Full download Global Higher Education Shared Communities: Efforts and Concerns from Key Universities in China Jian Li pdf docx
Full download Global Higher Education Shared Communities: Efforts and Concerns from Key Universities in China Jian Li pdf docx
Full download Global Higher Education Shared Communities: Efforts and Concerns from Key Universities in China Jian Li pdf docx
com
https://textbookfull.com/product/global-higher-education-
shared-communities-efforts-and-concerns-from-key-
universities-in-china-jian-li/
OR CLICK BUTTON
DOWNLOAD NOW
https://textbookfull.com/product/shaping-education-reform-in-china-
overviews-policies-and-implications-jian-li/
textboxfull.com
https://textbookfull.com/product/understanding-global-higher-
education-insights-from-key-global-publications-1st-edition-georgiana-
mihut/
textboxfull.com
https://textbookfull.com/product/transfer-pricing-in-china-concepts-
controls-practices-and-audit-assessment-jian-li/
textboxfull.com
https://textbookfull.com/product/polymyxin-antibiotics-from-
laboratory-bench-to-bedside-jian-li/
textboxfull.com
https://textbookfull.com/product/higher-education-and-career-
prospects-in-china-felicia-f-tian/
textboxfull.com
https://textbookfull.com/product/implementing-communities-of-practice-
in-higher-education-dreamers-and-schemers-1st-edition-jacquie-
mcdonald/
textboxfull.com
Perspectives on Rethinking and Reforming Education
Jian Li
Global Higher
Education
Shared
Communities
Efforts and Concerns from Key
Universities in China
Perspectives on Rethinking and Reforming
Education
Series Editors
Zhongying Shi, Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
Shengquan Yu, Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
This book series brings together the latest insights and work regarding the future of
education from a group of highly regarded scholars around the world. It is the first
collection of interpretations from around the globe and contributes to the
interdisciplinary and international discussions on possible future demands on our
education system. It serves as a global forum for scholarly and professional debate
on all aspects of future education. The book series proposes a total rethinking of
how the whole education process can be reformed and restructured, including the
main drivers and principles for reinventing schools in the global knowledge
economy, models for designing smart learning environments at the institutional
level, a new pedagogy and related curriculums for the 21st century, the transition to
digital and situated learning resources, open educational resources and MOOCs,
new approaches to cognition and neuroscience as well as the disruption of
education sectors. The series provides an opportunity to publish reviews, issues of
general significance to theory development, empirical data-intensive research and
critical analysis innovation in educational practice. It provides a global perspective
on the strengths and weaknesses inherent in the implementation of certain
approaches to the future of education. It not only publishes empirical studies but
also stimulates theoretical discussions and addresses practical implications. The
volumes in this series are interdisciplinary in orientation, and provide a multiplicity
of theoretical and practical perspectives. Each volume is dedicated to a specific
theme in education and innovation, examining areas that are at the cutting edge
of the field and are groundbreaking in nature. Written in an accessible style, this
book series will appeal to researchers, policy-makers, scholars, professionals and
practitioners working in the field of education.
123
Jian Li
Beijing Normal University
Beijing, China
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Preface
v
vi Preface
social identity theory. The conclusion, suggestions, and remarks are separately
offered to summarize citizenship locally, nationally, and globally.
Chapter 5 concentrates on offering a conceptual model of “Global Higher
Education Shared Community.” It practically focuses on narrowing the gap
between forward mapping or top-down policy implementation and backward
mapping or bottom-up policy implementation for enhancing the globalization and
internationalization of higher education institutions through focusing on building
global higher education regime. Firstly, the term global higher education shared
community is identified to examine the rationales of constructing cross-cultural
competitiveness at different levels. Secondly, in addition to identifying global
higher education shared community, the model of global higher education shared
community is initiated to explore the rationale of globalization and international-
ization of higher education institutions, which include three major components,
such as a global dimension of cross-border engagement and cross-cultural
engagement; a global dimension of higher education related to cultivating global
learning and global competence; a community dimension of community, associated
with norms, religion, values, identity, orientation, belief, resources, preferences,
requirements, membership, influence, integration, fulfillment of needs, and emo-
tional connection. Lastly, the conclusion is offered to summarize the findings
related to the construction of global higher education shared community.
Chapter 6 mainly involves examining various stakeholders’ perspectives on how
to advocate internationalization and globalization of higher education institution in
specific key universities. It has showed that different transcripts on focus groups of
experts consulting, concentrating on vividly describing the perspectives and
strategies on how to build global shared communities within universities and col-
leges in China. Specifically, all the transcripts on focus groups focus on exploring
how can we support targeted university to shape global shared communities in a
globalized age contextually. It involves different stakeholders, including presidents,
administrators, experts, scholars, students, faculty members, and staff. All these
transcripts aim to provide an overall landscape to examine the policy-making
process relatively.
