Laboratory Manual

Subject Name: Electronic Devices and Circuit

Student Name

Reg. No.
Date

MAPPING OF LAB TO CLOs & PLOs

Rubric for Modern Tool Usage

Criteria Attainment Score

Excellent (100- Very good (84- Good (70- Fair (60- Poor (49-
85%) 71%) 61%) 50%) 0%)
Understanding Demonstrates a Demonstrates a Demonstrates Demonstrates Demonstrates
of Engineering skillful ability to very good ability good ability to some ability to minimal or no
Tool understand tool to understand tool understand tool understand tool ability to
that is strongly that Is clearly that is Partially that is Partially understand tool
supported and linked to the connected to the connected to the that is Partially
clearly linked to issues at hand. issues at hand. issues at hand. connected to the
the issues at hand. issues at hand.
Analyze the Demonstrates a Demonstrates a Demonstrates a Demonstrates Demonstrates
given problem skillful ability to very good ability good ability to some ability to minimal or no
and identify analyze the given to analyze the analyze the analyze the givenability to
the use of problem and given problem given problem problem andanalyze the
modern tool identify the use of and identify the and identify the identify the use given problem
modern tool. use of modern use of modern of modern tool. and identify the
tool. tool. use of modern
tool.
Generation Demonstrates a Demonstrates a Demonstrates Demonstrates Demonstrates
and skillful ability to very good ability good ability to some ability to minimal or no
Interpretation Generate and to Generate and Generate Generate ability to
Interpret results Interpret results and and Generate and
of results
using modern using modern Interpret results Interpret results Interpret results
using modern tools. using modern using modern using modern
tools.
tools tools. tools. tools.
 Lab No. 7: Implementation of transistor as a switch and as an amplifier

Objectives:
• To use the transistor as an electronic switch.
• To measure the voltage across the transistor when it is on/off.
• To use the transistor as an amplifier.
• To find the voltage gain of an amplifier.

Apparatus:
• Transistor (NPN)
• Resistor (10kΩ, 220Ω)
• Bread Board
• Connecting Wires
• DMM (Digital Multi meter)
• Power supply
• Function generator
• Oscilloscope
• Function generator and Oscilloscope probe Transistor as a Switch:

Theory:
Transistors are commonly used in digital circuits as electronic switches which can be either in an
"on" or "off" state. The areas of operation for a transistor switch are known as the Saturation
Region and the Cut-off Region. This means that we can ignore the operating Q-point biasing
and voltage divider circuitry required for amplification, and use the transistor as a switch by
driving it back and forth between its fully-OFF (cut-off) and fully-ON (saturation).

1. Cut-off Region
The operating conditions of the transistor are zero input base current (I B), zero output collector
current (IC) and maximum collector voltage (V CE) which results in a large depletion layer and no
current flowing through the device. Therefore the transistor is switched Fully-OFF.

Figure 7.1 (cut-off region)

2. Saturation Region
The transistor will be biased so that the maximum amount of base current (I B) is applied,
resulting in maximum collector current (IC) minimum collector emitter voltage (VCE) drop,
which results in the depletion layer being as small as possible and maximum current flow
through the transistor. Therefore the transistor is switched Fully-ON.

Figure 7.2 (Saturation region)

Task: 1

Implement the Circuit of transistor as a switch:

Procedure:
Step1: Connect the circuit as shown in the Figure 7.3.

Figure 7.3 (Transistor as a switch)

Step2: Apply the 0v and 5v at the base terminal.

Step3: Find IB, VCE and IC with the help of DMM.
Step4: Note the led status (on/off) and fill the Table 7.1.
Measurements:
S # No V(bb) V(CC) IB VCE IC LED
Status(on/off)
 1 0v 5v 0A 4.60v 0A off

2 5v 5v 0.42m 0.02v 0.43mA on

A
3 0v 9v 0A 8.99v 0A off

4 5v 9v 0.42m 0.03v 0.83mA on

A
Table 7.1

Task: 2

Implement the Circuit of transistor as a switch with square wave input:

Procedure:
Step1: Connect the circuit as shown in the Figure 7.4.

Figure 7.4 (transistor as a switch with square wave input)

Step2: Apply the square wave of 5v (p-p) frequency of 1 Hz, 5 Hz, 10 Hz.
Step3: Connect the oscilloscope probe at output and observe the output wave form. Step4:
Draw input output wave form (VIN, VBE and VCE).
Transistor as an amplifier:

Theory:
Amplifier is an electronic device which basically boost up the strength of the weak signal and
converts it into a strong signal. We can use a transistor as an amplifier by raising the strength of
the weak signal. The transistor is biased in such a way that even with positive swing in the
collector current, transistor does not approach saturation region. In the same way, with negative
swing in the collector current, it does not approach cutoff region. Transistor will get completely
on at saturation region and completely get off at cutoff region. If transistor wants to works as an
amplifier we should make the transistor to work in active region which lies between the
saturation and cutoff region.

Task: 3

Implement the Circuit of amplifier:

Procedure:
Step1: Connect the circuit as shown in the Figure 7.5.

Figure 7.5(amplifier)

Step2: Here RB=1kΩ, RC=320Ω and VCC=12v.

Step3: Change VIN and VBB according to the Table 7.2.
Step4: Connect the oscilloscope at the output (collector) and observe the output waveform.
Step5: Find the voltage gain of the amplifier.
Step6: Draw the input Vb and output Vc waveform.

Measurements:

S# NO Vin(mv) VBB(V) Vc Vb Av

1 20-mv(p-p) .7 12v 0.70 v 17.14

2 40-mv(p-p) .8 11.4v 0.78v 14.61

3 60-mv(p-p) .9 9.64v 0.83v 11.61

4 80-mv(p-p) 1 7.03v 0.85v 8.27

 5 100-mv(p-p) 1.5 0.13v 0.87 v 0.15

Table 7.2
Question: 1. Explain how a transistor can act as a switch? Verify your answer
with the help of circuit diagram. Answer:

Transistors can also work as switches. A tiny electric current flowing

through one part of a transistor can make a much bigger current flow through
another part of it. In other words, the small current switches on the larger one.
This is essentially how all computer chips work. For example, a memory chip
contains hundreds of millions or even billions of transistors, each of which can
be switched on or off individually. Since each transistor can be in two distinct
states, it can store two different numbers, zero and one. With billions of
transistors, a chip can store billions of zeros and ones, and almost as many
ordinary numbers and letters (or characters, as we call them). More about this
in a moment.

Question: 2. Explain how a transistor can act as an amplifier? Verify your

answer with the help of circuit diagram.

Answer:

A transistor acts as an amplifier by raising the strength of a weak signal. The DC bias
voltage applied to the emitter base junction, makes it remain in forward biased condition.
This forward bias is maintained regardless of the polarity of the signal. The below figure
shows how a transistor looks like when connected as an amplifier.
 The low resistance in input circuit, lets any small change in input signal to result in an
appreciable change in the output. The emitter current caused by the input signal contributes
the collector current, which when flows through the load resistor RL, results in a large voltage
drop across it. Thus a small input voltage results in a large output voltage, which shows that
the transistor works as an amplifier.

Lab Assessment Total

 Ability to identify Analyze the given Determine solution
the problem problem using and evaluate results
(Criteria 1) appropriate technique (Criteria 3)
(3) (Criteria 2 ) (5) 15 Marks
(7)
Task 1

Task 2

Task 3

Task 4

Question 1

Question 2

Average
Marks

Lab Engineer Name: _______________ Signature: ___________________