector equation of a straight line passing through the point
𝑥−2 𝑦−4
of intersection of the straight lines 𝑟 = 𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ + 𝑡(2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ ) and 1 = 2 =
𝑧+3 𝒙−𝟏 𝒚−𝟑 𝒛+𝟏 𝒙−𝟐 𝒚−𝟒 𝒛+𝟑
, and perpendicular to both straight lines. Hint: = = & = =
4 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒
𝒙−𝟏 𝒚+𝟏 𝒛−𝟏 𝒙−𝟑 𝒚−𝒎
✓ If the two lines = = and = = 𝒛 intersect at a point, find the value
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟏 𝟐
of 𝒎.

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
5 Marks
Hints:
𝒂𝟐 𝒎 𝒃 𝟐
➢ 𝑬𝒍𝒊𝒑𝒔𝒆 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 𝒎𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 , point of contact (− , 𝒄)
𝒄
𝟐 𝟐
➢ 𝐇𝐲𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐥𝐚 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 𝒎𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐, point of contact (− 𝒂 𝒄𝒎 , − 𝒃𝒄 )
1. Find the equation of the circle passing through the points (𝟏, 𝟏), (𝟐, −𝟏), and (𝟑, 𝟐)
Soln:𝐴(1,1), 𝐵(2, −1), 𝐶(3,2)
𝑦 −𝑦 −1−1
𝑀1 = Slope of 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥2 −𝑥1 = = −2
2 1 2−1
2−1 1
𝑀2 = Slope of 𝐴𝐶 = 3−1 = 2

𝑚1 × 𝑚2 = −1 ∴ ∠𝐴 = 90∘
End points of diameter B, C
(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 ) + (𝑦 − 𝑦1 )(𝑦 − 𝑦2 ) = 0
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3) + (𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 − 2) = 0
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎
2. Find the equation of the circle through the points
(𝟏, 𝟎), (−𝟏, 𝟎), and (𝟎, 𝟏).
Soln : End point of diameter of (1,0), (−1,0)
Centre(0,0), radius=1
Equation of circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏
3. Show that the line 𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 is a tangent to the ellipse 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐.Also find the
coordinates of the point of contact.
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
Soln : 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4 = 0 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 = 12 hint: 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄 , 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟏
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑦 =𝑥+4 + =1
12 4

𝒎 = 𝟏, 𝒄 = 𝟒 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐, 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟒
Condition:𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 𝒎𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
16 = 16
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4 = 0 is a tangent to 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 = 12
𝒂𝟐 𝒎 𝒃𝟐
Point of contact: (− , 𝒄 ) = (−𝟑, 𝟏)
𝒄
4. Show that the line 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐𝒚 = 𝟗 is a tangent to the hyperbola 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗𝒚𝟐 = 𝟗,also find point
of contact?
5 3 5 3
Soln : 5x + 12y = 9 ⇒ 𝑦 = − 12 𝑥 + 4 , 𝑚 = − 12 , 𝑐 = 4
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑥 2 − 9𝑦 2 = 9 ⇒ − = 9 𝑎2 = 9, 𝑏 2 = 1
9 1

Condition 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 𝒎𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 ,
𝟗 𝟗
⇒ 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟏𝟔

5𝑥 + 12𝑦 = 9 is a tangent to the 𝑥 2 − 9𝑦 2 = 9

𝒂𝟐 𝒎 𝒃𝟐 𝟒
Point of contact is (− , − 𝒄 ) = (𝟓, − 𝟑)
𝒄

5. A bridge has a parabolic arch that is 10m high in the centre and 30m wide at the bottom.
Find the height of the arch 6m from the centre, on either sides.
Soln: 𝑥 2 = −4𝑎𝑦 − −−⟶ (1)
At (15, −10)
225
(1) ⟹ (15)2 = −4𝑎(−10) ⟹ 𝑎 = 40
225
(1) ⟹ 𝑥 2 = −4 ( 40 ) 𝑦 − −−⟶ (2)

At (6, −𝑦1 )
225
(2) ⟹ (6)2 = −4 × (−𝑦1 )
40
36×40
= 𝑦1 ⟹ 𝑦1 = 1.6
4×225

Required height is 10−𝒚𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟏. 𝟔 = 𝟖. 𝟒 m

6. At a water fountain, water attains a maximum height of 4m at horizontal distance of 0.5
m from its origin. If the path of water is a parabola, find the height of water at a
horizontal distance of 0.75 m from the point of origin.
Soln: 𝑥 2 = −4𝑎𝑦 − −−⟶ (1)
 At (−0.5, −4)
1 1
(1) ⟹ (− 2)2 = −4𝑎(−4) ⟹ 𝑎 = 64
1 1
(1) ⇒ 𝑥 2 = −4 ( ) 𝑦 = − ( ) 𝑦 ⟶ (2)
64 16
At (0.25, −𝑦1 )
1 2 1 64
(2) ⟹ (4) = −4 × (−𝑦1 ) ⟹ 4×16 = 𝑦1 ⟹ 𝑦1 = 1
64

Required distance is 𝟒 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝟒 − 𝟏 = 𝟑 m
7. An engineer designs a satellite dish with a parabolic cross section. The dish is 5m wide at
the opening, and the focus is placed 1.2 m from the vertex
(a) Position a coordinate system with the origin at the vertex and the x -axis
on the parabola’s axis of symmetry and find an equation of the parabola.
(b) Find the depth of the satellite dish at the vertex.
Soln: 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥−⟶ (1)
Given 𝑎 = 1.2
(i)equation of parabola 𝑦 2 = 4 × 1.2 × 𝑥 = 4.8𝑥
𝑦 2 = 4.8𝑥 − −−⟶ (2)
(ii)At (𝑥1 , 2.5)
6.25
(2) ⟹ (2.5)2 = 4.8𝑥1 ⟹ = 𝑥1 ∴ 𝑥1 = 1.3 m
4.8

8. Parabolic cable of a 60m portion of the roadbed of a suspension bridge are

positioned as shown below. Vertical Cables are to be spaced every 6m along this portion of
the roadbed. Calculate the lengths of first two of these vertical cables from the vertex.
Soln: 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 − −−⟶ (1)
900
At (30,13) ⟹ 302 = 4𝑎(13) ⟹ 𝑎 = 52
900 900
Equation of parabola 𝑥 2 = 4 × 𝑦 ⟹ 𝑥2 = 𝑦 − −−⟶ (2)
52 13

(i)At (6, 𝑦1 )
900 36×13
(2) ⟹ 62 = 13
𝑦1 ⟹ 900
= 𝑦1 ⟹ 𝑦1 = 0.52

Height of the first cable is 3 + 𝑦1 = 3 + 0.52 = 3.52

(i)At (12, 𝑦2 )
900 144×13
(2) ⟹ 122 = 𝑦2 ⟹ = 𝑦2 ⟹ 𝑦2 = 2.08
13 900

Height of the second cable is 3 + 𝑦2 = 3 + 2.08 = 5.08 m

9. Assume that water issuing from the end of a horizontal pipe, 7.5 m above the ground,
describes a parabolic path. The vertex of the parabolic path is at the end of the pipe. At a
position 2.5 m below the line of the pipe, the flow of water has curved outward 3m beyond
the vertical line through the end of the pipe. How far beyond this vertical line will the water
strike the ground?
Soln: 𝑥 2 = −4𝑎𝑦 − −−⟶ (1)
 9
At (3, −2.5), (1)⟹ (3)2 = −4𝑎(−2.5) ⟹ 𝑎 = 10
9
(1) ⟹ 𝑥 2 = −4 (10) 𝑦 − −−⟶ (2)
9
At (𝑥1 , −7.5) (2) ⟹ (𝑥1 )2 = −4 × 10 (−7.5)

⟹ (𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 = 𝟗 × 𝟑 ⟹ 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟑√𝟑 m
10. On lighting a rocket cracker it gets projected in a parabolic path and reaches a maximum
height of 4m when it is 6m away from the point of projection. Finally it reaches the ground
12m away from the starting point. Find the angle of projection
Soln: 𝑥 2 = −4𝑎𝑦 − −−⟶ (1)
At (6, −4)
36 9
(1) ⟹ (6)2 = −4𝑎(−4) ⟹ 𝑎 = 16 = 4
9
(1) ⇒ 𝑥 2 = −4𝑎𝑦 ⟹ 𝑥 2 = −4 (4) 𝑦 ⟹ 𝑥 2 =

−9𝑦 − −−⟶ (2)

𝑑𝑦
(2) 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓. 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡. ′𝑥′ ⟹ 2𝑥 = −9
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
∴ = −9
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2(−6)
At (−6, −4) ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = −9
𝑑𝑦 4
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 3
𝑑𝑥
𝟒
∴ 𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝟑)

11. A tunnel through a mountain for a four lane highway is to have a elliptical opening. The
total width of the highway (not the opening) is to be 16m, and the height at the edge of
the road must be sufficient for a truck 4m high to clear if the highest point of the opening
is to be 5m approximately. How wide must the opening be?
𝑥2 𝑦2
Soln: + 𝑏2 = 1 − −−⟶ (1)
𝑎2

𝑥2 𝑦2
Given 𝑏 = 5 (1) ⟹ 𝑎2 + 52 = 1 − −−⟶ (2)

At (8,4)
82 42
(2) ⟹ + 52 = 1
𝑎2

82 16 25−16 9 3 2
= 1 − 25 = = 25 = (5)
𝑎2 25

82 3 2 8 3 40
= (5) ⇒ 𝑎 = 5 ⟹ 𝑎 =
𝑎2 3
𝟖𝟎
Required opening is 𝟐𝒂 = = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟔𝟔 m
𝟑
12. The maximum and minimum distances of the Earth from the Sun respectively are
𝟏𝟓𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐤𝐦 and 𝟗𝟒. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐤𝐦. The Sun is at one focus of the elliptical orbit. Find the
distance from the Sun to the other focus.
Soln.
𝐴𝑆 = 94.5 × 106 km, 𝑆𝐴′ = 152 × 106 km
𝑎 + 𝑐 = 152 × 106
𝑎 − 𝑐 = 94.5 × 106
Subtracting 2𝑐 = 57.5 × 106 = 575 × 105 km
Distance from the Sun to the other focus is 𝑺𝑺′ = 𝟓𝟕𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝐤𝐦.
13. .A semielliptical archway over a one-way road has a height of 𝟑 𝐦 and a width of 𝟏𝟐 𝐦.
The truck has a width of 𝟑 𝐦 and a height of 𝟐. 𝟕 𝐦. Will the truck clear the opening of the
archway?
Soln.From the diagram 𝑎 = 6 and 𝑏 = 3
𝑥2 𝑦2
Equation of ellipse as 62 + 32 = 1 − −−→ (1)
3
Substituting 𝑥 = 1.5 = 2
3 2
( 2) 𝑦2
(1) ⇒
36
+ 9
=1
9
𝑦 2 = 9 (1 − 144)
135 √135
𝑦= = = 2.90𝑚
16 4

The truck will clear the archway.

14. A rod of length 1.2 m moves with its ends always touching the coordinate axes. The locus
of the point P on the rod 0.3 m from the end in contact with x-axis is an ellipse. Find the
eccentricity.
Soln: Right angle triangle PAC
𝑦 𝑦 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0.31 ⟹ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 0.09
1
− −−⟶ (1)

Right angle triangle BPD

𝑥 𝑥 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0.9 ⟹ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 0.81
1
− −−⟶ (2)

𝑥1 2 𝑦1 2
(1)2 + (2)2 ⇒ + = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃+𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1
0.81 0.09
𝑥2 𝑦2
The locus of (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )𝑖𝑠 + 0.09 = 1.This is ellipse
0.81

𝒂𝟐 −𝒃𝟐 𝟎.𝟖𝟏−𝟎.𝟎𝟗 𝟎.𝟕𝟐 𝟖 𝟐√𝟐

Eccentricity 𝒆 = √ =√ = √𝟎.𝟖𝟏 = √𝟗 = m
𝒂𝟐 𝟎.𝟖𝟏 𝟑
15. Points A and B are 10km apart and it is determined from the sound of an explosion heard
at those points at different times that the location of the explosion is 6 km closer to A than
B . Show that the location of the explosion is restricted to a particular curve and find an
equation of it.
Soln: 2𝑎𝑒 = 10 ⟹ 𝑎𝑒 = 5 ; 2𝑎 = 6 ⟹ 𝑎 = 3
5
3𝑒 = 5 ⟹ 𝑒 = 3 > 1, ∴ The curve is an hyperbola.
25 25−9
𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 (𝑒 2 − 1) ⟹ 𝑏 2 = 9 ( 9 − 1) ⟹ 𝑏 2 = 9 ( ) ⟹ 𝑏 2 = 16
9

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
Equation of hyperbola is − 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟏 ⟹ − 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝟗
𝒙𝟐
16. Cross section of a Nuclear cooling tower is in the shape of a hyperbola with equation 𝟑𝟎𝟐 −
𝒚𝟐
= 𝟏 The tower is 150m tall and the distance from the top of the tower to the centre of
𝟒𝟒𝟐
the hyperbola is half the distance from the base of the tower to the centre of the hyperbola.
Find the diameter of the top and base of the tower.
𝑥2 𝑦2
Soln: Given Equation − 442 = 1 − −−⟶ (1)
302

At (𝑥1 , 50)
(𝑥1 )2 (50)2 (𝑥1 )2 (50)2
(1) ⟹ − =1⟹ =1+
302 44 2 302 44 2
30
𝑥1 = 44 √442 + 502 = 45.41

∴ the diameter of the top is 2𝒙𝟏 = 𝟐(𝟒𝟓. 𝟒𝟏) = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟖𝟐

At (𝑥2 , 100)
(𝑥2 )2 (100)2 (𝑥2 )2 (100)2
(1) ⟹ − =1⟹ =1+
302 44 2 302 44 2
30
𝑥2 = 44 √442 + 1002 = 74.49

∴ the diameter of the top is 2𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐(𝟕𝟒. 𝟒𝟗) = 𝟏𝟒𝟖. 𝟗𝟖 m

 COMPLEX NUMBERS
Important Hints:
𝑖 = √−1, 𝑖 2 = −1, 𝑖 3 = −𝑖, 𝑖 4 = 1, 𝑖 4𝑛 = 1
Rectangular form of a complex number is x + iy real part is x, Imaginary part is y.
The conjugate of the complex number z = x + iy is x −iy and is denoted by 𝑧‾
If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + iy then modulus of 𝑧 is |𝑧| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
Triangle inequality: For any two complex number 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 , |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 | ≤ |𝑧1 | + |𝑧2 |
||𝑧1 | − |𝑧2 || ≤ |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 | ≤ |𝑧1 | + |𝑧2 |

|𝑧| + 𝑎 |𝑧| − 𝑎
√𝑎 ± 𝑖𝑏 = ± [√ ± 𝑖√ ]
2 2

𝟏
Additive inverse of 𝒛 is −𝒛 , Multiplicative inverse of 𝒛 is 𝒛 = 𝒛̅

𝐳 is real if any only if 𝐳 = 𝒛‾ and 𝐳 is purely imaginary if and only if 𝐳 = −𝒛‾

Distance between two complex numbers, 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 is |𝑧1 − 𝑧2 |
|𝑧 − 𝑧0 | = 𝑟 is the complex form of the equation of a circle. Centre is 𝑧0 and radius is r.
5 Marks
𝒛−𝟒𝒊
1. If 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 is a complex number such that |𝒛+𝟒𝒊| = 𝟏, S.T. the locus of z is real axis.
Soln:
𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚
𝑧 − 4𝑖
| | = 1 ⇒ |𝑧 − 4𝑖| = |𝑧 + 4𝑖|
𝑧 + 4𝑖
|𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 4𝑖| = |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 4𝑖|
|𝑥 + 𝑖(𝑦 − 4)|2 = |𝑥 + 𝑖(𝑦 + 4)|2
𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 4)2 = 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 + 4)2
𝑦=0
∴ 𝒛 𝒊𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍
𝟐𝒛+𝟏
2. If 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 is a complex number such that 𝑰𝒎 ( 𝒊𝒛+𝟏 ) = 𝟎, show that the locus of z is
𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟎.
2𝑧+1
Soln: Given 𝐼𝑚 ( 𝑖𝑧+1 ) = 0 put 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
2(𝑥+𝑖𝑦)+1
𝐼𝑚 ( 𝑖(𝑥+𝑖𝑦)+1 ) = 0
2𝑥+𝑖2𝑦+1 a+ib 𝑏𝑐−𝑎𝑑
𝐼𝑚 ( 𝑖𝑥+𝑖 2𝑦+1 ) = 0 𝐼𝑚 (𝑐+𝑖𝑑) = 𝑐 2 +𝑑 2
(2𝑥+1)+𝑖2𝑦
𝐼𝑚 ( (1−𝑦)+𝑖𝑥
)=0
2𝑦(1−𝑦)−𝑥(2𝑥+1)
( )=0
(1−𝑦)2 +𝑥 2