Chapter 7 concentrates on examining the transcripts of focus groups of experts;
this section mainly concentrates on analyzing the results of focus groups of experts
consulting, specifically. Thus, this chapter mainly involves comprehensive analysis
and group analysis, and the results are provided specifically.
Chapter 8 mainly involves offering conclusion and forecasting suggestions on
conducting global higher education shared community. In particular, the conclusion
on implementing global higher education shared community concentrates on
summarizing the major findings previously. In response to the conclusion of con-
structing global higher education shared community, the forecasting suggestions are
comprehensively examined at national, institutional, and individual levels.
In the realization of this book, our contributors have been supportive and willing to
share their opinions and perspective on how to explore the concept of global higher
education shared community. I am really grateful for the generosity and positive
spirit of collegiality. While the most of the chapters in this book are original, several
are adopted from my previously published material, and editors are grateful for the
kind permissions granted to facilitate this.
ix
Contents
xi
xii Contents
xvii
xviii Author and Contributors
Thanks to Contributors
Over the past three decades, the trend of globalization of higher education has devel-
oped rapidly in contemporary China. Globalization is considered a phenomenon
that includes multiple, drastic changes in different areas of social life, particularly
economics, technology, and culture. The definition of globalization varies in the eco-
nomic, technological, sociocultural, and ethical aspects: from an economic perspec-
tive, globalization refers to marketization and economic growth; from a technological
perspective, globalization involves the accessibility of knowledge across space, time,
and peoples; from a sociocultural perspective, globalization focuses on the move-
ment of populations and the mingling of cultures and identities; from an ethical
aspect, globalization relates to outlooks on life that shape individual’s attitudes and
behavior toward others. A variety of educators has suggested that globalization is an
appropriate concept to characterize twenty-first-century life in a way that condenses
social and cultural evolution. Because of globalization, higher education has been
subjected to intense pressure to change and a worldwide university reforms agenda
has emerged from a sense of crisis facing higher education in countries that are cul-
turally and politically diverse (Altbach, 1991). Globalization has implications for
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 3
J. Li, Global Higher Education Shared Communities, Perspectives on Rethinking
and Reforming Education, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7763-1_1
4 1 Globalization, Global Education, and Chinese Global Education …
various issues, such as the quality of education, educational access and opportunity,
and education accountability and authority.
In particular, the global economic growth serves as a major force to advance the
development of globalization of higher education worldwide. It depends primarily on
both societies on the knowledge economies. In other words, universal knowledge is
pivotal to stimulate globalization of universities and colleges, to some extent, which
overcomes some major constraint to economic and social progress. The growth of the
knowledge-based economy highly relies on cultivating internal capacity to absorb and
renew knowledge. Indeed, the knowledge-based economic indirectly provided exter-
nal engines for productivity gains of international education programs. Along with the
knowledge-based economy, globalization of higher education plays an important role
in facilitating the production and distribution of universal knowledge. It is essential to
enable different developing countries to catch up with other well-advanced countries
in order to maximize their educational attractions and competitiveness. Knowledge
is universal and the institutions producing knowledge have universal appeal. That
is why more and more universities and college remained international entities in
spite of the nationalism was on the rising. In other words, universal knowledge is
considered as global goods to exchange, which transcends national boundaries in the
knowledge-based economies world. In the process of globalization, the production
of knowledge has become a process dependent on the market forces. More and more
universities and colleges are increasingly responding to become a market-oriented
activity, attracting foreign capital through producing profits. In other words, cross-
border higher education programs have increasingly become an important model for
globalizing higher education, which involving different stakeholders moving beyond
national boundaries.
It is important to change rationales for the globalization of higher education. It
involves the agendas of national governments, international bodies, and institutions of
higher education. Subsequently, globalization of higher education serves the admin-
istrative and economic interests of the nation-states, which play an essential role in
the development of global learning communities’ identity. In other words, not only
international institution bodies playing a greater role in global educational coopera-
tion, but also the international institutions are developing their own strategical plan
to globalize research and teaching of universities and colleges.
Higher education at different universities and colleges is gradually considered as
a commercial good to be bought and sold like any other commodity. The commer-
cialization and marketization of higher education have currently reached the global
marketplace, ensuring the import and export of higher education. The established
global higher education community is involved in the undertaking of global educa-
tion. The development of higher education is profoundly changed through offering
basic understanding of the role of the university. Globalization of higher educa-
tion has a tendency to produce across international borders. In the 1970s, UNESCO
published a book, entitled Learning to Be, advocating lifelong learning in a global-
ized world. The acceleration of global transformation in cross-cultural learning has
necessitated another skill, namely the ability to search and differentiate among the
1.1 Introduction and Overview 5
The paradox and complexity of globalization are considered according to the epis-
temological underpinnings that have guided scholars and educators who have con-
tributed to expand the discourse on globalization, global education, and localization
of global norms. The paradox of globalization, the increasing tensions between local
and global are considered an apparent feature in the current context. The process of
6 1 Globalization, Global Education, and Chinese Global Education …
globalization is treated as the knowledge and power from developed nations passed
off as priorities onto the developing nations. The emergence of globalization dis-
turbs the methods and pathways by which people experience their cultural belonging
and national identities with a focus on how difference itself has become a norm. In
other words, responding to the trend of globalization toward cultural convergence
leads to cultural communications and nation-states asserting their cultural unique-
ness, including their own histories, spirituality, ways of living and working rooted
in their demographic characteristics. It is widely accepted that global force is often
considered the dominated power to exploit local cultures to shape national policies.
