Package ‘rcDEA’

December 14, 2021

Title Robust and Conditional Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)
Version 1.0
Maintainer Anna Mergoni <[email protected]>
Description With this package we provide an easy method to compute robust and condi-
tional Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA),
Free Disposal Hull (FDH) and Benefit of the Doubt (BOD) scores.
The robust approach is based on the work of Cazals, Flo-
rens and Simar (2002) <doi:10.1016/S0304-4076(01)00080-X>.
The conditional approach is based on Daraio and Simar (2007) <doi:10.1007/s11123-007-0049-
3>.
Besides we provide graphs to help with the choice of m.
We relay on the 'Benchmarking' package to compute the efficiency scores and on the 'np' pack-
age to compute non parametric estimation of similarity among units.
License GPL-2
Imports np , Benchmarking
Encoding UTF-8
RoxygenNote 7.1.2.9000
NeedsCompilation no
Author Anna Mergoni [aut, cre] (<https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9128-5341>)
Repository CRAN
Date/Publication 2021-12-14 08:20:02 UTC

R topics documented:
conditional_BOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
conditional_DEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
graph1_m_BOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
graph1_m_DEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
graph2_m_BOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
graph2_m_DEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
robust_BOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
robust_DEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1
2 conditional_BOD

Index 17

conditional_BOD Conditional BOD function

Description
This function allows to compute Robust and Conditional BOD scores.

Usage
conditional_BOD(
output,
exogenous = FALSE,
m,
B,
alpha = FALSE,
RTS = "CRS",
ORIENTATION = "in",
similarity = FALSE,
inclusion = FALSE,
print = FALSE
)

Arguments
output matrix (or vector) of indicators along which the units are evaluated.
exogenous matrix (or vector) of exogenous variables involved in the conditional analysis.
The similarity among the units is determined according to the exogeneous vari-
able(s) using the function npudensbw and npudens (from the package np) with
epanechnikov kernel.
m number of unit to be included in the reference set
B number of bootstrap replicates
alpha This allow to choose the size of the Confidence Intervals computed. By defaulta
alpha = FALSE. In this case no confidence interval are computed
RTS Default = "CRS". For more details see the dea function in the package Bench-
marking. Text string or a number defining the underlying DEA technology / re-
turns to scale assumption. 0 fdh Free disposability hull, no convexity assumption
1 vrs Variable returns to scale, convexity and free disposability 2 drs Decreas-
ing returns to scale, convexity, down-scaling and free disposability 3 crs Con-
stant returns to scale, convexity and free disposability 4 irs Increasing returns
to scale, (up-scaling, but not down-scaling), convexity and free disposability 5
irs2 Increasing returns to scale (up-scaling, but not down-scaling), additivity,
and free disposability 6 add Additivity (scaling up and down, but only with inte-
gers), and free disposability; also known af replicability and free disposability,
the free disposability and replicability hull (frh) – no convexity assumption 7
fdh+ A combination of free disposability and restricted or local constant return
to scale 10 vrs+ As vrs, but with restrictions on the individual lambdas via param
conditional_BOD 3

ORIENTATION Default = "in". For more details see the dea function in the package Benchmark-
ing. Input efficiency "in" (1), output efficiency "out" (2), and graph efficiency
"graph" (3). For use with DIRECT, an additional option is "in-out" (0).
similarity matrix of similarities. In alternative to provide the exogenous variables, the
matrix of similarities can be directly provided. This allow to customize the
estimation of the similarities.
inclusion If inclusion = TRUE the unit under analysis is included in the reference set. So,
no super efficient scores are allowed. By default inclusion = FALSE.
print If print = TRUE the number of the unit under evaluation is printed. In case
of large sample the function could require some time, so it could be useful to
control how many units have already been evaluated and which one still have to
be evaluated. By default print = FALSE.

Value

If the parameter alpha is specified, the function returns a data frame with three numeric columns.
The first column is the vector representing the conditional BOD scores (eff); the second column is
the vector representing the lower bound of the condifence interval (ci_low); the third column is the
vector representing the upper bound of the confidence interval (Ci_up). If alpha is not specified, the
functions returns only the first column of the data frame (eff).