𝟐𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙 = 𝟎 (𝒐𝒓) 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟎

 𝒛−𝟏
3. If 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 is a complex number such that 𝑹𝒆 (𝒛+𝟏) = 𝟎, S.T the locus of z is 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏.
𝑧−1
Soln: Given 𝑅𝑒 (𝑧+1) = 0 put 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
𝑥+𝑖𝑦−1
𝑅𝑒 (𝑥+𝑖𝑦+1) = 0
(𝑥−1)+𝑖𝑦 a+ib 𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑑
𝑅𝑒 ((𝑥+1)+𝑖𝑦) = 0 𝑅𝑒 (𝑐+𝑖𝑑) = 𝑐 2 +𝑑 2

(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)+𝑦 2
( (𝑥+1)2 +𝑦 2
)=0

𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏
𝒛−𝟏 𝝅
4. If 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 is a complex number such that 𝒂𝒓𝒈 (𝒛+𝟏) = 𝟐, S.T the locus of z is 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏.
𝑧−1 𝜋
Soln: Given 𝑎𝑟𝑔 (𝑧+1) = put 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
2
𝑥+𝑖𝑦−1 𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔 (𝑥+𝑖𝑦+1) = 2
(𝑥−1)+𝑖𝑦 𝜋 𝑎+𝑖𝑏 𝑏𝑐−𝑎𝑑
𝑎𝑟𝑔 ((𝑥+1)+𝑖𝑦) = arg (𝑐+𝑖𝑑 ) = tan−1 (𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑑)
2

𝑦(𝑥+1)−𝑦(𝑥−1) 𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( (𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)+𝑦2 ) = 2
𝑦(𝑥+1)−𝑦(𝑥−1) 𝜋 1
( (𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)+𝑦2 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 = ∞ = 0

(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝑦 2 = 0
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏
𝒛−𝒊 𝝅
5. If 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 is a complex number such that 𝒂𝒓𝒈 (𝒛+𝟐) = 𝟒 , show that the locus of z is
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟎.
𝑧−𝑖 𝜋
Soln: Given 𝑎𝑟𝑔 (𝑧+2) = 4 put 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
𝑥+𝑖𝑦−𝑖 𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔 (𝑥+𝑖𝑦+2) = 4
𝑥+𝑖(𝑦−1) 𝜋 𝑎+𝑖𝑏 𝑏𝑐−𝑎𝑑
𝑎𝑟𝑔 ((𝑥+2)+𝑖𝑦) = arg (𝑐+𝑖𝑑 ) = tan−1 (𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑑)
4

(𝑥+2)(𝑦−1)−𝑥𝑦 𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥(𝑥+2)+𝑦(𝑦−1)) = 4

(𝑥+2)(𝑦−1)−𝑥𝑦 𝜋
(𝑥(𝑥+2)+𝑦(𝑦−1)) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 4 = 1

(𝑥 + 2)(𝑦 − 1) − 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 + 2) + 𝑦(𝑦 − 1)

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟐 =0

Try yourself
𝒛−𝟏 𝝅
✓ If 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 is a complex number such that 𝒂𝒓𝒈 (𝒛+𝟏) = 𝟑 , show that the locus
of z is √𝟑𝒙𝟐 + √𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟑 = 𝟎.
6. If 𝒛 = 𝟑 + 𝟐𝒊, represent the complex numbers 𝒛, 𝒊𝒛, and 𝒛 + 𝒊𝒛 in one Argand plane. S.t.
these complex numbers form the vertices of an isosceles right triangle.
Soln: Given, 𝑧 = 3 + 2𝑖
Then 𝑖𝑧 = 𝑖(3 + 2𝑖) = 3𝑖 − 2 = −2 + 3𝑖 ;
𝑧 + 𝑖𝑧 = 1 + 5𝑖
Let 𝑧1 = 𝑧 = 3 + 2𝑖 , 𝑧2 = 𝑖𝑧 = −2 + 3𝑖 ,
𝑧3 = 𝑧 + 𝑖𝑧 = 1 + 5𝑖
𝐴𝐵 = |𝑧1 − 𝑧2 | = |(3 + 2𝑖)— (−2 + 3𝑖)|
= |5 − 𝑖| = √(5)2 + (−1)2 = √𝟐𝟔
𝐵𝐶 = |𝑧2 − 𝑧3 | = |(−2 + 3𝑖) − (1 + 5𝑖)|
=|−3 − 2𝑖| = √(−3)2 + (−2)2 = √𝟏𝟑
𝐶𝐴 = |𝑧3 − 𝑧1 | = |(1 + 5𝑖) − (3 + 2𝑖)|
=|−2 + 3𝑖| = √(−2)2 + (3)2 = √𝟏𝟑
𝐵𝐶 2 + 𝐶𝐴2 = 𝐴𝐵2 ⟹ (√13)2 + (√13)2 = (√26)2 ⟹ 𝟐𝟔 = 𝟐𝟔
∴ Given complex numbers form the vertices of an isosceles right triangle.
−𝟏 √𝟑 𝟏 √𝟑
7. Show that the points 1, +𝒊 and 𝟐 − 𝒊 𝟐 are the vertices of an equilateral triangle.
𝟐 𝟐
−1 √3 1 √3
Soln: Let 𝑧1 = 1 𝑧2 = + 𝑖 𝑧 3 = − 𝑖
2 2 2 2
−1 √3
𝐴𝐵 = |𝑧1 − 𝑧2 | = |1 − ( 2 + 𝑖 )| = √𝟑
2

−1 √3 −1 √3
𝐵𝐶 = |𝑧2 − 𝑧3 | = |( 2 + 𝑖 ) −(2 −𝑖 )| =|0 + 𝑖 √3| = √𝟑
2 2

−1 √3 −3 √3
𝐶𝐴 = |𝑧3 − 𝑧1 | = |( 2 − 𝑖 ) − 1| =| 2 − 𝑖 | = √𝟑
2 2

AB=BC=CA ∴ Given points are the vertices of an equilateral triangle.

8. If 𝒛𝟏 , 𝒛𝟐 and 𝒛𝟑 are three complex numbers S.T |𝒛𝟏 | =1,| 𝒛𝟐 | = 𝟐, |𝒛𝟑 | = 𝟑 and
|𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟑 | = 𝟏, show that |𝟗𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 + 𝟒𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟑 + 𝒛𝒚 𝒛𝟑 | = 𝟔.
Soln: Given |𝑧1 | =1,| 𝑧2 | = 2, |𝑧3 | = 3 and |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 | = 1 ∵ |𝑧|2 = 𝑧𝑧̅
𝑧1 𝑧̅1 = 1, 𝑧2 ̅̅̅̅
𝑧2 = 4 , 𝑧3 ̅̅̅̅
𝑧3 = 9
1 4 9
𝑧1 = ̅̅̅ , 𝑧2 = ̅̅̅ , 𝑧3 = ̅̅̅
𝑧 1 𝑧 2 𝑧 3

𝟏 𝟒 𝟗
|𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟑 | = | + ̅̅̅ + ̅̅̅ |
𝒛𝟏
̅̅̅ 𝒛 𝟐 𝒛 𝟑

|𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟑 +𝟒𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟑 +𝟗𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 |

1= |𝒛𝟏 || 𝒛𝟐 || 𝒛𝟑 |

|𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟑 + 𝟒𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟑 + 𝟗𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 | = |𝒛𝟏 || 𝒛𝟐 || 𝒛𝟑 |

=𝟏 × 𝟐 × 𝟑 = 𝟔
9. If 𝒛𝟏 , 𝒛𝟐 and 𝒛𝟑 are three complex number S.T. |𝒛𝟏 | = | 𝒛𝟐 | = | 𝒛𝟑 | = 𝒓 > 𝟎 and
𝒛 𝒛 +𝒛 𝒛 +𝒛 𝒛
𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟑 ≠ 𝟎. Prove that | 𝟏 𝟐𝒛 +𝒛𝟐 𝟑+𝒛 𝟑 𝟏| = 𝒓.
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
Soln: Given |𝑧1 | = | 𝑧2 | = | 𝑧3 | = 𝑟 ∵ |𝑧|2 = 𝑧𝑧̅
𝑧1 𝑧̅1 = 𝑧2 ̅̅̅̅ 𝑧3 = 𝑟 2
𝑧2 = 𝑧3 ̅̅̅̅
𝑟2 𝑟2 𝑟2
𝑧1 = ̅̅̅
, 𝑧2 = ̅̅̅
, 𝑧3 = ̅̅̅
𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3

𝑟2 𝑟2 𝑟2
|𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 | = | + ̅̅̅ + ̅̅̅ |
̅̅̅
𝑧1 𝑧 𝑧 2 3

̅̅̅
𝑧1 ̅̅̅+𝑧
𝑧2 ̅̅̅
2 ̅̅̅̅+𝑧
𝑧3 ̅̅̅̅𝑧
3 ̅̅̅
= 𝑟2 | ̅̅̅
1
|
𝑧1 ̅̅̅
𝑧2 ̅̅̅
𝑧3
|𝑧1 𝑧2 +𝑧2 𝑧3 +𝑧1 𝑧3 |
|𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 | = 𝑟 2
𝑟3
|𝑧1 𝑧2 +𝑧2 𝑧3 +𝑧1 𝑧3 |
= 𝑟
𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 +𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟑 +𝒛𝟑 𝒛𝟏
∴ | |=𝒓
𝒛𝟏 +𝒛𝟐 +𝒛𝟑

10. Suppose 𝒛𝟏 , 𝒛𝟐 and 𝒛𝟑 are the vertices of an equilateral triangle inscribed in the circle
|𝒛| = 𝟐. If 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟏 + 𝒊√𝟑, then find 𝒛𝟐 and 𝒛𝟑 .
Soln: Given, |𝑧| = 𝑟 = 2 and 𝑧1 = 1 + 𝑖 √3;
√3 𝜋
𝜃 = 𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 1 ) = 3
𝜋
𝑖
∴ Euler’s form of 𝑧1 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 2𝑒 3

2𝜋
Clearly, 𝑧2 is rotation of 𝑧1 anti-clockwise by 3
2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
𝑖 𝑖 𝑖
𝑧2 = 𝑧1 𝑒 3 = 2𝑒 𝑒 3 3 = 2𝑒 𝑖𝜋 = −2
2𝜋
Clearly, 𝑧3 is rotation of 𝑧1 clockwise by 3
𝟐𝝅 𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝝅
−𝒊 𝒊 −𝒊 −𝒊 𝟏 √𝟑
𝒛𝟑 = 𝒛𝟏 𝒆 𝟑 = 𝟐𝒆 𝒆 𝟑 𝟑 = 𝟐𝒆 𝟑 = 𝟐(𝟐− 𝒊 ) = 𝟏 − 𝒊 √𝟑
𝟐

11. Find the fourth roots of unity.

Soln: Given 𝑧4 = 1
(𝑧 2 )2 = 1
𝑧 2 = ±√1
𝑧 2 = ±1
𝑧2 = 1 𝑧 2 = −1
𝑧 = ±√1 𝑧 = ±√−1
𝒛 = ±𝟏 𝒛 = ±𝒊
12. Find the cube roots of unity.
Soln: Given 𝑧3 = 1
𝑧3 − 1 = 0
(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 1) = 0
 𝑧−1=0 𝑧2 + 𝑧 + 1 = 0
−𝟏±𝒊√𝟑
𝒛=𝟏 𝒛= 𝟐

Note :
𝟏
𝒛 = (𝟏)𝟑 = (𝟏, 𝝎, 𝝎𝟐 )
−𝟏 √𝟑 −𝟏 √𝟑
Here 𝝎 = +𝒊 , 𝝎𝟐 = −𝒊
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

13. Solve the equation 𝒛𝟑 + 𝟖𝒊 = 𝟎, where 𝒛 ∈ 𝑪.

Soln: Given 𝑧 3 + 8𝑖 = 0
𝑧 3 = −8𝑖
𝑧 3 = (2𝑖)3 × 1
1
𝑧 = 2𝑖 × (1)3
𝑧 = 2𝑖(1, 𝜔, 𝜔2 )
−1 √3 −1 √3
𝑧 = 2𝑖, 2𝑖 ( +𝑖 ), 2𝑖 ( −𝑖 )
2 2 2 2

𝒛 = 𝟐𝒊, −𝒊 − √𝟑, −𝒊 + √𝟑
14. Solve the equation 𝒛𝟑 + 𝟐𝟕 = 𝟎, where 𝒛 ∈ 𝑪
Soln: Given 𝑧 3 + 27 = 0
𝑧 3 = −27 = −3 × −3 × −3 = (−3)3 × 1
1
𝑧 = −3 × (1)3
𝑧 = −3(1, 𝜔, 𝜔2 )
Z=−𝟑, −𝟑𝝎, −𝟑𝝎𝟐
15. If 𝝎 ≠ 𝟏 is a cube root of unity, show that the roots of the equation (𝒛 − 𝟏)𝟑 + 𝟖 = 𝟎 are
−𝟏, 𝟏 − 𝟐𝝎, 𝟏 − 𝟐𝝎𝟐 .
Soln: Given (𝑧 − 1)3 + 8 = 0
(𝑧 − 1)3 = −8 = (−2)3 × 1
1
(𝑧 − 1) = −2 × (1)3
𝑧 − 1 = −2(1, 𝜔, 𝜔2 ) = −2, −2𝜔, −2𝜔2
Z=−𝟏, 𝟏 − 𝟐𝝎, 𝟏 − 𝟐𝝎𝟐
𝟏𝟗−𝟕𝒊 𝟏𝟐 𝟐𝟎−𝟓𝒊 𝟏𝟐
16. Show that (i) ( ) + ( 𝟕−𝟔𝒊 ) is real
𝟗+𝒊
19−7𝑖 20−5𝑖
Soln : =2−𝑖, =2+𝑖
9+𝑖 7−6𝑖

19 − 7𝑖 12 20 − 5𝑖 12
𝑧=( ) +( )
9+𝑖 7 − 6𝑖
𝑧 = (2 − 𝑖)12 + (2 + 𝑖)12
𝑧̅ = (2 + 𝑖)12 + (2 − 𝑖)12
𝒛̅ = 𝒛 , 𝒛 is real
 𝟏𝟗+𝟗𝒊 𝟏𝟓 𝟖+𝒊 𝟏𝟓
17. Show that (i) ( 𝟓−𝟑𝒊 ) − (𝟏+𝟐𝒊) is purely imaginary
19+9𝑖 8+𝑖
Soln: 5−3𝑖 = 2 + 3𝑖,1+2𝑖 = 2 − 3𝑖