Thus, it is complicated and difficult to balance local and global power in terms of
the confliction of cultural identity contextually.
Within the higher education system, the debate on the emergence of globaliza-
tion mainly involves education quality, inequality educational resources, and wealth
distribution. The ambiguity of identifying international benchmarks and criteria is
still considered one key point to reasonably assess unfamiliar foreign qualifications
(Altbach et al., 2010; Gaudelli, 2013, 2016). The inequality among higher education
systems has increased over the past several decades. The academic world has grad-
ually been polarized by the emergence of globalization. For example, the strongest
institutions, always occupy the leading power and reputation as a central role, such
as in the USA or the UK. African institutions, for instance, barely register on the
world universities’ ranking and are viewed as producing a very small percentage
of the world’s knowledge and technology production. Thus, the increasing tension
between central (the USA) and marginal (African) contributors results in a significant
negative effect on the development of globalization. In addition, Altbach et al. (2010)
also highlighted that the wealth of nations plays a pivotal role in guaranteeing a high
level of globalization of academic systems. In this sense, the developing countries
engage in globalization from a disadvantaged position.
Addressing the dilemmas between local and global norms is fundamental to pro-
mote the idea of globalization in the current context. In a globalized era, one key goal
of higher education is to provide sufficient assistance to students for addressing cul-
tural pluralism (Gaudelli, 2013, 2016). Institutions are responsible for balancing the
tension between localization and globalization. Respecting cultural diversity rooted
in individual’s cultures and beliefs is fundamental to navigate an interconnected
world. Collaborating with parents, faculty, and peers in an integrated open-minded
community is essential to address the dilemmas between local and global interests.
The complexity of globalization can be considered in two forms: visible and invis-
ible. Visible complexity on globalization focuses on apparent and perceptible phe-
nomena, such as dilemmas between local and global norms and multiple perspectives
on identifying globalization. Invisible complexity on globalization involves hidden
or less readily discernible phenomena, including political ideological identities and
commitments.
1.2 The Paradox and Complexity of Globalization 7
such as online teaching and learning, distance education. For instance, the Eras-
mus study is considered as a good example to examine the accelerated development
of international student mobility. The Erasmus study project provides abroad study
opportunities for international students as well as educational organizations from all
over the world. Over the past 30 years, the Erasmus study project has been funded,
which has enabled over three million students to spend part of their studies at differ-
ent foreign higher education institutions or with an organization in Europe. Erasmus
study project brings couples of international academic exchange opportunities to
students, staff, trainees, teachers, and volunteers all around the world.
create global teaching and learning approaches to cultivate students’ global knowl-
edge and skills, such as intercultural curriculum, cross-border academic exchange
program, and different types of global activities. Overall, Altbach et al. (2010) con-
tributes to identifying different types of global issues in the trend of globalization.
He epitomizes global academic world into centers and peripheries and applied them
to examine the complex relations among academic mobility, and inequality in global
education. His research provides comprehensive insight into examining global edu-
cation for cultivating students’ global competency theoretically and practically.
Consistent with the research of Altbach et al. (2010), Anderson-Levitt (2003) offers
an anthropological perspective to examine the relations between global schooling and
local meanings. She also contributes to apply world cultural theory to investigate the
cultural differences and global schooling. Cultural differences among national school
systems are well examined by many anthropologists and comparative educationalists
in recent decades (Anderson-Levitt, 2003). World cultural theorists, such as Meyer
and Boli pointed out that schooling concepts and practices are becoming more sim-
ilar in accordance with the trend of globalization. World cultural theorists insisted
that the common global model of schooling as one of the general cultural model
components is spreading around the world. The general cultural model includes
organizing and managing government, creating education systems and building mil-
itary. According to world cultural theory, the massification of higher education is
rooted in the development of globalization worldwide. World cultural theorists argued
that the increasing trend of globalization has generated common educational princi-
ples, educational policies, and educational practices among different countries with
various demographic or cultural characteristics (Anderson-Levitt, 2003). For exam-
ple, school curriculums are becoming more and more similar to others and official
national missions for education are also becoming more alike in terms of advocating
global education in recent decades (Anderson-Levitt, 2003). From the world cultural
theorists’ perspectives, a global model of schooling transforms from diverging to
converging process, with a focus on creating a common model of global learning
and teaching.