Examples
#Example with a very small sample to decrease computational time
y1 <-runif(50, 50, 75)
y2 <-runif(50, 30, 75)
y <- cbind(y1, y2)
z <- ifelse(rnorm(50, 0, 1)>0, 1, 0)

#Conditional BOD
c_BOD <- conditional_BOD(output = y, exogenous = z,
m = 30, B = 50)
summary(c_BOD$eff)

#Example with bigger sample

y1 <-runif(100, 50, 75)
y2 <-runif(100, 30, 75)
y <- cbind(y1, y2)
z <- ifelse(rnorm(100, 0, 1)>0, 1, 0)

#Conditional BOD
c_BOD <- conditional_BOD(output = y, exogenous = z,
similarity = FALSE,
m = 30, B = 50)
summary(c_BOD$eff)
4 conditional_DEA

conditional_DEA Conditional DEA function

Description
This function allows to compute Robust and Conditional DEA scores.

Usage
conditional_DEA(
input,
output,
exogenous = FALSE,
alpha = FALSE,
m,
B,
RTS = "crs",
ORIENTATION = "in",
similarity = FALSE,
inclusion = FALSE,
print = FALSE
)

Arguments
input matrix (or vector) of inputs along which the units are evaluated.
output matrix (or vector) of outputs along which the units are evaluated.
exogenous matrix (or vector) of exogenous variables involved in the conditional analysis.
The similarity among the units is determined according to the exogeneous vari-
able(s) using the function npudensbw and npudens (from the package np) with
epanechnikov kernel.
alpha This allow to choose the size of the Confidence Intervals computed. By defaulta
alpha = FALSE. In this case no confidence interval are computed
m number of unit to be included in the reference set
B number of bootstrap replicates
RTS For more details see the dea function in the package Benchmarking. Text string
or a number defining the underlying DEA technology / returns to scale assump-
tion. 0 fdh Free disposability hull, no convexity assumption 1 vrs Variable re-
turns to scale, convexity and free disposability 2 drs Decreasing returns to scale,
convexity, down-scaling and free disposability 3 crs Constant returns to scale,
convexity and free disposability 4 irs Increasing returns to scale, (up-scaling, but
not down-scaling), convexity and free disposability 5 irs2 Increasing returns to
scale (up-scaling, but not down-scaling), additivity, and free disposability 6 add
Additivity (scaling up and down, but only with integers), and free disposabil-
ity; also known af replicability and free disposability, the free disposability and
conditional_DEA 5

replicability hull (frh) – no convexity assumption 7 fdh+ A combination of free

disposability and restricted or local constant return to scale 10 vrs+ As vrs, but
with restrictions on the individual lambdas via param
ORIENTATION For more details see the dea function in the package Benchmarking. Input ef-
ficiency "in" (1), output efficiency "out" (2), and graph efficiency "graph" (3).
For use with DIRECT, an additional option is "in-out" (0).
similarity matrix of similarities. In alternative to provide the exogenous variables, the
matrix of similarities can be directly provided. This allow to customize the
estimation of the similarities.
inclusion If inclusion = TRUE the unit under analysis is included in the reference set. So,
no super efficient scores are allowed. By default inclusion = FALSE.
print If print = TRUE the number of the unit under evaluation is printed. In case
of large sample the function could require some time, so it could be useful to
control how many units have already been evaluated and which one still have to
be evaluated. By default print = FALSE.

Value
If the parameter alpha is specified, the function returns a data frame with three numeric columns.
The first column is the vector representing the conditional DEA scores (eff); the second column is
the vector representing the lower bound of the condifence interval (ci_low); the third column is the
vector representing the upper bound of the confidence interval (Ci_up). If alpha is not specified, the
functions returns only the first column of the data frame (eff).