19+9𝑖 15 8+𝑖 15
𝑧 = ( 5−3𝑖 ) − (1+2𝑖)

𝑧 = (2 + 3𝑖)15 − (2 − 3𝑖)15
𝑧̅ = (2 − 3𝑖)15 − (2 + 3𝑖)15
𝒛̅ = −𝒛
∴ 𝒛 is purely imaginary.
18. Find all the cube roots of √𝟑 + 𝒊
1
3 𝑖𝜃
Soln: Let 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 ⟹𝑧= (𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 )3
1
𝑧 = (√3 + 𝑖)3

2 1 𝜋
𝑟 = √(√3) + (1)2 = 2, 𝜃 = 𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 3) =
√ 6
1
𝜋
𝑖 3
𝑧 = (2𝑒 ) 6

1
1 𝜋
𝑖( +2𝑘𝜋) 3
𝑧 = 2 (𝑒
3 6 ) 𝑘 = 0,1,2
1
1 (1+12𝑘)𝜋 3
𝑖
𝑧 = 2 (𝑒
3 6 ) 𝑘 = 0,1,2
𝟏 (𝟏+𝟏𝟐𝒌)𝝅
𝒛 = 𝟐 𝟑 𝒆𝒊 𝟏𝟖 𝑘 = 0,1,2
1 𝜋
𝑖
For 𝑘 = 0, 𝑧=2 𝑒 3 18

1 13𝜋
For 𝑘 = 1, 𝑧 = 23 𝑒 𝑖 18
1 25𝜋
For 𝑘 = 2, 𝑧 = 23 𝑒 𝑖 18
19. If 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜶 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜷 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜸 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜶 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜷 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜸 = 𝟎, show that
(i) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑 𝜶 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑 𝜷 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑 𝜸 = 𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔( 𝜶 + 𝜷 + 𝜸) and
(ii)𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑 𝜶 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑 𝜷 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑 𝜸 = 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝜶 + 𝜷 + 𝜸).
Soln: 𝑎 = cos 𝛼 + 𝑖 sin 𝛼, 𝑏 = cos 𝛽 + 𝑖 sin 𝛽, 𝑐 = cos 𝛾 + 𝑖 sin 𝛾
𝒊𝒇 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 then 𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 + 𝒄𝟑 = 𝟑𝒂𝒃𝒄
(cos 𝛼 + 𝑖 sin 𝛼)3 + (cos 𝛽 + 𝑖 sin 𝛽)3 + (cos 𝛾 + 𝑖 sin 𝛾)3
= 3(cos 𝛼 + 𝑖 sin 𝛼)(cos 𝛽 + 𝑖 sin 𝛽)(cos 𝛾 + 𝑖 sin 𝛾)
(cos 3𝛼 + cos 3𝛽 + cos 3𝛾) + 𝑖(sin 3𝛼 + sin 3𝛽 + sin 3𝛾)
= 3[cos (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾) + 𝑖 sin(𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾)]
(𝑖) cos 3𝛼 + cos 3𝛽 + cos 3𝛾 = 3 cos(𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾)
(𝑖𝑖) sin 3𝛼 + sin 3𝛽 + sin 3𝛾 = 3 sin(𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾)
 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙 𝒚
20. If 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜶 = 𝒙 + 𝒙 and 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜷 = 𝒚 + 𝒚, show that (i)𝒚 + 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔( 𝜶 − 𝜷)
𝟏 𝒙𝒎 𝒚𝒏
(ii) 𝒙𝒚 − 𝒙𝒚 = 𝟐𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝜶 + 𝜷) (iii) 𝒚𝒏 − 𝒙𝒎 = 𝟐𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝒎𝜶 − 𝒏𝜷)
𝟏
(iv)𝒙𝒎 𝒚𝒏 + 𝒙𝒎 𝒚𝒏 = 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔( 𝒎𝜶 + 𝒏𝜷)
1 𝑥 2 +1
Soln: Given 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 ⇒ = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝑥
𝑥 2 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑥 + 1 = 0
𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 ± 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
Let 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼,
similarly 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
𝑥
(i) 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽) (ii) 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 + 𝛽) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 + 𝛽)
1
𝑦
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽) − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 + 𝛽) − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 + 𝛽)
𝑥𝑦
𝑥
𝒙 𝒚 𝟏
+ 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜶 − 𝜷) 𝒙𝒚 − 𝒙𝒚 = 𝟐𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜶 + 𝜷)
𝒚
𝑥𝑚 (iv)𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚𝛼 + 𝑛𝛽) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚𝛼 + 𝑛𝛽)
(iii)𝑦𝑛
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚𝛼 − 𝑛𝛽) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚𝛼 − 𝑛𝛽)
1
𝑦𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚𝛼 + 𝑛𝛽) − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚𝛼 + 𝑛𝛽)
𝑥 𝑚𝑦 𝑛
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚𝛼 − 𝑛𝛽) − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚𝛼 − 𝑛𝛽)
𝑥𝑚 𝟏
𝒙𝒎 𝒚𝒏 𝒙𝒎 𝒚𝒏 + = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒎𝜶 + 𝒏𝜷)
− = 𝟐𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒎𝜶 − 𝒏𝜷) 𝒙𝒎 𝒚𝒏
𝒚 𝒏 𝒙𝒎
𝟑𝟏
21. simplify (𝒊)(𝟏 + 𝒊)𝟏𝟖 (𝒊𝒊) (−√𝟑 + 𝟑𝒊)
soln:
(i) (1 + i)18 = ((1 + i)2 )9 31 1 i√3
31
(ii)(− √ 3 + 3i) = [2√3 (− + )]
= (2i)9 2 2
31 31 31
= 512i = (2√3) ω = (2√3) ω
𝟑𝟏 −𝟏 √𝟑
= (𝟐√𝟑) ( 𝟐 + 𝐢 )
𝟐

2 ,3 Mark
1.Evaluate
(i) 𝑖 1729 = 𝑖
(ii) 𝑖 −1924 + 𝑖 2018 = 𝑖 0 + 𝑖 2 = 1 − 1 = 0;
1
(iii) 𝑖 59 + 𝑖 59 = 𝑖 59 − 𝑖 59 = 0
40×41
( )
(iv) 𝑖𝑖 2 𝑖 3 … . . 𝑖 40 = 𝑖 1+2+3+⋯+40 = 𝑖 2 = 𝑖 820 = 1
2. If 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟔 + 𝟕𝒊, 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟑 − 𝟓𝒊
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = (6 + 3) + 𝑖(7 − 5) = 9 + 2𝑖
𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = (6 − 3) + 𝑖(7 + 5) = 3 + 12𝑖
𝑧1 𝑧2 = (6 + 7𝑖)(3 − 5𝑖) = 18 − 30𝑖 + 21𝑖 − 35(−1) = 53 − 9𝑖
𝑧1 6+7𝑖 −17+51𝑖 −17 51𝑖 𝑎+𝑖𝑏 (𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑑)+𝑖 (𝑏𝑐−𝑎𝑑)
= 3−5𝑖 = = + =
𝑧2 34 34 34 𝑐+𝑖𝑑 𝑐 2 +𝑑 2

3. If 𝒛 = 𝟑 + 𝟒𝒊 , then find 𝒛−𝟏

1 1 3−4𝑖 3−4𝑖 3 −4𝑖 1 (𝑎−𝑖𝑏)
𝑧 −1 = 𝑧 = 3+4𝑖 = 32 +42 = = 25 + =
25 25 𝑎+𝑖𝑏 𝑎2 +𝑏2

4. If 𝒛 = (𝟐 + 𝟑𝒊)(𝟏 − 𝒊) , then find 𝒛−𝟏

 𝑧 = 2 − 2𝑖 + 3𝑖 + 3𝑖(−𝑖) = 2 + 𝑖 − 3 = −1 + 𝑖
1 1 −1 − 𝑖 −1 − 𝑖 −1 𝑖
𝑧 −1 = = = = = −
𝑧 −1 + 𝑖 (−1)2 + 12 2 2 2
5. If 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟑, 𝒛𝟐 = −𝟕𝒊, 𝒛𝟑 = 𝟓 + 𝟒𝒊 show that 𝒛𝟏 (𝒛𝟐 +𝒛𝟑 ) = 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟑
𝑧2 +𝑧3 = −7𝑖 + (5 + 4𝑖) = 5 − 3𝑖
𝑧1 (𝑧2 +𝑧3 ) = 3(5 − 3𝑖) = 15 − 9𝑖 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −→ (1)
𝑧1 𝑧2 + 𝑧1 𝑧3 = 3(−7𝑖) + 3(5 + 4𝑖) = −21𝑖 + 15 + 12𝑖 = 15 − 9𝑖 − − − − → (2)
(1),(2) ⇒ 𝑧1 (𝑧2 +𝑧3 ) = 𝑧1 𝑧2 + 𝑧1 𝑧3
6. Which one of the point 𝒊, −𝟐 + 𝒊 and 3 is farthest and shortest from the origin?
Soln : Let 𝑧1 = 𝑖, 𝑧2 = −2 + 𝑖, 𝑧3 = 3

|𝑧1 | = |𝑖| = √12 = 1

|𝑧2 | = |−2 + 𝑖| = √(−2)2 + 12 = √5

|𝑧3 | = |3| = 3
Farthest point is 3 and shortest point is i
7. Which one of the point 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟖𝒊 , 𝟏𝟏 + 𝟔𝒊 is closest to 𝟏 + 𝒊.
Soln : Let 𝑧1 = 10 − 8𝑖, 𝑧2 = 11 + 6𝑖, and 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖
|𝑧1 − 𝑧| = |(10 − 8𝑖) − (1 + 𝑖)| = |9 − 9𝑖| = √92 + (−9)2 = √162

|𝑧2 − 𝑧| = |(11 + 6𝑖) − (1 + 𝑖)| = |10 + 5𝑖| = √102 + 52 = √125

11 + 6𝑖 is closest to 1 + 𝑖.
8. If (𝟏 + 𝒊)(𝟏 + 𝟐𝒊)(𝟏 + 𝟑𝒊) … … . . (𝟏 + 𝒏𝒊) = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 then show that
𝟐. 𝟓. 𝟏𝟎 … . . (𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐 ) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 .
|(1 + 𝑖)(1 + 2𝑖)(1 + 3𝑖) … … . . (1 + 𝑛𝑖)| = |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦|
|(1 + 𝑖)||(1 + 2𝑖)||(1 + 3𝑖)| … … . . |(1 + 𝑛𝑖)| = |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦|

(√12 + 12 )(√12 + 22 )(√12 + 32 ) … … . . (√12 + 𝑛2 ) = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

(√2)(√5)(√10) … … . . (√12 + 𝑛2 ) = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
Taking square on both sides
2.5.10 … . . (1 + 𝑛2 ) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
Square root of a complex number
|𝑧|+𝑥 |𝑧|−𝑥
If 𝑧 = 𝑥 ± 𝑖𝑦 , then √𝑧 = √𝑥 ± 𝑖𝑦 = ± (√ ± 𝑖√ )
2 2

9. Find the square root of a complex number 𝟔 − 𝟖𝒊, 𝟒 + 𝟑𝒊.

|6 − 8𝑖| = √(6)2 + (−8)2 = √100 |4 + 3𝑖| = √42 + 32 = √25
|𝑧| = 10 |𝑧| = 5
 10+6 10−6 5+4 5−4
√6 − 8𝑖 = ± (√ 2
− 𝑖√ 2
) √4 + 3𝑖 = ± (√ 2
+ 𝑖√ 2
)

16 4 9 1
= ± (√ 2 − 𝑖√2) = ± (√2 + 𝑖√2)

3 1
= ±(√8 − 𝑖√2) = ±( +𝑖 )
√2 √2
= ±(2√2 − 𝑖√2)

Try yourself :
Find the square root of a complex number −𝟔 + 𝟖𝒊, −𝟓 − 𝟏𝟐𝒊
10. If area of triangle formed by z, iz, z+iz is 50 sq.unit. find the value of |𝒛|.
1
Soln : Area of triangle = 2 |𝑧|2 = 50

|𝑧|2 = 100 ⟹ |𝑧| = 10

11. If |𝒛| = 𝟐 show that 𝟖 ≤ |𝒛 + 𝟔 − 𝟖𝒊| ≤ 𝟏𝟐
Soln: ||𝑧| − |6 − 8𝑖|| ≤ |𝑧 + 6 − 8𝑖| ≤ |𝑧| + |6 − 8𝑖|
|2 − 10| ≤ |𝑧 + 6 − 8𝑖| ≤ 2 + 10
|−8| ≤ |𝑧 + 6 − 8𝑖| ≤ 12
8 ≤ |𝑧 + 6 − 8𝑖| ≤ 12
𝟏+𝒊 𝒏
12. Find the value of n such that (𝟏−𝒊) = 𝟏

Soln
1+𝑖
=𝑖
1−𝑖
1+𝑖 𝑛
(1−𝑖) = 𝑖 𝑛 = 1 Possible values of n is 4,8,12,….

𝟏+𝒊 𝟑 𝟏−𝒊 𝟑
13. Show that (𝟏−𝒊) − (𝟏+𝒊) = −𝟐𝒊

Soln
1+𝑖 1−𝑖
=𝑖 , = −𝑖
1−𝑖 1+𝑖

1+𝑖 3 1−𝑖 3
(1−𝑖) − (1+𝑖) = 𝑖 3 − (−𝑖)3 = −𝑖 − 𝑖 = −2𝑖

𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽+𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝜽 𝟑𝟎
14.Simplify [𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽−𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝜽]

Soln
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
[1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃−𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃] = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃

1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 30
[1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃−𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃] = (𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃)30

= (𝑐𝑜𝑠60𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛60𝜃)
15. Find the locus of z If|𝒛 + 𝒊| = |𝒛 − 𝟏|
Soln: |𝑧 + 𝑖| = |𝑧 − 1|
 |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑖| = |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 1|
|𝑥 + 𝑖(𝑦 + 1)| = |(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑖𝑦|

√𝑥 2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = √(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑦 2

𝑥 2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑦 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 2
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0
𝑥+𝑦 =0
𝟏
̅̅̅ +
16. write 𝟑𝒊 in rectangular form.
𝟐−𝒊
(𝑎−𝑖𝑏)
̅ + 1 = −3𝑖 + 2+𝑖
Soln: 3𝑖
1
=
2−𝑖 5 𝑎+𝑖𝑏 𝑎2 +𝑏2
2−14𝑖 2 14𝑖
= =5−
5 5
𝒊(𝟐+𝒊)𝟑
17.Find | (𝟏+𝒊)𝟐 |
3 3
𝑖(2+𝑖)3 1(√22 +12 ) (√5) 5√5
Soln: | (1+𝑖)2 | = 2 = 2 =
(√12 +12 ) (√2) 2

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
18.The complex numbers u,v and w are related by 𝒖 = 𝒗 + 𝒘. If 𝒗 = 𝟑 − 𝟒𝒊 and 𝒘 = 𝟒 + 𝟑𝒊,

Find 𝒖 in rectangular form.