In order to provide an in-depth understanding of global schooling and local mean-
ings, Anderson-Levitt (2003) applied several case studies, including Brazil, China,
and the USA to scrutinize the issues behind world cultural theory. She used ethno-
graphic methods to examine the specific conditions of different schools. For instance,
as she illustrated, local teachers and local actors often transform their official models
into their methods. The educational policy is less homogenous at a practical level.
The world cultural theorists overlook and underestimate the significance of local
power and voluntary adoption (Anderson-Levitt, 2003). By this logic, the world cul-
tural theorists neglect the significance of local forces in the globalizing process of
education. Thus, Anderson-Levitt (2003) contributes to embracing different view-
1.3 Review of Literature on Global Education 11
points to integrate various aspects of world culture theory for improving global
schooling at both individual and institutional levels. In addition, Anderson-Levitt
(2003) also challenges the notion of “isomorphism” from world culture theory. She
provided additional case study research to challenge the notion of a uniform and
coherent set of educational reforms as advocated by world culture theorists. She also
argued that increasing the national control and standardization of curriculum serve
the major approaches for world culture theorists to spread global education. More-
over, Anderson-Levitt (2003) highlighted that promoting student-centered global
schooling is essential to build global education in the long term. In conclusion,
Anderson-Levitt (2003) contributes to building anthropological viewpoints to inves-
tigate the relations between global schooling and local meanings. World cultural
theory is applied to explore the relationship between cultural differences and global
schooling in different contexts. Different case studies are examined to illustrate spe-
cific educational issues behind world cultural theory from the ethnographic methods’
perspective.
Hanvey (1982) contributes to examining and defining global education from differ-
ent perspectives. The concept of global perspective is fundamentally rooted in global
education. Formatting global perspective is closely associated with cultivating stu-
dents’ global capacities in the globalized world. Hanvey (1982) identified global
perspective into five dimensions, including perspective consciousness, “State of the
Planet” Awareness, Cross-Cultural Awareness, Knowledge of Global Dynamics, and
Awareness of Human Choices. Hanvey (1982) offered clear definitions and illustra-
tions to expand his ideas of global perspective. For example, the term perspective
consciousness refers to the recognition or awareness of people’s views of the world
(Hanvey, 1982). Hanvey (1982) also contributes to making the distinction between
1.3 Review of Literature on Global Education 13
opinions and perspectives for conceptualizing global perspective. The term “State
of the Planet” Awareness refers to awareness of prevailing world conditions and
developments, including emergent conditions and trends (Hanvey, 1982). Hanvey
(1982) argued that the media play a negative role in transmitting news around the
world with declining values on creating a global perspective. The term Cross-Cultural
Awareness refers to awareness of the diversity of concepts and actions to be found in
human world (Hanvey, 1982). Hanvey (1982) argued that Cross-Cultural Awareness
is essential for students to acquire a global perspective through the learning process.
The term Knowledge of Global Dynamics focuses on some modest comprehen-
sion of important traits and mechanisms of the world, concentrating on theories and
conceptions that improve intelligent consciousness of global issues (Hanvey, 1982).
Hanvey (1982) also suggested that there exist three categories of global learning,
including basic principles of change in social systems, growth as a form of change,
and global planning (Hanvey, 1982). The term Awareness of Human Choices refers to
some awareness of the problems of decisions for people, nations, and human beings.
Thus, Hanvey (1982) provided five dimensions of global perspective for students to
cultivate their global capacities in the interdependent world.
Consistent with the study of global perspective of Hanvey (1982), Braskamp
(2011) contributes to conceptualizing and measuring cross-cultural perspectives
through the development of an instrument for measuring it, specifically, the Global
Perspective Inventory (GPI). The GPI measures how students think, view themselves
as people with cultural heritage, and relate to people from other cultures, backgrounds
and values. Braskamp (2011) proposed three components of global perspectives as
measured in the inventory, including the cognitive dimension, interpersonal dimen-
sion, and intrapersonal dimensions. He employs the concepts of intercultural maturity
and intercultural communication as scales for measuring students’ global perspective.
Understanding holistic human development including thinking, feeling, and relating
are interrelated facets of human development is pivotal to cultivate students’ global
perspectives (Hammer, 2011). Methodologically, Braskamp (2011) contributed by
creating the global perspective assessment (Global Perspective Inventory (GPI)). In
doing so, Braskamp (2011) provides clear definitions of two cognitive scales: (1)
knowing refers to the degree of complexity of one’s view and the importance of cul-
tural context in judging what is important to know and value; (2) knowledge involves
the degree of understanding and awareness of various cultures and their impact on
our global society and level of proficiency in more than one language. Braskamp’s
(2011) primary contribution has been to provide a concrete way to assess global per-
spectives through the Global Perspective Inventory (GPI). The GPI is based on three
components of global perspective: the cognitive dimension, interpersonal dimension,
and intrapersonal dimension.