Examples
#Example with a very small sample to decrease computational time.
x1 <-runif(50, 50, 75)
x2 <-runif(50, 30, 75)
x <- cbind(x1, x2)
e <- rnorm(50, 0, 36)
a1 <- 0.4
a2 <- 0.6
y <- a1*x1 + a2*x2 + e
z <- ifelse(rnorm(50, 0, 1)>0, 1, 0)

#Conditional DEA
c_DEA <- conditional_DEA(input = x, output = y, exogenous = z,
m = 30, B = 50,
RTS = "crs", ORIENTATION = "in")
summary(c_DEA$eff)

#Example with bigger sample

x1 <-runif(100, 50, 75)
x2 <-runif(100, 30, 75)
x <- cbind(x1, x2)
a1 <- 0.4
a2 <- 0.6
y <- a1*x1 + a2*x2
z <- ifelse(rnorm(100, 0, 1)>0, 1, 0)
6 graph1_m_BOD

#Conditional DEA
c_DEA <- conditional_DEA(input = x, output = y, exogenous = z,
m = 30, B = 50,
RTS = "crs", ORIENTATION = "in")
summary(c_DEA$eff)

graph1_m_BOD Graph to select m

Description
This function allows to draw a graph that relates the number of super efficient units and the choice
of m

Usage
graph1_m_BOD(
output,
mseries,
B,
RTS = "crs",
ORIENTATION = "in",
check = c(1),
col = c("black"),
print = TRUE
)

Arguments
output matrix (or vector) of indicators along which the units are evaluated.
mseries vector containing the different values of f that needed to be tested.
B number of bootstrap replicates
RTS For more details see the dea function in the package Benchmarking. Text string
or a number defining the underlying DEA technology / returns to scale assump-
tion. 0 fdh Free disposability hull, no convexity assumption 1 vrs Variable re-
turns to scale, convexity and free disposability 2 drs Decreasing returns to scale,
convexity, down-scaling and free disposability 3 crs Constant returns to scale,
convexity and free disposability 4 irs Increasing returns to scale, (up-scaling, but
not down-scaling), convexity and free disposability 5 irs2 Increasing returns to
scale (up-scaling, but not down-scaling), additivity, and free disposability 6 add
Additivity (scaling up and down, but only with integers), and free disposabil-
ity; also known af replicability and free disposability, the free disposability and
replicability hull (frh) – no convexity assumption 7 fdh+ A combination of free
disposability and restricted or local constant return to scale 10 vrs+ As vrs, but
with restrictions on the individual lambdas via param
graph1_m_BOD 7

ORIENTATION For more details see the dea function in the package Benchmarking. Input ef-
ficiency "in" (1), output efficiency "out" (2), and graph efficiency "graph" (3).
For use with DIRECT, an additional option is "in-out" (0).
check vector containing the values of the thresholds to be considered to define the
superefficient units
col vector containing the colors. the vector col must contain the same number of
element of the vector check.
print If print = TRUE the number of the unit under evaluation is printed. In case
of large sample the function could require some time, so it could be useful to
control how many units have already been evaluated and which one still have to
be evaluated. By default print = FALSE.

Value

This function return a plot, representing the percentage of super-efficient units for the different
values of m. A unit is defined as super-efficient if it gets a value higher than a certain treshold
(normally 1) in the robust analysis. Each line of the plot represent different values of the tresholds.

Examples

#Example with a very small sample to decrease computational time.

y1 <-runif(20, 50, 75)
y2 <-runif(20, 30, 75)
y <- cbind(y1, y2)

check <- c(1, 1.05, 1.5)

colors <- c("black", "red", "blue")

graph1_m_BOD(output = y, mseries = c(5, 10, 15),

B = 50, RTS = "crs", ORIENTATION = "in",
check = check, col = colors)

#An example with a larger sample size.

x1 <-runif(100, 50, 75)
x2 <-runif(100, 30, 75)
x <- cbind(x1, x2)
y <- cbind(x+runif(100, -10, 0), rnorm(100, 15, 4))

graph1_m_BOD(output = y,
mseries = c(20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80),
B = 50,
RTS = "crs", ORIENTATION = "in",
check = c(1, 1.05, 1.2, 1.5),
col = c("black", "red", "blue", "green"))
8 graph1_m_DEA

graph1_m_DEA Graph to select m

Description
This function allows to draw a graph that relates the number of super efficient units and the choice
of m