1 1 3+4𝑖 1 (𝑎−𝑖𝑏)
Soln: 𝑣 = 3−4𝑖 = hint: =
25 𝑎+𝑖𝑏 𝑎2 +𝑏2
1 1 4−3𝑖
= 4+3𝑖 =
𝑤 25
1 1 1 7+𝑖
=𝑣+𝑤 =
𝑢 25
25 25(7−𝑖) 7 𝑖
𝑢 = 7+𝑖 = 50
=2−2

19.Show that |𝟑𝒛 − 𝟓 + 𝒊| = 𝟒 represents a circle, then find its centre and radius.
Soln: |3𝑧 − (5 − 𝑖)| = 4
5 𝑖 4 5 1 4
|𝑧 − (3 − 3)| = 3 centre (3 , − 3) radius Hint:|𝒛 − 𝒛𝟎 | = 𝒓
3

Try yourself
(i)|𝑧 + 2 − 𝑖| < 2,(ii) |𝑧 − 2 − 𝑖| = 3 (iii)|2𝑧 + 2 − 4𝑖| = 2 (iv) |3𝑧 − 6 + 12𝑖| = 8
𝒂+𝒃𝝎+𝒄𝝎𝟐 𝒂+𝒃𝝎+𝒄𝝎𝟐
20. If 𝝎 ≠ 𝟏 is a cube root of unity , show that 𝒃+𝒄𝝎+𝒂𝝎𝟐 + 𝒄+𝒂𝝎+𝒃𝝎𝟐 = −𝟏
𝑎+𝑏𝜔+𝑐𝜔2 𝜔 𝑎+𝑏𝜔+𝑐𝜔2 𝜔2 𝜔(𝑎+𝑏𝜔+𝑐𝜔2 ) 𝜔2 (𝑎+𝑏𝜔+𝑐𝜔2 )
Soln: 𝑏+𝑐𝜔+𝑎𝜔2 × 𝜔 + 𝑐+𝑎𝜔+𝑏𝜔2 × 𝜔2 = +
𝑎+𝑏𝜔+𝑐𝜔2 𝑎+𝑏𝜔+𝑐𝜔2

= 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = −1
𝟓 𝟓
√𝟑 𝒊 √𝟑 𝒊
21.Show that ( 𝟐 + 𝟐) + ( 𝟐 − 𝟐) = −√𝟑
5 5
√3 𝑖 √3 𝑖
Soln: ( 2 + 2) + ( 2 − 2) = (−𝑖𝜔)5 + (𝑖𝜔2 )5 = −𝑖𝜔2 + 𝑖𝜔
 1 √3 1 √3
= −𝑖 (− 2 − 𝑖 ) + 𝑖 (− 2 + 𝑖 )
2 2

= − √3
𝟐𝒌𝝅 𝟐𝒌𝝅
22. Evaluate ∑𝟖𝒌=𝟏 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏 )
𝟗 𝟗
2𝑘𝜋 2𝑘𝜋
Soln: ∑8𝑘=0 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 )=0
9 9
2𝑘𝜋 2𝑘𝜋
1 + ∑8𝑘=1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 )=0
9 9
2𝑘𝜋 2𝑘𝜋
∑8𝑘=1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) = −1
9 9

23. If 𝝎 ≠ 𝟏 is a cube root of unity, then show that the following

(i) (𝟏 − 𝝎 + 𝝎𝟐 )𝟔 + (𝟏 + 𝝎 − 𝝎𝟐 )𝟔 = 𝟏𝟐𝟖
𝟏𝟏
(ii) (𝟏 + 𝝎)(𝟏 + 𝝎𝟐 )(𝟏 + 𝝎𝟒 )(𝟏 + 𝝎𝟖 ) … . . (𝟏 + 𝝎𝟐 ) = 𝟏
Soln: (i) (1 − 𝜔 + 𝜔2 )6 + (1 + 𝜔 − 𝜔2 )6 = (−𝜔 − 𝜔)6 + (−𝜔2 − 𝜔2 )6
= (−2𝜔)6 + (−2𝜔2 )6
= 64 + 64 = 128
11
(ii) (1 + 𝜔)(1 + 𝜔2 )(1 + 𝜔4 )(1 + 𝜔8 ) … . . (1 + 𝜔2 )
= [(−𝜔2 )(−𝜔)][(−𝜔2 )(−𝜔)] … 𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑜 6 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠
=1×1×1×1×1×1=1
24.State and prove Triangle inequality
|𝑧1 + 𝑧2 | ≤ |𝑧1 | + |𝑧2 |
𝑂𝐴 = |𝑧1 |, 𝑂𝐵 = |𝑧2 |, 𝑂𝐶 = |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 |
In ∆ OAC, 𝑂𝐶 < 𝑂𝐴 + 𝐴𝐶
|𝑧1 + 𝑧2 | < |𝑧1 | + |𝑧2 | − − − − − (1)
Suppose the points are in colinear
|𝑧1 + 𝑧2 | = |𝑧1 | + |𝑧2 | − − − −→ (2)
From (1),(2)
|𝑧1 + 𝑧2 | ≤ |𝑧1 | + |𝑧2 |

DISCRETE MATHEMATICS
5 MARK
Important hints:
Let * be a binary operation on S
i) Closure property : ∀𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑆 ⇒ 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 ∈ 𝑆
ii) Commutative property : a ∗ b = b ∗ a , ∀𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑆
 iii) Associative property : 𝑎 ∗ (𝑏 ∗ 𝑐) = (𝑎 ∗ 𝑏) ∗ 𝑐 , ∀𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑆
iv) Existence of identity : 𝑎 ∗ 𝑒 = 𝑒 ∗ 𝑎 = 𝑎, e is the identity element, 𝑒 ∈ 𝑆, ∀𝑎 ∈ 𝑆
v) Existence of inverse : 𝑎−1 is the inverse of a 𝑎 ∗ 𝑎−1 = 𝑎−1 ∗ 𝑎 = 𝑒, 𝑎−1 ∈ 𝑆
1. Verify closure, commutative, associative, existence of identity, and existence of inverse for
𝒎 ∗ 𝒏 = 𝒎 + 𝒏 − 𝒎𝒏, 𝒎, 𝒏𝝐𝒁
Soln: Closure property: 𝑚, 𝑛𝜖𝑍, clearly 𝑚 + 𝑛 − 𝑚𝑛 𝜖𝑍
∴ closure property true
Associative property: (𝑙 ∗ 𝑚) ∗ 𝑛=𝑙 ∗ (𝑚 ∗ 𝑛)
(𝑙 ∗ 𝑚) ∗ 𝑛 = 𝑙 ∗ (𝑚 ∗ 𝑛) = 𝑙 + 𝑚 + 𝑛 − 𝑙𝑚 − 𝑚𝑛 − 𝑛𝑙 + 𝑙𝑚𝑛
∴ associative property true
Identity property: 𝑚 ∗ 𝑒 = 𝑒 ∗ 𝑚 = 𝑚
𝑚 + 𝑒 − 𝑚𝑒 = 𝑚
𝑒 = 0 𝜖𝑍
∴ identity property true
Inverse property: 𝑚 ∗ 𝑚−1 = 𝑚−1 ∗ 𝑚 = 𝑒 = 0
−𝑚
𝑚−1 = 1−𝑚 ∉ 𝑧

∴ inverse property not true

Commutative property: 𝑚 ∗ 𝑛 = 𝑛 ∗ 𝑚 = 𝑚 + 𝑛 − 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑛 + 𝑚 − 𝑛𝑚
∴ commutative property true
2. Verify closure, commutative, associative, existence of identity, and existence of inverse for
𝒙 ∗ 𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝒙𝒚, ∀ 𝒙, 𝒚𝝐𝑸 ∖ {𝟏}.
Soln:Closure property: 𝑥, 𝑦𝜖𝑄 ∖ {1}, 𝑥 ≠ 1, 𝑦 ≠ 1
⇛ 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 ≠ 1
𝑥 ∗ 𝑦𝜖𝑄 ∖ {1} ∴ closure property true
Associative property: (𝑥 ∗ 𝑦) ∗ 𝑧=𝑥 ∗ (𝑦 ∗ 𝑧)
∴ associative property true
Identity property: 𝑥 ∗ 𝑒 = 𝑒 ∗ 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑒 = 0 𝜖𝑄 ∖ {1}
∴ identity property true
Inverse property: 𝑥 ∗ 𝑥 −1 = 𝑥 −1 ∗ 𝑥 = 𝑒 = 0
−𝑥
𝑥 −1 = 1−𝑥 𝜖𝑄 ∖ {1}

∴ inverse property true

Commutative property: 𝑚 ∗ 𝑛 = 𝑚 + 𝑛 − 𝑚𝑛
= 𝑛 + 𝑚 − 𝑛𝑚 = 𝑛 ∗ 𝑚
∴ commutative property true
3. Verify closure, commutative , associative, existence of identity, and inverse for
𝒙 𝒙
𝑴 = {( ) ∈ 𝑹 − {𝟎}}.
𝒙 𝒙
Soln:
Let ∗be the matrix multiplication.
𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
Closure property: Let, 𝐴 = ( ), 𝐵 = (𝑦 𝑦) ∵ 𝑥, 𝑦 ≠ 0 ⟹ 2𝑥𝑦 ≠ 0
𝑥 𝑥
2𝑥𝑦 2𝑥𝑦
𝐴𝐵 = ( ) 𝜖𝑀
2𝑥𝑦 2𝑥𝑦
∴ closure property true

Commutative property :
2𝑥𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 2𝑦𝑥 2𝑦𝑥
𝐴𝐵 = ( ) , 𝐵𝐴 = ( )
2𝑥𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 2𝑦𝑥 2𝑦𝑥
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴
∴ commutative property true
Associative property:
Matrix multiplication always satisfies associative property

Existence of identity property: 𝐴 ∗ 𝐸 = 𝐸 ∗ 𝐴 = 𝐴

𝑥 𝑥 𝑒 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥
( )( )=( )
𝑥 𝑥 𝑒 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥
2𝑒𝑥 = 𝑥
1 1
1
𝑒=2 ∴ 𝐸= (21 2
1) 𝜖𝑀
2 2
∴ identity property true
1 1

Existence of inverse property: 𝐴 ∗ 𝐴 −1 −1

=𝐴 ∗𝐴=𝐸 = (21 2
1)
2 2
1 1
𝑥 𝑥 𝑎 𝑎
( )( ) = (21 2
1)
𝑥 𝑥 𝑎 𝑎
2 2
1 1
2𝑎𝑥 = 2 ⟹ 𝑎 = 4𝑥
1 1

∴ 𝐴 −1
= (4𝑥
1
4𝑥
1) 𝜖𝑀
4𝑥 4𝑥
∴ inverse property true
4. Verify closure property, commutative property, associative property ,existence of identity,
and existence of inverse for the operation ×𝟏𝟏 on a subset A = {1,3,4,5,9}of the set of
remainders {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}.
Soln:Closure property:
From the table closure property true.
Commutative property:
From the table commutative property true.
Associative property:
×11 always satisfies associative property .
Identity property:
Identity element 1𝜖𝐴
∴ identity property true
 Inverse property:
Inverse element of 1,3,4,5 and 9 are 1,4,3,9 and 5 respectively.
∴ inverse property true
5. Verify closure property, commutative property, associative property,existence of identity,
and existence of inverse for the operation +𝟓 on 𝒁𝟓 using table corresponding to addition
modulo 5.
Soln: 𝒁𝟓 = {0,1,2,3,4}
Closure property:
From the table closure property true
Commutative property:
From the table commutative property true
Associative property:
+5 always satisfies associative property.
Identity property:
identity element 0𝜖𝑍5
∴ identity property true.
Inverse property:
Inverse element of 0,1,2,3 and 4 are 0,4,3,2 and 1
respectively.
∴ inverse property true
6. Verify closure, commutative, associative, identity, and inverse property
𝒂+𝒃
for 𝒂 ∗ 𝒃 = ∀ 𝒂, 𝒃 𝝐 𝑸
𝟐
Soln:
Closure property:
𝑎+𝑏
Clearly 𝑎, 𝑏 𝜖 𝑄 ⟹ 𝜖𝑄 ∴ closure property true
2
Associative property:
𝑎+𝑏+2𝑐
(𝑎 ∗ 𝑏) ∗ 𝑐 = 4
2𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝑎 ∗ (𝑏 ∗ 𝑐) = 4
(𝑎 ∗ 𝑏) ∗ 𝑐 ≠ 𝑎 ∗ (𝑏 ∗ 𝑐) ∴ Associative property is not true
Identity property: 𝑎 ∗ 𝑒 = 𝑒 ∗ 𝑎 = 𝑎
𝑎∗𝑒 =𝑎
𝒂+𝒆
=𝒂
𝟐
𝑒=𝑎
Uniqueness of identity is not preserved ∴ identity property is not true
Inverse property:
∴ inverse property is not true
Commutative property:
𝑎+𝑏
𝑎∗𝑏 =𝑏∗𝑎 = 2 ∴commutative property true