14 1 Globalization, Global Education, and Chinese Global Education …
Green and Olson (2003) contributed to preparing students to succeed within the
globalization of education. Their studies focused on examining key issues such
as how students could benefit in the process of globalization, why it is important
to advocate global learning in the contemporary world, how to cultivate students’
global knowledge and global skills. Green and Olson (2003) suggested that building
the internationalization team is beneficial to cultivate students’ global learning and
global skills and that it is fundamental to advocate the internationalization strate-
gic plan for students, faculty, and administrators at different types of educational
institutions. Thus, the internationalization team is expected to establish and advance
the process of internationalization (Green & Olson). They also suggested that to
build an effective team, the campus-based model of an internationalization team is
considered an advanced approach to create system or institution-wide initiatives.
The researchers specifically Green and Olson (2003) highlighted the importance of
selecting the right team members and chair with the consideration of its legitimacy
throughout the educational institutions. An internationalization team should be com-
posed of volunteers, and the team membership should be created to keep a broad
discourse by inviting different individuals from all parts of the campuses to engage
in the conversation on the internationalization of education. Furthermore, effective
tools promote a successful internationalization team, examining the key issues such
as why we need to internationalize, how does the internationalization process meet
specific institutional missions or goals, what might motivate different stakeholders
on the internationalization team. According to Green and Olson, tools for advancing
internationalization team include clarifying language and philosophy, determining
the institutions’ vision of internationalization, offering support for the international-
ization team, and building a communication and engagement plan.
¡Marta Marrrrrrrrrrta!
como nos cantaban en una ocasión todos los señoritos que venían
de Madrid, empeñándose en que había uno de llorar oyéndolos,
porque en el Real lloraba toda la gente cuando lo cantaban Talini... ó
Cualini, tenores de mucho sentimiento.
Cuando reinan estas epidemias en el pueblo, no hay más remedio
que aguantarlas como mejor se pueda, y resignarse á exclamar en
cada caso, siquiera por no hacerle más grave: ¡Admirable, magnífico,
arrebatador!
Pues iba diciendo yo que para evocar estas reminiscencias, citar
aquellos textos y cantar las otras ternezas, nadie como el amigo de
quien vamos hablando.
No sé si he dicho, ó ustedes lo han comprendido ya, que es literato,
ó que cree serlo.
Por de pronto escribe quintillas en el arenal con la punta del bastón,
y en la tertulia de la noche lee á las señoras tal cual balada tierna ó
alusivo soneto.
Si hemos de creerle, conoce á todos los literatos, y se tutea con los
más talludos.
Lo cierto es que si llega al Sardinero alguna celebridad de este
género, él es quien le presenta á las damas y se compromete á que
el presentado les lea alguna cosa; al cual compromiso corresponde
éste (después de asegurar que viene enteramente desprevenido)
leyendo una comedia resobada, ó una oda que ya reluce de tanto
manoseo, las cuales saca de un enorme cartapacio de poesías que
ya han sido leídas por el autor trescientas veces en Ontaneda ó las
Caldas, mientras tomó aquellas aguas.
Como piensa hacer algunas investigaciones históricas, arqueológicas
y geográficas en la provincia, ha traído con su equipaje una mochila,
un grueso garrote con agudo regatón de hierro, y borceguíes
ingleses de ancha y claveteada suela. Parece ser que todas estas
cosas ayudan mucho á recoger noticias sobre aquello que se trata
de conocer y describir, especialmente en un país como éste, en el
cual hay un pueblecillo á cada cuarto de legua, una casa en qué
dormir regularmente, y comer, aunque no muy bien; buenos
senderos para cabalgaduras de alquiler, cuando no excelentes
caminos para carruajes; poquísimas antigüedades, y ésas á la vista y
muy estudiadas ya; nada de historias del otro mundo, y ninguna
montaña que escalar á uña y puntera, porque todas son
cómodamente accesibles por algún costado. Y la prueba de que este
atalaje debe servir de mucho al tourista para sus exploraciones, es
que el nuestro, aunque le lleva á cuestas, no camina á pie, ni come
de la fiambrera, ni duerme al socaire de los torreones; antes
aprovecha el mullido vagón de primera hasta donde le conviene, y
luego la diligencia, y hasta los caballejos y carros del país, como
hacemos los hombres vulgares, y las fondas y las tabernas y los
figones. Luego la mochila y el báculo y los borceguíes, que
evidentemente no sirven para lo que en rigor significan, tienen
alguna virtud de carácter, que atrae, combina y depura todo lo que
va buscando en sus peregrinaciones un erudito á la flamante usanza,
cuando con ellos carga, como con el fardo de sus pecados. Que es lo
que yo quería demostrar, recelándome alguna observación maliciosa
de tal ó cual lector demasiado montañés.