2,3 Marks
1.In an algebraic structure the identity element must be unique
Soln:
Let 𝑒1 and 𝑒2 be the identity element of S
𝑎 ∗ 𝑒1 = 𝑒1 ∗ 𝑎 = 𝑎 ∀𝑎 ∈ 𝑆
 𝑎 ∗ 𝑒2 = 𝑒2 ∗ 𝑎 = 𝑎 ∀𝑎 ∈ 𝑆
𝑎 ∗ 𝑒1 = 𝑎 ∗ 𝑒2
∴ 𝑒1 = 𝑒2
2.In an algebraic structure the inverse element must be unique
Soln:
Let 𝑎1 and 𝑎2 be the inverse element of 𝑎 in S
𝑎 ∗ 𝑎1 = 𝑎1 ∗ 𝑎 = 𝑒 ∀𝑎 ∈ 𝑆
𝑎 ∗ 𝑎2 = 𝑎2 ∗ 𝑎 = 𝑒 ∀𝑎 ∈ 𝑆
𝑎 ∗ 𝑎1 = 𝑎 ∗ 𝑎2
𝑎1 = 𝑎2
𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
3. Let 𝑨 = [ ] and 𝑩 = [ ] be any two Boolean matrices of the same type. Find 𝑨⋁𝑩
𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
and 𝑨 ∧ 𝑩.
Soln:
0 1 1 1 1 1
𝐴⋁𝐵 = [ ]⋁[ ]=[ ]
1 1 0 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 0 1
𝐴∧𝐵 =[ ]∧[ ]=[ ]
1 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
Try Yourself: Let 𝐴 = (0 1 0 1) , 𝐵 = (1 0 1 0), 𝐶 = (0 1 1 0) be any three Boolean
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
matrices of the same type. Find (i) 𝐴 ∨ 𝐵 (ii) 𝐴 ∧ 𝐵 (iii) (𝐴 ∨ 𝐵) ∧ 𝐶 (iv) (𝐴 ∧ 𝐵) ∨ 𝐶.
4.Show that 𝒑 ↔ 𝒒 ≡ (𝒑 → 𝒒) ∧ (𝒒 → 𝒑)
p q 𝑝↔𝑞 𝑝→𝑞 𝑞→𝑝 (𝑝 → 𝑞) ∧ (𝑞 → 𝑝)
T T T T T T
T F F F T F
F T F T F F
F F T T T T
𝑝 ↔ 𝑞 ≡ (𝑝 → 𝑞) ∧ (𝑞 → 𝑝)
5. Show that 𝒑 ↔ 𝒒 ≡ (𝒑 ∧ 𝒒)⋁(¬𝒒 ∧ ¬𝒑)
p q 𝑝 ↔ 𝑞 ¬𝑝 ¬𝑞 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 ¬𝑞 ∧ ¬𝑝 (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞)⋁(¬𝑞 → ¬𝑝)
T T T F F T F T
T F F F T F F F
F T F T F F F F
F F T T T F T T
𝑝 ↔ 𝑞 ≡ (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞)⋁(¬𝑞 ∧ ¬𝑝)
6. Show that 𝒑 → (¬𝒒⋁𝒓) ≡ ¬𝒑⋁(¬𝒒⋁𝒓)
P q 𝑟 ¬𝑝 ¬𝑞 ¬𝑞⋁𝑟 𝑝 → (¬𝑞⋁𝑟) ¬𝑝⋁(¬𝑞⋁𝑟)
T T T F F T T T
T T F F F F F F
T F T F T T T T
T F F F T T T T
F T T T F T T T
F T F T F F T T
F F T T T T T T
F F F T T T T T
𝑝 → (¬𝑞⋁𝑟) ≡ ¬𝑝⋁(¬𝑞⋁𝑟)
7. Show that 𝒑 → (𝒒 → 𝒓) ≡ (𝒑 ∧ 𝒒) → 𝒓
P q r 𝑞 → 𝑟 𝑝 → (𝑞 → 𝑟) 𝑝∧𝑞 (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) → 𝑟
T T T T T T T
T T F F F T F
T F T T T F T
T F F T T F T
F T T T T F T
F T F F T F T
F F T T T F T
F F F T T F T
𝑝 → (𝑞 → 𝑟) ≡ (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) → 𝑟
8.Using truth table whether the statements ¬(𝒑⋁𝒒)⋁(¬𝒑 ∧ 𝒒) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ¬𝒑 are logically
equivalent.
P q ¬𝑝 𝑝⋁𝑞 ¬(𝑝⋁𝑞) ¬𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 ¬(𝑝⋁𝑞)⋁(¬𝑝 ∧ 𝑞)
T T F T F F F
T F F T F F F
F T T T F T T
F F T F T F T
¬(𝑝⋁𝑞)⋁(¬𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ¬𝑝 are logically equivalent.
9.Show that ¬(𝒑 ↔ 𝒒) ≡ 𝒑 ↔ ¬𝒒
P q 𝑝↔𝑞 ¬(𝑝 ↔ 𝑞) ¬𝑞 𝑝 ↔ ¬𝑞
T T T F F F
T F F T T T
F T F T F T
F F T F T F
¬(𝑝 ↔ 𝑞) ≡ 𝑝 ↔ ¬𝑞
10. Show that 𝒑 → 𝒒 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒒 → 𝒑 are not equivalent
P q 𝑝→𝑞 𝑞→𝑝
T T T T
T F F T
F T T F
F F T T 𝑝 → 𝑞 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 → 𝑝 are not equivalent
11. Show that q→ 𝒑 ≡ ¬𝒑 → ¬𝒒
P q q→ 𝑝 ¬𝑝 ¬𝑞 ¬𝑝 → ¬𝑞
T T T F F T
T F T F T T
F T F T F F
F F T T T T
q→ 𝑝 ≡ ¬𝑝 → ¬𝑞
12.Prove that ¬(𝒑 ∧ 𝒒) ≡ ¬𝒑⋁¬𝒒
P q 𝑝∧𝑞 ¬(𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ¬𝑝 ¬𝑞 ¬𝑝⋁¬𝑞
T T T F F F F
T F F T F T T
F T F T T F T
F F F T T T T
¬(𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ≡ ¬𝑝⋁¬𝑞
13.Verify whether the compound propositions are tautology or contradiction or contingency.
((𝒑⋁𝒒) ∧ ¬𝒑) → 𝒒
P q 𝑝⋁𝑞 ¬𝑝 (𝑝⋁𝑞) ∧ ¬𝑝 ((𝑝⋁𝑞) ∧ ¬𝑝) → 𝑞
T T T F F T
T F T F F T
F T T T T T
F F F T F T
((𝑝⋁𝑞) ∧ ¬𝑝) → 𝑞 is a tautology.
14. show that without using truth table 𝒑 → (𝒒 → 𝒓) ≡ (𝒑 ∧ 𝒒) → 𝒓
Soln: 𝑝 → (𝑞 → 𝑟) ≡ ¬𝑝⋁(𝑞 → 𝑟)
≡ ¬𝑝⋁(¬𝑞⋁𝑟)
≡ (¬𝑝⋁¬𝑞)⋁𝑟
≡ ¬(𝑝 ∧ 𝑞)⋁𝑟
≡ (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) → 𝑟
𝑝 → (𝑞 → 𝑟) ≡ (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) → 𝑟
̅ 𝒒) ∧ (𝒑⋁
15.Construct the truth table for (𝒑⋁ ̅ ¬𝒒)
P q 𝑝⋁̅𝑞 ¬𝑞 ̅ ¬𝑞
𝑝⋁ ̅ 𝑞) ∧ (𝑝⋁
(𝑝⋁ ̅ ¬𝑞)
T T F F T F
T F T T F F
F T T F F F
F F F T T F

16.Show that without using truth table 𝒑 ↔ 𝒒 ≡ (𝒑 ∧ 𝒒)⋁(¬𝒒 ∧ ¬𝒑)

Soln: 𝑝 ↔ 𝑞 ≡ (𝑝 → 𝑞) ∧ (𝑞 → 𝑝)
≡ (¬𝑝⋁𝑞) ∧ (𝑝⋁¬𝑞)
≡ (¬𝑝 ∧ (𝑝⋁¬𝑞)𝑞)⋁(𝑞 ∧ (𝑝⋁¬𝑞))
≡ (¬𝑝 ∧ 𝑝)⋁(¬𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑞)⋁(𝑞 ∧ 𝑝)⋁(𝑞 ∧ ¬𝑞)
≡ 𝐹⋁(¬𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑞)⋁(𝑞 ∧ 𝑝)⋁𝐹
≡ (𝑞 ∧ 𝑝)⋁(¬𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑞)
𝑝 ↔ 𝑞 ≡ (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞)⋁(¬𝑞 ∧ ¬𝑝)
17. check whether the 𝒑 → (𝒒 → 𝒑)is tautology or contradiction without using truth table.
Soln: 𝑝 → (𝑞 → 𝑝) ≡ ¬𝑝⋁(𝑞 → 𝑝)
≡ ¬𝑝⋁(¬𝑞⋁𝑝)
≡ ¬𝑝⋁(𝑝⋁¬𝑞)
≡ (¬𝑝⋁𝑝)⋁¬𝑞
≡ 𝑇⋁¬𝑞
≡ 𝑇 ∴ 𝒑 → (𝒒 → 𝒑)𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲

DIFFERENTIALS AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

Important hints:
𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ∶ 𝑳(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙𝟎 ) + 𝒇′ (𝒙𝟎 )(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 )
𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇
𝑬𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎 ∶ 𝒙 +𝒚 = 𝒏𝒇
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 = 𝑛 = 𝑁. 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 − 𝐷. 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒
 5 MARKS
1. 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝟏 + 𝒙, 𝒙 ≥ −𝟏, 𝒂𝒕
𝒙𝟎 = 𝟑. 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒐 𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒇(𝟑. 𝟐)
Soln
𝑓(𝑥) = √1 + 𝑥 , 𝑥0 = 3, Δ𝑥 = 0.2 and hence 𝑓(3) = √1 + 3 = 2.
1 1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (3) = =
2√1 + 𝑥 2 √1 + 3 4
𝐿(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
1 𝑥 5
= 2 + (𝑥 − 3) = +
4 4 4
3.2 5
𝑓(3.2) = √4.2 ≅ 𝐿(3.2) = + = 2.050
4 4
2. Use linear approximation to find an approximate value of √𝟗. 𝟐 without using a calculator
Soln 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥, 𝑥0 = 9, ∆𝑥 = 0.2
𝑓(9) = 3,
′ (𝑥) 1 ′ (𝑥) 1 1 1
𝑓 =2 𝑥 , 𝑓 = 2√9 = (2×3) = 6
√
𝐿(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
√9.2 = 𝑓(9) + 𝑓 ′ (9)(𝑥 − 9)
1 0.2
= 3 + (9.2 − 9) = 3 + = 3.0333
6 6
𝒙+𝒚 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝟏
3. 𝑰𝒇 𝒖 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 ( 𝒙+ 𝒚) , 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒙 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚 𝝏𝒚 = 𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒖
√ √
𝑥+𝑦
𝑢 = sin−1 ( )
√𝑥 + √𝑦
𝑥+𝑦
sin 𝑢 = ( ) = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
√𝑥 + √𝑦
𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 = 𝑛 = 𝑁. 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 − 𝐷. 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒
1 1
𝑛 =1− =
2 2
1
∴ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑖𝑠 𝑎 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛 =
2
∂𝑓 ∂𝑓
𝐵𝑦 𝐸𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚, 𝑥 ∂𝑥 + 𝑦 ∂𝑦 = n𝑓
∂ ∂ 1
𝑥 (sin 𝑢) + 𝑦 (sin 𝑢) = sin 𝑢
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 2
∂𝑢 ∂𝑢 1
𝑥 +𝑦 = tan 𝑢
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 2
𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝟑
4. 𝑰𝒇 𝒖(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙+𝒚
, 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒙 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚 𝝏𝒚 = 𝟐 𝒖.
√
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
Soln 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) =
√𝑥+𝑦
𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 = 𝑛 = 𝑁. 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 − 𝐷. 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒
1 3
𝑛 =2− =
2 2
3
∴ 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑖𝑠 𝑎 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛 =
2
∂𝑓 ∂𝑓
𝐵𝑦 𝐸𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚, 𝑥 +𝑦 = n𝑓
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦
∂𝑢 ∂𝑢 3
𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑢
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 2
 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒗
5. 𝑰𝒇 𝒗(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝐥𝐨 𝐠 ( ) , 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒙 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚 𝝏𝒚 = 𝟏
𝒙+𝒚
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
Soln 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = log ( )
𝑥+𝑦
𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑓 = 𝑒𝑣 =
𝑥+𝑦
𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 = 𝑛 = 𝑁. 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 − 𝐷. 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒
𝑛 =2−1=1
∴ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑖𝑠 𝑎 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛 = 1
∂𝑓 ∂𝑓
𝐵𝑦 𝐸𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚, 𝑥 ∂𝑥 + 𝑦 ∂𝑦 = n𝑓
∂𝑒 𝑣 ∂𝑒 𝑣
𝑥 +𝑦 = (1)𝑒 𝑣
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦
∂𝑣 ∂𝑣
𝑥 +𝑦 =1
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦
𝟓𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟒 +𝟕𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝒛𝟒 −𝟕𝟓𝒚𝟑 𝒛𝟒 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒘
6. 𝑰𝒇 𝒘(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ( ) , 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒙 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚 𝝏𝒚 + 𝒛 𝝏𝒛
𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐
5𝑥 3 𝑦 4 +7𝑦 2 𝑥𝑧 4 −75𝑦 3 𝑧 4
Soln 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = log ( )
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
5𝑥 3 𝑦 4 + 7𝑦 2 𝑥𝑧 4 − 75𝑦 𝑧 3 4
𝑒𝑤 = ( ) = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 = 𝑛 = 𝑁. 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 − 𝐷. 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒
𝑛 =7−2=5
∴ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑖𝑠 𝑎 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛 = 5
∂𝑓 ∂𝑓 ∂𝑓
𝐵𝑦 𝐸𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚, 𝑥 +𝑦 +z = n𝑓
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑧
∂𝑒 𝑤 ∂𝑒 𝑤 ∂𝑒 𝑤
𝑥 +𝑦 +z = (5)𝑒 𝑤
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑧
∂𝑤 ∂𝑤 ∂𝑤
𝑥 +𝑦 +z =5
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑧
𝑦
7. Prove that 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥 ) is homogeneous, verify Euler's theorem for 𝑔
𝑦
Soln 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥 )
𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 = 𝑛 = 𝑁. 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 − 𝐷. 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒
𝑛 =2−1=1
∴ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑖𝑠 𝑎 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛 = 1
∂𝑔 ∂𝑔
𝐵𝑦 𝐸𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚, 𝑥 +𝑦 = 1𝑔
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦
∂𝑔 ∂𝑔 ∂ 𝑦 ∂ 𝑦
= 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 (𝑥log ) + 𝑦 (𝑥log )
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑥 𝑥 ∂𝑦 𝑥
𝑦
= 𝑥 log 𝑥 = 𝑔
∂𝑔 ∂𝑔
Hence 𝑥 ∂𝑥 + 𝑦 ∂𝑦 = 1𝑔
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
5 MARKS
1. The rate of increase in the number of bacteria in a certain bacteria culture is proportional to
the number present. Given that the number triples in 5 hours, find how many bacteria will be
present after 10 hours?
Soln: Let A be the no.of bacteria at present
𝑑𝐴
∝𝐴 t A
𝑑𝑡

𝐴 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 − −−→ (1) 0 𝐴0
𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝑨 = 𝑨𝟎 (1) ⟹ 𝐴0 = 𝐶 5 3𝐴0
∴ 𝐴 = 𝐴0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 − −−⟶ (2) 10 ?
𝒕 = 𝟓, 𝑨 = 𝟑𝑨𝟎 (2) ⟹ 3𝐴0 = 𝐴0 𝑒 5𝑘 ⟹ 3 = 𝑒 5𝑘
𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎, A=? (2) ⇒ 𝐴 = 𝐴0 𝑒 10𝑘 ⟹ 𝐴 = 𝐴0 (𝑒 5𝑘 )2 ⟹ 𝑨 = 𝑨𝟎 (𝟑)𝟐 = 𝟗𝑨𝟎
2. Find the population of a city at any time t, given that the rate of increase of population is
proportional to the population at that instant and that in a period of 40 years the population
increased from 3,00,000 to 4,00,000.
Soln: Let A be the population of a city at present
𝑑𝐴
∝𝐴
𝑑𝑡 t A
𝑘𝑡
𝐴 = 𝐶𝑒 − −−⟶ (1)
0 300000
𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝑨 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 (1) ⟹ 3,00,000 = 𝐶
40 400000
𝑘𝑡
∴ 𝐴 = 3,00,000𝑒 − −−⟶ (2)
t ?
40𝑘
𝒕 = 𝟒𝟎 , 𝑨 = 𝟒, 𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 (2) ⟹ 4,00,000 = 3,00,000𝑒
1 4
⟹ 𝑘 = 40 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (3)
1 4 𝑡
) 𝟒 𝒕
𝒕 = 𝒕 , 𝑨 =? (𝟐) ⟹ 𝐴 = 3,00,000𝑒 40𝑙𝑜𝑔(3 ⟹ 𝑨 = 𝟑, 𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟑)𝟒𝟎

3.The engine of a motor boat moving at 10 m / s is shut off. Given that the retardation at any
subsequent time (after shutting off the engine) equal to the velocity at that time. Find the
velocity after 2 seconds of switching off the engine.
Soln:
𝑑𝐴
∝𝐴 t A
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐴 0 10
⟹ = −𝐴 ⟹ 𝐴 = 𝐶𝑒 −𝑡 − −−⟶ (1)
𝑑𝑡
2 ?
𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝑨 = 𝟏𝟎 (1) ⇒ 10 = C
∴ 𝐴 = 10𝑒 −𝑡 − −−→ (2)
𝒕 = 𝟐, 𝐀 =? (2) ⇒ 𝐴 = 10𝑒 −2 ⟹ 𝑨 = 𝟏𝟎⁄ 𝟐
𝒆
4.Suppose a person deposits 10,000 Indian rupees in a bank account at the rate of 5% per
annum compounded continuously. How much money will be in his bank account 18 months
later?
Soln:
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴
∝𝐴⟹ = 0.05𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

⟹ 𝐴 = 𝐶𝑒 0.05𝑡 − −−⟶ (1)

𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝑨 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 (1) ⟹ 10,000 = 𝐶
∴ 𝐴 = 10,000𝑒 0.05𝑡 − −−⟶ (2)
3
𝟑
𝒕 = 𝟐 =1.5 ,A=? (2) ⇒ 𝐴 = 10,000𝑒 0.05(2)

⟹ 𝑨 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒆𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟓
5.Assume that the rate at which radioactive nuclei decay is proportional to the number of such nuclei
that are present in a given sample. In a certain sample 10% of the original number of radioactive
nuclei have undergone disintegration in a period of 100 years. What percentage of the original
radioactive nuclei will remain after 1000 years?
Soln:
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴 t A
∝𝐴⟹ = −𝑘𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 𝐴0
⟹ 𝐴 = 𝐶𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 − −−⟶ (1) 9
100 𝐴
𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝑨 = 𝑨𝟎 (1) ⇒ 𝐴0 = 𝐶 10 0
−𝑘𝑡
∴ 𝐴 = 𝐴0 𝑒 − −−⟶ (2) 1000 ?
𝟗 9
𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎, 𝑨 = 𝟏𝟎 𝑨𝟎 (2) ⟹ 10 𝐴0 = 𝐴0 𝑒 −100𝑘
9 −1 9
⟹ = 𝑒 −100𝑘 ⟹ 𝑘 = 100 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (10)
10
−1 9
)]
𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎, A=? (2) ⇒ 𝐴 = 𝐴0 𝑒 −1000𝑘 ⟹ 𝐴 = 𝐴0 𝑒 −1000[100𝑙𝑜𝑔(10
𝐴 9
) 9 10
⟹ = 𝑒 10𝑙𝑜𝑔(10 = (10)
𝐴0
𝑨 𝟗 𝟏𝟎 𝟗𝟏𝟎
Percentage of radioactive nuclei × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = (𝟏𝟎) × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 (𝒐𝒓) 𝟏𝟎𝟖 %
𝑨𝟎
6.Water at temperature 100℃ cools in 10 minutes to 80℃ in a room temperature of 25℃ .Find(i) The
temperature of water after 20 minutes (ii) The time when the temperature is 40℃.
11
[𝑙𝑜𝑔 15 = −0.3101; 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 = 1.6094].
Soln:
𝑑𝑇
∝ 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑚 ⟹ 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑚 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡
𝑑𝑡
⟹ 𝑇 − 25 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 − −−⟶ (1)
𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝑻 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 (1) ⟹ 𝐶 = 75
(1) ⟹ 𝑇 − 25 = 75𝑒 𝑘𝑡 − −−⟶ (2)
𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝑻 = 𝟖𝟎 (2) ⟹ 80-25 =75𝑒 10𝑘
1 11
⟹ 𝑘 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
10 15
𝒕 = 𝟐𝟎, 𝑻 =? (2) ⇒ 𝑇 − 25 = 75𝑒 20𝑘 ⟹ 𝑇 = 65.33
𝒕 =? , 𝑻 = 𝟒𝟎
15 15
(2) ⇒ 40 − 25 = 75𝑒 𝑘𝑡 ⟹ = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 ⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) = 𝑘𝑡
75 75
15 1 11
⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (75) = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (15) 𝑡
𝟏𝟓
𝟏𝟎𝒍𝒐𝒈( )
𝟕𝟓
𝒕= 𝟏𝟏 ⟹ 𝒕 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟒𝟔 𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝒍𝒐𝒈( )
𝟏𝟓
7. At 10.00 A.M. a woman took a cup of hot instant coffee from her microwave oven and placed it
on a nearby Kitchen counter to cool. At this instant the temperature of the coffee was 180℉, and 10
minutes later it was 160℉ . Assume that constant temperature of the kitchen was 70℉ . (i) What was
the temperature of the coffee at 10.15A.M.? (ii) The woman likes to drink coffee when its temperature
is between 130℉ and 140℉.between what times should she have drunk the coffee?
Soln:
𝑑𝑇
∝ 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑚 − −−⟶ (1)
𝑑𝑡
⟹ 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑚 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡
⟹ 𝑇 − 70 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 − −−⟶ (2)
𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝑻 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 (2) ⟹ 𝐶 = 110
(2) ⟹ 𝑇 − 70 = 110𝑒 𝑘𝑡 − −−⟶ (3)
1
10𝑘 𝑘 9 10
𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎 , 𝑻 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎 (3) ⟹ 160 − 70 = 110𝑒 ⟹ 𝑒 = (11)
𝑘𝑡
𝒕 = 𝟏𝟓 , 𝑻 =? (3) ⇒ 𝑇 − 70 = 110𝑒 ⟹ 𝑇 = 151.33
6
10𝑙𝑜𝑔( )
𝑻 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎, 𝒕 =? (3) ⇒ 130 − 70 = 110𝑒 𝑘𝑡 ⟹ 𝑡 = 9
11
⟹ 𝑡 = 30.20 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑙𝑜𝑔( )
11
7
10𝑙𝑜𝑔( )
𝒕 =? 𝑻 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎 140 − 70 = 110𝑒 𝑘𝑡 ⟹ 𝑡 = 9
11
⟹ 𝑡 = 22.52 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑙𝑜𝑔( )
11
She drunk coffee between 10.22 min to 10.30 min
8.A pot of boiling water at 100℃ is removed from a stove at time t = 0 and left to cool in the kitchen.
After 5 minutes, the water temperature has decreased to 80℃ , and another 5 minutes later it has
dropped to 65℃. Determine the temperature of the kitchen.
Soln:
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑚 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 − −−⟶ (1) t T S
𝒕 = 𝟎 , 𝑻 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 (1) ⟹ 100 − 𝑇𝑚 = 𝐶
0 100
(1) ⟹ 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑚 = (100 − 𝑇𝑚 )𝑒 𝑘𝑡 − −−⟶ (2)
5 80
𝒕 = 𝟓, 𝑻 = 𝟖𝟎 (2) ⇒ 80 − 𝑇𝑚 = (100 − 𝑇𝑚 )𝑒 5𝑘
80−𝑇 10 65
⟹ 𝑒 5𝑘 = 100−𝑇𝑚
𝑚
𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝑻 = 𝟔𝟓 (2) ⇒ 65 − 𝑇𝑚 = (100 − 𝑇𝑚 )𝑒 10𝑘
65 − 𝑇𝑚
⟹ 𝑒 10𝑘 =
100 − 𝑇𝑚
65−𝑇𝑚 80−𝑇 2
= (𝑒 5𝑘 )2 = (100−𝑇𝑚 )
100−𝑇𝑚 𝑚
⟹ 𝑻𝒎 = 𝟐𝟎
9.A tank initially contains 50 litres of pure water. Starting at time t = 0 a brine containing with 2
grams of dissolved salt per litre flows into the tank at the rate of 3 litres per minute. The mixture is
kept uniform by stirring and the well-stirred mixture simultaneously flows out of the tank at the same
rate. Find the amount of salt present in the tank at any time t > 0 .
𝑑𝐴
Soln: 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐼𝑁 − 𝑂𝑈𝑇
𝑑𝐴
= 50 − 0.01𝐴
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐴 t A
= −0.01(𝐴 − 50000)
𝑑𝑡
0 100
−0.01𝑡
⟹ 𝐴 − 5000 = 𝐶𝑒 − −−⟶ (1)
𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝑨 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 (1) ⟹ 100 − 5000 = 𝐶 ⟹ 𝐶 = −4900
∴ 𝑨 − 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 = −𝟒𝟗𝟎𝟎𝒆−𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝒕
10. A tank contains 1000 litres of water in which 100 grams of salt is dissolved. Brine (Brine is a
high-concentration solution of salt usually sodium chloride) in water runs in a rate of 10 litres per
minute, and each litre contains 5grams of dissolved salt. The mixture of the tank is kept uniform by
stirring. Brine runs out at 10 litres per minute. Find the amount of salt at any time t .
𝑑𝐴
Soln: 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐼𝑁 − 𝑂𝑈𝑇
𝑑𝐴 3 300−3𝐴 t A
= 6 − 50 𝐴 =
𝑑𝑡 50
−3 0 0
𝑑𝐴 −3
= (𝐴 − 100) ⟹ 𝐴 − 100 = 𝐶𝑒 50 𝑡 − −−⟶ (1)
𝑑𝑡 50

𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝑨 = 𝟎 (1) ⟹ −100 = 𝐶
−𝟑
∴ 𝑨 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = −𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒆 𝟓𝟎 𝒕
11.The growth of a population is proportional to the number present. If the population of a colony
doubles in 50 years, in how many years will the population become triple.
Soln:
𝑑𝐴
∝ 𝐴 ⟹ 𝐴 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 − −−⟶ (1)
𝑑𝑡
𝒕 = 𝟎 ,𝑨 = 𝑨𝟎 ⟹ 𝐴0 = 𝐶
∴ 𝐴 = 𝐴0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 − −−⟶ (2)
𝒕 = 𝟓𝟎, 𝑨 = 𝟐𝑨𝟎 (2) ⟹ 2𝐴0 = 𝐴0 𝑒 50𝑘 ⟹ 2 = 𝑒 50𝑘
1
⟹𝑘= 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
50
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑
𝒕 =? , 𝐀 = 𝟑𝑨𝟎 (2) ⇒ 3𝐴0 = 𝐴0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 ⟹ 𝒕 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐.
12. A radioactive isotope has an initial mass 200mg, which two years later is 50mg . Find the
expression for the amount of the isotope remaining at any time. What is its half-life? (half-life means
the time taken for the radioactivity of a specified isotope to fall to half its original value).
Soln:
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴
∝ 𝐴 ⟹ 𝑑𝑡 = −𝑘𝐴
𝑑𝑡
⟹ 𝐴 = 𝐶𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 − −−⟶ (1) t A
𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝑨 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 (1) ⟹ 200 = 𝐶
∴ 𝐴 = 200𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 − −−⟶ (2) 0 200
𝒕 = 𝟐, 𝑨 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 (2) ⟹ 150 = 200𝑒 −2𝑘 2 150
3 −2𝑘 3
⟹ 4=𝑒 ⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (4) = −2𝑘 ? 100
𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈( )
𝒕 =? , 𝐀 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 (2) ⇒ 100 = 200𝑒 𝑘𝑡 ⟹ 𝒕 = 𝟐 𝟐
𝟑
𝒍𝒐𝒈( )
𝟒
13. In a murder investigation, a corpse was found by a detective at exactly 8 p.m. Being alert, the
detective also measured the body temperature and found it to be 70℉. Two hours later, the detective
measured the body temperature again and found it to be 60℉. If the room temperature is 50℉, and
assuming that the body temperature of the person before death was 98.6℉, at what time did the
murder occur? [log(2.43) = 0.88789; log(0.5) = −0.69315].
Soln
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑚 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡
⟹ 𝑇 − 50 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 − −−⟶ (1)
𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝑻 = 𝟕𝟎 (1) ⟹ 𝐶 = 20 (1) ⟹ 𝑇 − 50 = 20𝑒 𝑘𝑡 − −−⟶ (2)
𝒕 = 𝟐, 𝑻 = 𝟔𝟎 6 (2) ⟹ 0-50 =20𝑒 2𝑘
1 1 1
⟹ 𝑒 2𝑘 = 2 ⟹ 𝑘 = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (2)
𝒕 =? , 𝑻 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟔 (2) ⇒ 98.6 − 50 = 20𝑒 𝑘𝑡
 48.6
⟹ 20 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 ⟹ 𝑡 ≅ −2.56
∴ the murder time is 8 − 2.56 ≅ 5: 30 𝑃𝑀

THEORY OF EQUATION
Important hints :
➢ 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0
➢ Sum of co-efficients = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡
➢ Sum of co-efficients a+c=b+d ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡
➢ Otherwise try 𝑥 = 2 𝑜𝑟 3 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡
5 MARKS
𝟏
1. Solve 𝟔𝒙𝟒 − 𝟓𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝟖𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝟎 whose one of the roots is 𝟑 then find the other roots
Soln: 6𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 3 − 38𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = 0 given
equation is reciprocal type
1
Given root is 3 then another root is 3

Reduced equation 6𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 + 6 = 0

−12 −3 −1
𝑥 = 6 , 6 = −2, 2
𝟏 𝟏
The solution are , 𝟑, −𝟐, − 𝟐
𝟑
2. Solve 𝟔𝒙𝟒 − 𝟑𝟓𝒙𝟑 + 𝟔𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝟎
Soln :
6𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1 = 0
1 1
(𝑥 − ) (𝑥 − ) = 0
3 2
𝟏 𝟏
The solutions are 𝒙 = 𝟐 , 𝟑 , 𝟐 , 𝟑
3. Solve 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟑𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
Soln
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 = 0
−3 + √5 −3 − √5
𝑥= ,𝑥 =
2 2
−𝟑+√𝟓 −𝟑−√𝟓
The solutions are 𝒙 = −𝟏 , 𝟏 , 𝟐 , 𝟐

4. Solve 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎

Soln: Given 𝑥 4 − 10𝑥 3 + 26𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 1 = 0
1 1
(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 ) − 10 (𝑥 + 𝑥) + 26 = 0
𝑦 2 − 2 − 10𝑦 + 26 = 0
𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 + 24 = 0
(𝑦 − 6)(𝑦 − 4) = 0
𝑦 = 6, 𝑦 = 4

5. If 𝟐 + 𝒊 and 𝟑 − √𝟐 are the roots of the equation 𝒙𝟔 − 𝟏𝟑𝒙𝟓 + 𝟔𝟐𝒙𝟒 − 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝒙𝟑 + 𝟔𝟓𝒙𝟐 +
𝟏𝟐𝟕𝒙 − 𝟏𝟒𝟎 = 𝟎 find all roots.
Soln: Given roots 2 + 𝑖 , 3 − √2
then other roots 2 − 𝑖 , 3 + √2
 Let assume missing roots 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏.
Sum of roots 2 + 𝑖 + 3 − √2 + 2 − 𝑖 +3 + √2 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 13
10 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 13
𝑎+𝑏=3
Product of roots (2 + 𝑖)( 2 − 𝑖)( 3 − √2)(3 + √2) 𝑎𝑏 = −140
5(7)𝑎𝑏 = −140
−140
𝑎𝑏 = 35 = −4
Required roots of the equation 𝑥 2 − (𝑠. 𝑟)𝑥 + 𝑝. 𝑟 = 0
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4 = 0
(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥 = 4, 𝑥 = −1
6. If 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒊 and √𝟑 are the roots of the equation
𝒙𝟔 − 𝟑𝒙𝟓 − 𝟓𝒙𝟒 + 𝟐𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟗𝒙 + 𝟏𝟑𝟓 = 𝟎 find all roots.
Soln: Given roots 1 + 2𝑖 , √3
then other roots 1 − 2𝑖 ,−√3
Let assume missing roots 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏.
Sum of roots 1 + 2𝑖 + √3 + 1 − 2𝑖 +(−√3) + 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 3
2+𝑎+𝑏 =3
𝑎+𝑏 =1
Product of roots (1 + 2𝑖)( 1 − 2𝑖)( √3)(−√3) 𝑎𝑏 = 135
5(−3) 𝑎𝑏 = 135
135
𝑎𝑏 = −15 = −9
Required roots of the equation 𝑥 2 − (𝑠. 𝑟)𝑥 + 𝑝. 𝑟 = 0
𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 9 = 0
−𝒃±√𝒃𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟏±√𝟏𝟐 −𝟒×𝟏×−𝟗 𝟏±√𝟏+𝟑𝟔 𝟏±√𝟑𝟕
𝒙= = = = 𝟐
𝟐𝒂 𝟐×𝟏 𝟐
7. Solve (𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟕)(𝒙 − 𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟐) + 𝟏𝟗 = 𝟎
Soln: (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 2) + 19 = 0
(𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 14) + 19 = 0
2 (𝑦 + 6)(𝑦 − 14) + 19 = 0
Put 𝑥 − 5𝑥 = 𝑦
𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 − 84 + 19 = 0
𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 − 65 = 0
𝑦 = 13, 𝑦 = −5
Case(i) 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟑 Case(ii) 𝒚 = −𝟓
2 2
𝑥 − 5𝑥 = 13 𝑥 − 5𝑥 = −5
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 13 = 0 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 5 = 0
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 5±√77 −𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 5±√5
𝑥= = 𝑥= =
2𝑎 2 2𝑎 2
𝟓−√𝟓 𝟓+√𝟓 𝟓−√𝟕𝟕 𝟓+√𝟕𝟕
The solutions are 𝒙 = , , ,
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