Y ahora continúo diciendo que este ilustrado mortal, en los ratos que
le dejan libres sus baños, sus abstracciones solitarias, sus discreteos
públicos, sus inscripciones poéticas en los arenales, en las rocas
duras y hasta en los troncos resinosos de los Pinares, escribe
correspondencias á un periódico de Madrid, que las agradece mucho
y quizá las paga.
La última que yo leí impresa, después de haberla leído el autor
manuscrita y recién nacida, á sus bellas contertulias, decía, entre
otras muchas cosas, plus minusve, lo siguiente:
Éstos son dos, y cada uno de ellos pudiera pedir un cuadro aparte;
pero es de saberse que siempre que trato de sacarlos del fondo de
mi cartera, al tirar del uno hacia arriba, sale enredado el otro con él;
de donde yo deduzco que son tal para cual, y uno en esencia,
aunque dos en la forma.
Tiro, pues, de ellos, agarrando á tientas, y ahí tienen ustedes al
primero.
Convengamos en que es mozo de gran estampa. Pedrusco en el
anillo que recoge los dos ramales de su chalina; pedruscos en los
dedos; pedruscos en el pecho y pedruscos hasta en la leontina;
flamante vestido de lanilla; leve pajero muy tirado sobre los ojos;
éstos de mirada firme, pero no muy noble; largo cigarro en retorcida
y caprichosa boquilla; la siniestra mano en el correspondiente bolsillo
del pantalón, y en la diestra, flexible junco.
Sin embargo, aunque sus ojos son negros, y negras las anchas
relucientes patillas, y es regular su boca, y blanca su dentadura y
alta su talla, no puede decirse de él que es lo que ordinariamente se
llama una buena figura. Mirada más al pormenor, tiene juanetes en
los pies, ásperas y muy gruesas las manos, demasiada redonda la
cara y muy destacados los pómulos. Además, carece su persona de
ese aire de que todos hablamos, que todos conocemos á la legua,
pero que nadie sabe definir, y al que, por darle algún nombre, se
llama vulgarmente buen aire, ó aire distinguido; cuya falta es, sin
duda, la causa de que, á pesar de su pedrería, que relumbra mucho,
y de su boquilla, que sin cesar ahúma, pase este mozo enteramente
inadvertido, como figura vulgar é insignificante.
Anda con parsimonia lo poco que anda, como hombre que no lleva
prisa ni se preocupa de cuanto le rodea mientras va andando.
Se lee más en su frontispicio cuando está parado á la puerta del
café, de una iglesia, del teatro, ó de la plaza de toros, que siempre
son sus sitios de parada y para los cuales ha nacido, como la estatua
para el pedestal. Arrimado á las jambas de una puerta, flagelándose
una pernera con el junquillo, lanzando de la boca espirales de humo
y dignándose apenas fijar la vista en los que entran ó en los que
pasan, precisamente cuando su cuerpo revela más soltura y lucen en
sus ojos chispas de inteligencia. Al verle pegado á esas puertas,
siempre que al otro lado de ellas se oye el rumor y hasta se huele el
tufillo de las muchedumbres emparedadas (pues es de advertir que
jamás se arrima á puerta que no encierre mucha gente), cualquiera
pensaría que el ruido le aturde, que el calor le marea y las
estrecheces le sofocan; y, sin embargo, deteniendo sobre él un poco
la curiosidad, puede observarse que siempre se le ocurre entrar
cuando los demás comienzan á salir, como si las apreturas fueran su
deleite y hallara en rozarse con pechos y solapas un atractivo
irresistible.
Obsérvase también que, por lo común, es de noche más activo que
de día. Su andar es más resuelto entonces; y si á la luz del sol le
gustan los sitios más públicos y concurridos, á la del gas prefiere las
calles más solitarias y sombrías, en alguna de las cuales suele
desaparecer por largas horas.
Llega á Santander días antes de los de ferias y toros; pero ni él
mismo sabe fijar la época de su marcha, porque ésta depende, á
menudo, de los agentes de la autoridad, que pueden echarle la
mano encima, en el momento en que él pone la suya sobre el reló
de su prójimo, ó está en un garito tirando el pego á dos docenas de
incautos á quienes va desvalijando con el auxilio de otros camaradas
de oficio, ó tanteando los intestinos de la ciudad para buscar una
salida por los fondos de la caja del Banco...
Y aquí asoma ahora, lector, el otro tipo, enlazado, por estas
profundidades, á la figura de la cual voy tirando para mostrártela en
todas sus principales actitudes. Hablemos de él, pues que se
empeña, como si fuera un miembro del otro cuerpo, ó una cereza
del mismo ramillete.
Viene á veranear mucho antes que el otro, y con un pelaje bien
diferente. Su tipo es el de un caballero que ha venido á menos.