8. Solve (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑)(𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐) − 𝟕 = 𝟎

Soln: (2𝑥 − 3)(3𝑥 − 2)(6𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 12) − 7 = 0
(6𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + 6)(6𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + 12) − 7 = 0
Put 6𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 = 𝑦 (𝑦 + 6)(𝑦 + 12) − 7 = 0
𝑦 2 + 18𝑦 + 72 − 7 = 0
𝑦 2 + 18𝑦 + 65 = 0
𝑦 = −13, 𝑦 = −5
Case(i) 𝒚 = −𝟏𝟑 Case(ii) 𝒚 = −𝟓
6𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 = −13 6𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 = −5
 6𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + 13 = 0 6𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + 5 = 0
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 13±𝑖√143 10 3 5 1
𝑥= = 𝑥= ,6 = 3,2
2𝑎 12 6
𝟏 𝟓 𝟏𝟑−𝒊√𝟏𝟒𝟑 𝟏𝟑+𝒊√𝟏𝟒𝟑
The solutions are 𝒙 = , , ,
𝟐 𝟑 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐

9. Solve (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑) + 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟎

Soln: (2𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2) + 20 = 0
(4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6) + 20 = 0
(4(𝑥 2 + 𝑥) − 3)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6) + 20 = 0
2 (4𝑦 − 3)(𝑦 − 6) + 20 = 0
put 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 𝑦
2
4𝑦 − 27𝑦 + 18 + 20 = 0
4𝑦 2 − 27𝑦 + 38 = 0
19 8
𝑦= 4 , 𝑦=4 =2
𝟏𝟗
Case(i) 𝒚= Case(ii) 𝒚=𝟐
𝟒
19
𝑥2 + 𝑥 = 4 𝑥2 + 𝑥 = 2
4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 19 = 0 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 2 = 0
−1±2√5
𝑥= 𝑥 = −2, 𝑥 = 1
2

−𝟏−𝟐√𝟓 −𝟏+𝟐√𝟓
The solutions are 𝒙 = −𝟐 , 𝟏 , ,
𝟐 𝟐

10. Find the sum of squares of roots of the equation 𝟐𝒙𝟒 − 𝟖𝒙𝟑 + 𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑 = 𝟎
Soln
𝑎𝑥 4 + 𝑏𝑥 3 + 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 = 0
a = 2, b = -8, c = 6 , d = 0, e = -3
Let 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾, 𝛿 be the roots
−𝑏 −8
𝛼+ 𝛽+ 𝛾+ 𝛿= = =−4
𝑎 2
𝑐 6
𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛼𝛿 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛽𝛿 + 𝛾𝛿 = = =3
𝑎 2
𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 + 𝛾 2 + 𝛿 2 = (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛿)2 − 2(𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛼𝛿 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛽𝛿 + 𝛾𝛿)
= (−4 )2 − 2 (3) = 16 − 6 = 10
𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 + 𝛾 2 + 𝛿 2 = 10
2,3 Marks
1.Find the polynomial equation of minimum degree with rational co-efficient, having roots (i)
√𝟐
𝟐 + 𝒊√𝟑 (ii) 𝟐𝒊 + 𝟑 (iii) √𝟓 − √𝟑 (𝒊𝒗) √
√𝟑
Soln: (i) 𝑥 = 2 + 𝑖√3 (ii) 𝑥 = 2𝑖 + 3
𝑥 − 2 = 𝑖 √3 𝑥 − 3 = 2𝑖
2
(𝑥 − 2)2 = (𝑖√3) (𝑥 − 3)2 = (2𝑖)2
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 = −3 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 = −4
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 7 = 0. 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 13 = 0.
 √2
(iii) 𝑥 = √5 − √3 (iv) 𝑥 = √
√3
2 √2
𝑥 2 = (√5 − √3) 𝑥2 =
√3
2
√2
𝑥 2 = 5 + 3 − 2√15 (𝑥 2 )2 = ( )
√3
2 4 2
𝑥 − 8 = −2√15 𝑥 =3
2
(𝑥 2 − 8)2 = (−2√15) 3𝑥 4 = 2
𝑥 4 − 16𝑥 2 + 64 = 60. 3𝑥 4 − 2 = 0
𝑥 4 − 16𝑥 2 + 4 = 0
2.Discuss the nature of the roots of equation
(i) 9𝑥 9 + 2𝑥 5 − 𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 2 + 2 = 0
fun Signs No.of changes No.of Real roots
𝑓(𝑥) + + - - + 2 2 +Ve
𝑓(−𝑥) - - - - + 1 1 -Ve
No. of Imaginary roots = 9 - 3 = 6

(ii) 𝑥 9 + 9𝑥 7 + 7𝑥 5 + 5𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥(𝑥 8 + 9𝑥 6 + 7𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 2 + 3) = 0
𝑥 = 0 is a root with multiplicity one
fun Signs No.of changes No.of Real roots
𝑓(𝑥) + + + + + 0 0 +Ve
𝑓(−𝑥) - - - - - 0 0 -Ve
No. of Imaginary roots = 8 - 0 = 8

(iii) 𝑥 9 − 5𝑥 8 − 14𝑥 7 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 7 (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 14) = 0

𝑥 = 0 is a root with multiplicity seven
Fun Signs No.of changes No.of Real roots
𝑓(𝑥) + - - 1 1 +Ve
𝑓(−𝑥) - - + 1 1 -Ve
No. of Imaginary roots = 2 - 2 = 0
3. If the sides of a cubic box are increased by 1, 2, 3 units respectively to form a cuboid, then
the volume is increased by 52 cubic units. Find the volume of the cuboid.
Soln: (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3) − 𝑥 3 = 52
𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 + 6 − 𝑥 3 = 52
6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 + 6 = 52
6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 − 46 = 0
12 −23 −23
𝑥 = 6 ,𝑥 = 6 ⟹ 𝑥 = 2, 𝑥 = 6 (𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒)
∴ The volume of the cuboid (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3) = 3 × 4 × 5 = 60
4. Construct a cubic equation with roots
(i) 1, 2 , and 3
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3) = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 − 6 = 0
(ii) 1,1, and −2
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2) = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 3 − 0𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 = 0
1
(iii) 2 ,2 , and 1.
1 7 7
(𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 − ) (𝑥 − 1) = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1 = 0
2 2 2
2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 2 = 0
5. If α , β and γ are the roots of the cubic equation 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒 = 𝟎,
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
form a cubic equation whose roots are (i) 2α , 2β , 2γ (ii) 𝛂 , 𝛃 , 𝛄
𝛂 𝛃 𝛄
(iii) −𝜶, −𝜷, −𝜸 (iv) , ,
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
Soln: (i) 2α , 2β , 2γ
20 𝑥 3 + 21 2𝑥 2 + 22 3𝑥 + 23 4 = 0
𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 32 = 0
1 1 1
(ii) α , β , γ
4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 = 0 (reverse the co eff)
(iii) −𝛼, −𝛽, −𝛾
−𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4 = 0 (sign change only in odd deg)
𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 = 0
α β γ
(iv) 2 , 2 , 2
1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3
(2 ) 𝑥 3 + (2 ) 2𝑥 2 + (2 ) 3𝑥 + (2 ) 4 = 0
3 4
𝑥3 + 𝑥2 + 4 𝑥 + 8 = 0
8𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 4 = 0

6. Solve the eqn 𝟑𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟑𝒙 − 𝟔 = 𝟎 if the product of two roots is 1.
Soln: Let the roots are a,b,c
Given ab = 1
3𝑥 3 − 16𝑥 2 + 23𝑥 − 6 = 0
16 23 6
𝑥3 − 3 𝑥2 + 3 𝑥 − 3 = 0
6
Product of roots 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 3 = 2 ⟹ 𝑐 = 2
Reduced equation 3𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 3 = 0
9 1 1
𝑥 = 3 , 3 ⟹ 𝑥 = 3, 3
7. Solve the equation 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐𝟒 = 𝟎 if it is given that two of its roots are in the
ratio 3:2 .
Soln: Given 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 + 24 = 0
Sum of odd deg= 15 Sum of even deg= 15
∴ −1 is one of the root
Reduced equation 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 24 = 0
𝑥 = 6,4
Do it yourself 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏𝟏𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗𝒙 − 𝟏𝟖 = 𝟎
𝟕𝒙𝟑 − 𝟒𝟑𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝟑𝟗𝒙 − 𝟕
8. If α , β , γ and δ are the roots of polynomial eqn 𝟐𝒙𝟒 + 𝟓𝒙𝟑 − 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖 = 𝟎,
find a quadratic equation whose roots are 𝜶 + 𝜷 + 𝜸 + 𝜹 and 𝜶𝜷𝜸𝜹 .
5 7 8
Soln: Given 2𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 8 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 4 + 2 𝑥 3 − 2 𝑥 2 + 0𝑥 + 2 = 0
−5
Sum of roots 𝑠 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛿 =
2
8
Product of roots 𝑝 = 𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿 =
2
Required quadratic equation is 𝑥 2 − (𝑆. 𝑅)𝑥 + (𝑃. 𝑅) = 0
−5 8 −5 8
𝑥 2 − ( 2 + 2)𝑥 + ( 2 × 2) = 0
3 40
𝑥2 − 2 𝑥 − 4 = 0
2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 20 = 0
 𝒑 𝒒 𝒏
9. If p and q are roots of eqn 𝒍𝒙𝟐 + 𝒏𝒙 + 𝒏 = 𝟎, show that √𝒒 + √𝒑+√ 𝒍 = 𝟎.
𝑛 𝑛
Soln: Given, 𝑙𝑥 2 + 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥2 + 𝑙 𝑥 + 𝑙 = 0
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
Sum of roots 𝑝 + 𝑞 = − 𝑙 Product of roots 𝑝𝑞 = ⟹ √𝑝𝑞 = √ 𝑙
𝑙
𝑛
𝑝+𝑞 −
𝑙
=
√𝑝𝑞 √
𝑛
𝑙

𝑝 𝑞 𝑛
+ = −√ 𝑙
√𝑝𝑞 √𝑝𝑞
𝑝 𝑞 𝑛
√𝑞 + √𝑝+√ 𝑙 = 0.
10. If the equations 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒 = 𝟎 and 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒑′𝒙 + 𝒒′ = 𝟎 have a common
𝒑𝒒′−𝒒𝒑′ 𝒒−𝒒′
root, show that it must be equal to 𝒒−𝒒′ or 𝒑−𝒑′.
Soln: Let us assume ‘a’ be the common root
𝑎2 𝑎 1 𝑎2 𝑎 1
𝑎2 + 𝑝𝑎 + 𝑞 = 0 𝑝 𝑞 = 𝑞 1 = 1 𝑝 ⟹ 𝑝𝑞′ −𝑞𝑝′ = 𝑞−𝑞′ = 𝑝′ −𝑝
|𝑝′ 𝑞′| | | | |
𝑞′ 1 1 𝑝′
𝑎2 + 𝑝′𝑎 + 𝑞′ = 0
𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎 1
= = 𝑝′ −𝑝
𝑝𝑞 ′ −𝑞𝑝′ 𝑞−𝑞′ 𝑞−𝑞′
𝑎2 𝑝𝑞′−𝑞𝑝′ 𝑞−𝑞′
= 𝑎 = 𝑝−𝑝′
𝑎 𝑞−𝑞′
𝑝𝑞′−𝑞𝑝′
𝑎= (or)
𝑞−𝑞′
11.Discuss the nature of roots of 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒑𝒙 + 𝒑 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 in terms of p.
Soln: ∆= 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = (4𝑝)2 − 4(4)(𝑝 + 2)
= 16(𝑝2 − 𝑝 − 2)
= 16(𝑝 + 1)(𝑝 − 2)
Interval 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑−𝟐 ∆ Nature of roots
𝑝 = −1 0 0 Real and Equal
𝑝=2 0 0 Real and Equal
−∞ < 𝑝 < −1 - - + Real and Unequal
2<𝑝<∞ + + + Real and Unequal
−1 < 𝑝 < 2 + - - Imaginary
12.If 𝜶, 𝜷 are the roots of 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝟎 then find 𝜶𝟐 − 𝜷𝟐
Soln: 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 5, 𝛼𝛽 = 6
(𝛼 − 𝛽)2 = (𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 4𝛼𝛽 = 52 − 4(6) = 1
𝛼−𝛽 =1
𝛼 2 − 𝛽 2 = (𝛼 + 𝛽)(𝛼 − 𝛽) = 5(−1) = −5
13.If 𝜶, 𝜷 are the roots of 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝟎 then find 𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐
Soln: 𝛼 + 𝛽 = −5, 𝛼𝛽 = 6
𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 = (𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 2𝛼𝛽 = (−5)2 − 2(6) = 13
14.Solve 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙 = 𝟑
Soln: 2𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 3 = 0
Sum of co-efficients = 0
∴ 1 is one of the root
Reduced equation is 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 3 = 0
6 1 1
𝑥 = 2, 𝑥 = 2 𝑥 = 3, 𝑥 = 2
Do it your self 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟑𝒙 + 𝟑𝟓 = 𝟎
15.Solve (i) 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒 = 𝟎 (ii) 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟏𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝟓 = 𝟎
Soln:

Do it yourself 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟎
16.Find the condition of the eqn 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒒𝒙 + 𝒓 = 𝟎 whose roots are 𝒊𝒏 𝑨. 𝑷.
Soln: Let roots are 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑
sum of roots 𝑎 − 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 = −𝑝
3𝑎 = −𝑝
−𝑝
𝑎= 3
−𝑝 3 −𝑝 2 −𝑝
( 3 ) +𝑝( 3 ) +𝑞( 3 )+𝑟 = 0
−𝑝3 + 3𝑝3 − 9𝑝𝑞 + 𝑟 = 0
2𝑝3 + 𝑟 = 9𝑝𝑞
Do it yourself: If the roots of 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒒𝒙 + 𝒓 = 𝟎 whose roots are 𝒊𝒏 𝑯. 𝑷.prove that
𝟗𝒑𝒒𝒓 = 𝟐𝟕𝒓𝟑 + 𝟐𝒒𝟑 (hint: reciprocal of AP is HP)
𝟏
17.If α, β, and γ are the roots of the equation 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒒𝒙 + 𝒓 = 𝟎 find the value of ∑ in
𝜷𝜸
terms of the coefficients.
Soln: 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = −𝑝; 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = −𝑟
1 𝛼+𝛽+𝛾 −𝑝 𝑝
∑ = = −𝑟 = 𝑟
𝛽𝛾 𝛼𝛽𝛾
18.If α and β are the roots of the quadratic equation 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟎 construct a quadratic
equation whose roots are 𝛂𝟐 and 𝛃𝟐 .
Soln: put 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 2𝑦 − 7√𝑦 + 13 = 0
2𝑦 + 13 = 7√𝑦
2
(2𝑦 + 13)2 = (7√𝑦)
2
4𝑦 + 52𝑦 + 169 = 49𝑦
4𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 + 169 = 0
19.If α and β are the roots of the quadratic equation𝟏𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝟑𝒙 − 𝟕𝟑 = 𝟎 construct a
quadratic equation whose roots are α+2and β+2 .
Soln: roots increase by 2 then equation diminish by

Required equation is 17𝑥 2 − 25𝑥 − 91 = 0

20.Find the sum of squares of roots of 𝒂𝒙𝟒 + 𝒃𝒙𝟑 + 𝒄𝒙𝟐 + 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒆 = 𝟎
𝑏 𝑐 𝑑 𝑒
Soln: Let 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿 be the roots of 𝑥 4 + 𝑎 𝑥 3 + 𝑎 𝑥 2 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0
𝑏
𝛼 + 𝛽 +𝛾 + 𝛿 = −𝑎
𝑐
𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛼𝛿 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛽𝛿 + 𝛾𝛿 =
𝑎
𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 + 𝛾 2 + 𝛿 2 = (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛿)2 − 2(𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛼𝛿 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛽𝛿 + 𝛾𝛿)
 𝑏 2 𝑐
= (− 𝑎) − 2 (𝑎)

𝑏2 −2𝑎𝑐
=
𝑎2

21.solve the equation 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟖𝒙 + 𝟗 = 𝟎 if sum of two of its roots vanishes.
1 18 9
Soln: Let 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 be the roots of 𝑥 3 − 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑥+2=0 Given 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 0
2

1 1
𝛼+𝛽+𝛾 =2 ⟹ 𝛾=2

Reduced equation is 2𝑥 2 − 18 = 0
𝑥 = 3, 𝑥 = −3
22.solve the equation 𝟗𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟎 if the roots form an A.P.
36 44 19
Soln: Let 𝑎 − 𝑏, 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑏 be the roots of 𝑥 3 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥− =0
9 9 9

4
𝑎−𝑏+𝑎+𝑎+𝑏 =4 ⟹ 𝑎=3

Reduced equation is 9𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 + 12 = 0

18 6
𝑥= , 𝑥=
9 9
2
𝑥 = 2, 𝑥 = 3
23.solve the equation 𝟑𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝟒 = 𝟎 if the roots form an G.P.
𝑎 26 52 24
Soln: Let 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎, 𝑟 be the roots of 𝑥 3 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥− =0
3 3 3

𝑎3 = 8 ⟹ 𝑎=2

Reduced equation is 3𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 12 = 0

18 2
𝑥 = 3, 𝑥 = 3
2
𝑥 = 6, 𝑥 = 3

24.Determine 𝒌 and solve the equation 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒌 = 𝟎 if one root is twice the sum of
the other two roots.
6 3 𝑘
Soln: Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 be the roots of 𝑥 3 − 2 𝑥 2 + 2 𝑥 + 2 = 0 Given 𝑎 = 2(𝑏 + 𝑐)
3
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 =3 ⟹ 𝑎=3 ⟹ 𝑎=2
2

clearly 𝑘 − 2 = 0 ⟹ 𝑘=2

Reduced equation is 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1 = 0
1±√3
𝑥= 2
 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
1.A six sided die is marked ‘1’ on one face, ‘2’ on two of its faces, and ‘3’
on remaining three faces. The die is rolled twice. If X denotes
the total score in two throws. Find (i) The probability mass function. (ii)
The cumulative distribution function.(iii) 𝑃(3 ≤ 𝑋 < 6) (iv) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 4).
Soln: The random variable X takes the value 2,3,4,5 and 6.
(iii) 𝑃(3 ≤ 𝑋 < 6) = 𝑃(𝑥 = 3) + 𝑃(𝑥 = 4) + 𝑃(𝑥 = 5)
4 10 12 26
= 36 + 36 + 36 = 36
(iv) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 4) = 𝑃(𝑥 = 4) + 𝑃(𝑥 = 5) + 𝑃(𝑥 = 6)
10 12 9 31
= 36 + 36 + 36 = 36
2. A six sided die is marked ‘1’ on one face, ‘3’ on two of its faces
,and ‘5’ on remaining three faces. The die is rolled twice. If X
denotes the total score in two throws. Find (i) The probability mass
function (ii) The cumulative distribution function.(iii) 𝑃(4 ≤ 𝑋 < 10)
(iv) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 6).
Soln: The random variable X takes the value 2,4,6,8 and 10.
(iii) 𝑃(4 ≤ 𝑋 < 10)
= 𝑃(𝑥 = 4) + 𝑃(𝑥 = 6) + 𝑃(𝑥 = 8)
4 10 12 26
= 36 + 36 + 36 = 36

(iv) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 6) = 𝑃(𝑥 = 6) + 𝑃(𝑥 = 8) + 𝑃(𝑥 = 10)

10 12 9 31
= 36 + 36 + 36 = 36

3.A random variable X has the following probability mass function.

𝑥 1 2 3 4 5 6

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑘 2𝑘 6𝑘 5𝑘 6𝑘 10𝑘

Find (i) 𝑃(2 < 𝑋 < 6) (ii) 𝑃(2 ≤ 𝑋 < 5) (iii) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 4) (iv) 𝑃(3 < 𝑋)
Soln: Given 𝑓 is P.M.F
∴ ∑ 𝑓(𝑥) = 1
𝑘 + 2𝑘 + 6𝑘 + 5𝑘 + 6𝑘 + 10𝑘 = 1
1
30𝑘 = 1 ⟹ 𝑘 = 30
6 5 6 17
(i) 𝑃(2 < 𝑋 < 6) = 𝑃(𝑥 = 3) + 𝑃(𝑥 = 4) + 𝑃(𝑥 = 5) = 30 + 30 + 30 = 30
2 6 5 13
(ii) 𝑃(2 ≤ 𝑋 < 5) = 𝑃(𝑥 = 2) + 𝑃(𝑥 = 3) + 𝑃(𝑥 = 4) = 30 + 30 + 30 = 30
1 2 6 5 14
(iii) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 4) = 𝑃(𝑥 = 1) + 𝑃(𝑥 = 2) + 𝑃(𝑥 = 3) + 𝑃(𝑥 = 4) = 30 + 30 + 30 + 30 = 30
5 6 10 21
(iv) 𝑃(3 < 𝑋) = 𝑃(𝑥 = 4) + 𝑃(𝑥 = 5) + 𝑃(𝑥 = 6) = 30 + 30 + 30 = 30
4. A random variable X has the following probability mass function.
𝑥 1 2 3 4 5

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑘 2 2𝑘 2 3𝑘 2 2𝑘 3𝑘

Find (i) 𝑃(2 ≤ 𝑋 < 5) (ii) 𝑃(3 < 𝑋)

Soln: Given 𝑓 is P.M.F ∴ ∑ 𝑓(𝑥) = 1
𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 2 + 3𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 + 3𝑘 = 1
6𝑘 2 + 5𝑘 − 1 = 0
1
𝑘 = −1 , 𝑘 = 6
2 3 12 17
(i) 𝑃(2 ≤ 𝑋 < 5) = 𝑃(𝑥 = 2) + 𝑃(𝑥 = 3) + 𝑃(𝑥 = 4) = 36 + 36 + 36 = 36
12 18 30
(ii) 𝑃(3 < 𝑋) = 𝑃(𝑥 = 4) + 𝑃(𝑥 = 5) = 36 + 36 = 36

5.The cumulative distribution function of a discrete random variable is given by

find
(i) The Probability mass function 𝑓(𝑥)
(ii) 𝑃(𝑋 < 3)
(iii) (iii) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 2)
Soln.
The values of the discrete random variable 𝑋
are 0,1,2,3,4.

5 1 2 8 4
(i) 𝑃(𝑋 < 3) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) = 10 + 10 + 10 = 10 = 5
2 1 1 4 2
(ii) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 2) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 4) = 10 + 10 + 10 = 10 = 5
6.The cumulative distribution function of a discrete random variable is given by 𝐹(𝑥) =
0 ; −∞ < 𝑥 < −1
0.15 ; −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0
0.35 ; 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
0.60 ; 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 2
0.85 ; 2 ≤ 𝑥 < 3
{1 ;3 ≤ 𝑥 < ∞
Find (i)the probability mass function ( ii )𝑝(𝑋 < 1) and(iii) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 2)
The values of the discrete random variable 𝑋 are −1,0,1,2,3.
(i)The Probability mass function 𝑓(𝑥) :
 (i) 𝑃(𝑋 < 1) = 𝑃(𝑋 = −1) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = 0.15 + 0.20 = 0.35
(ii) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 2) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) = 0.25 + 0.15 = 0.40

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRY
5 Marks
Important Hints:
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1−𝑥𝑦) , 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑥𝑦)
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑥𝑦 − √(1 − 𝑥 2 ) √1 − 𝑦 2 )

1) If 𝒂𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐 , 𝒂𝟑 … 𝒂𝒏 is an arithmetic progression with common difference d, prove that

𝒅 𝒅 𝒅 𝒂 −𝒂𝟏
𝐭𝐚𝐧 [𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝟏+𝒂 ) + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝟏+𝒂 ) + ⋯ + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝟏+𝒂 𝒏
)] = 𝟏+𝒂
𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝟐 𝒂𝟑 𝒏 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝟏 𝒂𝒏

soln
𝑑 𝑎 −𝑎1
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑎 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑎
2
) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎2 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎1
1 𝑎2 1 𝑎2

𝑑 𝑎3 −𝑎2
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎3 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎2
1+𝑎2 𝑎3 1+𝑎2 𝑎3
𝑑 𝑎 −𝑎𝑛−1
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑎 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑎
𝑛
) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎𝑛 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑛−1 𝑎𝑛

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑎 ) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑎 ) + ⋯ + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑎 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎𝑛 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎1
1 𝑎2 2 𝑎3 𝑛 𝑎𝑛−1

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑡𝑎𝑛 [𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑎 ) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑎 ) + ⋯ + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑎 )]
1 𝑎2 2 𝑎3 𝑛 𝑎𝑛−1

= 𝑡𝑎𝑛[ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎𝑛 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎1 ]

𝑎 −𝑎1
= tan [𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑎
𝑛
)]
1 𝑎𝑛

𝑛 𝑎 −𝑎1
= 1+𝑎
1 𝑎𝑛

𝟐𝒙 𝟑𝒙−𝒙𝟑
2) prove that: 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝟏−𝟑𝒙𝟐) , |𝒙| < 𝟏/√𝟑
𝟏−𝒙𝟐

soln
2𝑥
2𝑥 𝑥+
−1 −1 −1 1−𝑥2
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (1−𝑥 2 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 2𝑥 )
1−𝑥( )
1−𝑥2

𝑥−𝑥 3 +2𝑥
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1−𝑥 2 −2𝑥 2 )
3𝑥−𝑥 3
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1−3𝑥 2 )
𝒙+𝒚+𝒛−𝒙𝒚𝒛
3) Show that 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒚 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒛 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )
𝟏−𝒙𝒚−𝒚𝒛−𝒛𝒙
Soln:
𝒙+𝒚
𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒚 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒛 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝟏−𝒙𝒚) + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒛)
𝒙+𝒚
( )+𝒛
−𝟏 𝟏−𝒙𝒚
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ( 𝒙+𝒚 )
𝟏−( )𝒛
𝟏−𝒙𝒚
 [𝒙+𝒚+𝒛(𝟏−𝒙𝒚)]/(𝟏−𝒙𝒚)
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ([𝟏−𝒙𝒚−(𝒙𝒛+𝒚𝒛)]/(𝟏−𝒙𝒚))
𝒙+𝒚+𝒛−𝒙𝒚𝒛
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝟏−𝒙𝒚−𝒚𝒛−𝒛𝒙)

4) IF 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒚 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒛 = 𝝅 then show that 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝒙𝒚𝒛

Soln:
𝒙+𝒚
𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒚 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒛 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝟏−𝒙𝒚) + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒛)
𝒙+𝒚
( )+𝒛
𝟏−𝒙𝒚
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( 𝒙+𝒚 )
𝟏−( )𝒛
𝟏−𝒙𝒚

[𝒙+𝒚+𝒛(𝟏−𝒙𝒚)]/(𝟏−𝒙𝒚)
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ([𝟏−𝒙𝒚−(𝒙𝒛+𝒚𝒛)]/(𝟏−𝒙𝒚))

𝒙+𝒚+𝒛−𝒙𝒚𝒛
𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒚 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒛 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝟏−𝒙𝒚−𝒚𝒛−𝒛𝒙) = 𝝅

𝒙+𝒚+𝒛−𝒙𝒚𝒛
𝟏−𝒙𝒚−𝒚𝒛−𝒛𝒙
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝝅 = 𝟎

𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 − 𝒙𝒚𝒛 = 𝟎

𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝒙𝒚𝒛

5) Find the number of solutions of the equation

𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒙) + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝟑𝒙)

Soln: 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 − 1) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 + 1) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (3𝑥) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥)

(𝑥−1)+(𝑥+1) 3𝑥−𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1−(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+3𝑥(𝑥))

2𝑥 2𝑥
= 1+3𝑥 2
1−(𝑥 2 −1)

2𝑥(1 + 3𝑥 2 ) = 2𝑥(𝑥 2 + 2)

2𝑥 + 6𝑥 3 = 2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥

4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 = 0 ∴ Given equation has 3 solutions

𝒙−𝟏 𝒙+𝟏 𝝅
6) Solve 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )= .
𝒙−𝟐 𝒙+𝟐 𝟒
𝑥−1 𝑥+1 𝜋
Soln: Given tan−1 (𝑥−2) + tan−1 (𝑥+2) = 4

𝑥−1 𝑥+1
+ 𝑥+2 𝜋
tan−1 ( 𝑥 − 2 )=
𝑥−1 𝑥+1 4
1 − ( 𝑥 − 2 ) (𝑥 + 2 )
(𝑥−1)(𝑥+2)+ (𝑥+1)(𝑥−2) 𝜋
(𝑥−2)(𝑥+2)− (𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)
= tan 4

𝑥 2 −𝑥+2𝑥−2+𝑥 2 +𝑥−2𝑥−2
=1
𝑥 2 −4−(𝑥 2 −1)
 2𝑥 2 −4
=1
𝑥 2 −4−𝑥 2 +1
2𝑥 2 −4
=1 ⇒ 2𝑥 2 = −3 + 4
−3
1
2𝑥 2 = 1 ⇒ 𝑥 2 = 2
1
𝑥= ±
√2

6) If 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒚 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒛 = 𝝅 and 𝟎 < 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 < 𝟏, then show that

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒛 = 𝟏.

Soln

Let cos −1 𝑥 = 𝛼, cos −1 𝑦 = 𝛽 Then 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼, 𝑦 = cos 𝛽

Given, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑧 = 𝜋

𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑦 = 𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑧

𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( 𝑥𝑦 − √1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑦 2 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (−𝑧)

−𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 − √1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑦 2

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 1.
𝝅 𝝅
7) Draw the curve 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 in the domain [− , ] and 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 in [-1,1]
𝟐 𝟐

𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
Domain :[− 𝟐 , 𝟐 ] → [−𝟏, 𝟏] Domain: [−𝟏, 𝟏] → [− 𝟐 , 𝟐 ]

8) Draw the curve 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 in the domain [𝟎. 𝝅] and 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒙 in [−𝟏, 𝟏]
Domain:[𝟎, 𝝅] → [−𝟏, 𝟏] Domain :[−𝟏, 𝟏] → [𝟎, 𝝅]
𝝅 𝝅
9) Draw the curve 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 in the domain (− 𝟐 , 𝟐 ) and 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 in R

𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
Domain∶ (− 𝟐 , 𝟐 ) → 𝑹 Domain: 𝑹 → (− 𝟐 , 𝟐 )