Negra la raída levita, negra la deshilada corbata, negros los
relucientes pantalones, negras las puntas que se ven de su chaleco,
negra la descuidada barba, negros los ásperos mechones de su pelo
y negras las puntas afiladas de sus luengas uñas. En esta figura no
hay nada que blanquee: ni siquiera la camisa. Los únicos puntos
menos obscuros de este veraniego nubarrón, son dos puntos pardos,
ni siquiera grises: los zapatos y el sombrero.
No busquéis esta figura entre los recodos de apartada callejuela,
huyendo avergonzada de los resplandores de la luz, ó temiendo
manchar con su contacto la brillante librea de los capitalistas; ni
tampoco en obscuro taller, encorvado sobre la tosca herramienta
para ganar, con un trabajo, extraño quizá á sus hábitos y
procedencia, un miserable pedazo de pan; ni en la estrechez de una
buhardilla, repartiendo ese mendrugo entre una esposa y unos niños
extenuados por el hambre y envejecidos por la miseria y por las
lágrimas. Si de ese grupo fuera esta figura, yo no profanara su
augusta miseria presentándola en esta breve galería de debilidades
risibles y aun de cosas abominables. Buscadla, pues, entre la
engalanada concurrencia de calles y paseos, haciendo de su
mugriento equipaje una desvergonzada protesta, y lanzando
punzantes miradas sobre los que pasan, como si le debieran la
camisa limpia, las botas nuevas ó el gabán sin manchas.
Si con esta luz no columbráis aún el tipo, os apuntaré otro dato que
necesariamente ha de iluminar vuestra memoria.—Durante lo más
recio de un chubasco estival, de ésos cuyas gotas pesan, cada una,
medio cuarterón, y después de saltar de rebote hasta los balcones,
convierten las calles en torrentes; cuando las losas relucen, y el
tránsito cesa, y comienzan las ratas á asomar por los sumideros
huyendo de la inundación, y los chicos las apedrean, y la gente,
pegada á las fachadas, porque ya están llenos de ella los portales y
las tiendas, silba y aplaude y ríe á carcajadas celebrando las
corridas, y asoman cabezas por los entresuelos, y hierven, hasta
levantar la tapadera, las alcantarillas del Correo, y se inunda la calle
de San Francisco; cuando todo esto y mucho más sucede, un solo
mortal atraviesa impávido la Plaza Vieja, ó marcha Muelle adelante
por la acera del mar, sin paraguas, en chancletas, con las manos en
los bolsillos, y, por toda precaución, la cabeza muy hundida entre los
hombros. Pues ése es.
Probablemente habréis recibido alguna vez su visita. Es hombre que
hace muchas, recién llegado.
Un día os anuncia la inexperta fámula que ha llamado á la puerta un
caballero que desea hablaros. Con tal anuncio, la decís que le
introduzca en lo más sagrado de la casa; y cuando acudís á recibirle,
os le halláis, como la estatua del desconsuelo, con las manos
cruzadas sobre el cóncavo vientre, el sombrero entre las manos, y la
mirada tangente á las fruncidas cejas y fija en vuestra mirada.
—Cabayero—os dice con voz trémula y un poquillo de olor á
aguardiente:—un desgraciado, con su señora enferma y siete
criaturas... sin hogar, sin un pedazo de pan que llevar á sus
inocentes labios, implora el auxilio de su generoso corazón.
—¿Quién es ese desgraciado?—le preguntáis, por preguntarle algo,
antes de plantarle en la escalera.
—Un servidor de usted, que no hace mucho ocupó una briyante
posición social. Pero los acontecimientos políticos...
—¿Era usted de los del presupuesto?
—¡Jamás, cabayero!... Me estimaba demasiado para eso. Yo era
rentista.
—¡Hola!
—Sí, señor: tenía todo mi capital en los fondos públicos.
—Lo creo.
—Y con estas bajas tan atroces, á consecuencia de la intranquilidad
en que tienen al país estos gobiernos...
—Y á mí ¿qué me cuenta usted?
—¡Ah, cabayero!... Yo quisiera una ocupación honrosa para ganarme
el sustento.
—Pues tómela usted, si hay quien se la ofrezca.
—Tras eso ando, cabayero; y mientras la hayo en alguna parte,
quisiera merecer de usted la atención de veinticinco pesos que
necesito para que tome los baños mi señora, y para que no me
arroje el tigre del casero, desde la miserable buhardiya en que ahora
vivo, hasta la ignominia de un hospital. Crea usted, cabayero, que la
fortuna da muchas vueltas; espero volver á lo que fuí, y no perderá
usted un cuarto de su préstamo.
Al llegar aquí la historia, se os acaba la paciencia; le dais media
peseta, por no darle un puntapié, y se larga tan ufano, haciendo
reverencias y mirando, con preferente curiosidad, todo lo que es
puerta ó pasadizo.
Estas visitas son, como si dijéramos, las generales de la ley. Pero
hace también otras, bastante más productivas, aunque no tan
frecuentes.
Pinto el caso.—Comienza á hablarse mucho en el pueblo de que la
va á haber, lo cual, como ustedes saben, sucede cada verano. De mí
sé decir que, desde que tengo barbas, no recuerdo uno en que no
se haya dicho:—«¡Oh! lo que es de ésta, se arma la gorda, y no va á
quedar títere con cabeza. Me consta por esto y por lo de más allá».
También es otro hecho innegable que nunca faltan almas cándidas
que dan entero crédito á estos rumores, ni hombres vehementes
que se hallan dispuestos á echar el sombrero al aire y hasta una
mano al negocio, si hay quien sepa colocársele á conveniente
distancia. Excuso decir que en cada verano aparece esta señora
Gorda con diferente tocado, y que nada le queda ya en el ramo que
lucir, desde el gorro frigio hasta la boina.
Pues uno de estos hombres, ó una de aquellas almas, es quien
recibe la visita del ex-rentista cuando más en punto de caramelo
andan los rumores públicos; pero, aunque raído y mal trajeado el
visitante, no se compunge ni encorva en la visita; antes se presenta,
si bien comedido y muy atento, con gran desenvoltura y buen
talante, como quien más ha de ofrecer que recibir.—Entonces es el
hombre iniciado en los grandes secretos de la conspiración; viene
del extranjero, donde aquélla se fragua, y va de paso para uno de
los puntos de más peligro el día de la batalla. Sabe que el
emperador de allí, ó el comité de acullá, ó el Gran Oriente del otro
lado (según el color que tenga la Gorda), ha hecho á la causa un
anticipo de doscientos millones. Hay metidos en el ajo quince
batallones, treinta generales, ocho fragatas de guerra y el presidente
del Consejo de Ministros. El grito se dará en tal parte al salir la gente
de tal espectáculo. Toda España está hecha un reguero de pólvora, y
sólo falta, para que arda, arrimar la mecha. El triunfo, pues, es
seguro y muy pronto. Él ha pasado la frontera con grandes
precauciones, y á pie, por lo cual está tan desarrapado. No trae
credenciales ni papeles de ninguna clase, por no comprometer con
ellos la «alta misión» que se le ha encomendado; pero sí el encargo
especialísimo para el visitado, de parte del personaje bajo cuya
dirección se hace el fregado, de decirle que se cuenta con él, con su
patriotismo, con sus influencias, para animar el espíritu del partido
en esta ciudad, reunir los dispersos elementos, etc., etc. Antes de
tres días saldrá el emisario para Madrid, donde ha de recibir
cuarenta mil duros para ciertas atenciones de la causa. Entretanto,
necesita que los partidarios de Santander le proporcionen, siquiera,
la miseria de dos mil reales para el viaje y comprar á un maquinista
del tren que ha de despeñar un batallón que debe salir de aquí, por
ferrocarril, dentro de unos días, á sofocar el alzamiento que tendrá
lugar en los confines de la provincia.
Y el pobre hombre que escucha, devora hasta con los ojos, no ya
con los oídos y la boca, las palabras del mugriento, y le da una
convidada, y se echa á la calle, y revuelve á sus correligionarios, les
cuenta lo que le han dicho, les saca los cuartos, reúne los dos mil
reales más otros quinientos que él pone de su bolsillo, como en
correspondencia al alto concepto que de él ha formado Su
Excelencia, y se vuelve á casa tan convencido del inmediato triunfo
del partido, que le falta muy poco para subir á la del Gobernador y
aconsejarle que deje el mando por buenas, antes que se le quiten
los suyos á linternazos. ¿Necesito pintar el afán con que el bolonio
entrega el dinero recaudado y el placer con que lo recibe el
descamisado bribón?...
Algunos días después de éstas y otras análogas, aunque no tan
productivas fazañas, se oye decir que la policía ha hecho una redada
de ladrones que intentaban robar el escritorio del señor de Tal, ó la
caja del Banco.
—Y ¿quiénes eran?—pregunta uno de esos curiosos que se creen en
la obligación de conocer á todo el mundo.
—Pillería de Madrid—responde el preguntado.—Pero á dos de ellos
quizá los conozca usted. El uno es un farsantón, de gran fachada,
que se pasaba los días arrimado á las puertas de los cafés; el otro,
sucio, raído y descamisado, probablemente le habrá visitado á usted
para pedirle un anticipo de veinticinco duros.
Los de marras, lector.—Bien dije yo que estos mozos eran tal para
cual.
Fáltame añadir que, á pesar de esta quiebra del oficio, que, por de
pronto, los lleva á la cárcel pública, si no en el mismo verano, al
siguiente, y antes que los frutos de sus mieses lleguen á punto de
sazón, ya los tenemos acá otra vez, preparándose para recoger su
agosto.
¡Oh sabias y protectoras leyes de la patria!
EL BARÓN DE LA RESCOLDERA
Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.
textbookfull.com