Usage
graph1_m_DEA(
input,
output,
mseries,
B,
RTS = "crs",
ORIENTATION = "in",
check = c(1),
col = c("black"),
print = TRUE
)

Arguments
input matrix (or vector) of inputs along which the units are evaluated.
output matrix (or vector) of outputs along which the units are evaluated.
mseries vector containing the different values of f that needed to be tested.
B number of bootstrap replicates
RTS For more details see the dea function in the package Benchmarking. Text string
or a number defining the underlying DEA technology / returns to scale assump-
tion. 0 fdh Free disposability hull, no convexity assumption 1 vrs Variable re-
turns to scale, convexity and free disposability 2 drs Decreasing returns to scale,
convexity, down-scaling and free disposability 3 crs Constant returns to scale,
convexity and free disposability 4 irs Increasing returns to scale, (up-scaling, but
not down-scaling), convexity and free disposability 5 irs2 Increasing returns to
scale (up-scaling, but not down-scaling), additivity, and free disposability 6 add
Additivity (scaling up and down, but only with integers), and free disposabil-
ity; also known af replicability and free disposability, the free disposability and
replicability hull (frh) – no convexity assumption 7 fdh+ A combination of free
disposability and restricted or local constant return to scale 10 vrs+ As vrs, but
with restrictions on the individual lambdas via param
ORIENTATION For more details see the dea function in the package Benchmarking. Input ef-
ficiency "in" (1), output efficiency "out" (2), and graph efficiency "graph" (3).
For use with DIRECT, an additional option is "in-out" (0).
check vector containing the values of the thresholds to be considered to define the
superefficient units
graph1_m_DEA 9

col vector containing the colors. the vector col must contain the same number of
element of the vector check.
print If print = TRUE the number of the unit under evaluation is printed. In case
of large sample the function could require some time, so it could be useful to
control how many units have already been evaluated and which one still have to
be evaluated. By default print = FALSE.

Value

This function return a plot, representing the percentage of super-efficient units for the different
values of m. A unit is defined as super-efficient if it gets a value higher than a certain treshold
(normally 1) in the robust analysis. Each line of the plot represent different values of the tresholds.

Examples

#Example with a very small sample to decrease computational time.

x1 <-runif(20, 50, 75)
x2 <-runif(20, 30, 75)
x <- cbind(x1, x2)
e <- rnorm(20, 0, 36)
a1 <- 0.4
a2 <- 0.6
y <- a1*x1 + a2*x2 + e

check <- c(1, 1.05, 1.5)

colors <- c("black", "red", "blue")

graph1_m_DEA(input = x, output = y, mseries = c(5, 10, 15, 20),

B = 50, RTS = "crs", ORIENTATION = "in",
check = check, col = colors)

#An example with a larger sample size.

x1 <-runif(100, 50, 75)
x2 <-runif(100, 30, 75)
x <- cbind(x1, x2)
y <- cbind(x+runif(100, -10, 0), rnorm(100, 15, 4))

check <- c(1, 1.05, 1.2, 1.5)

colors <- c("black", "red", "blue", "green")

graph1_m_DEA(input = x, output = y, mseries = c(20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80),
B = 50, RTS = "crs", ORIENTATION = "in",
check = check,
col = colors)
10 graph2_m_BOD

graph2_m_BOD Graph to select m

Description

This function allows to draw a graph that relates the average efficiency score and the choice of m

Usage

graph2_m_BOD(output, mseries, B, RTS = "crs", ORIENTATION = "in", print = TRUE)

Arguments

output matrix (or vector) of indicators along which the units are evaluated.
mseries vector containing the different values of m that needed to be tested.
B number of bootstrap replicates
RTS For more details see the dea function in the package Benchmarking. Text string
or a number defining the underlying DEA technology / returns to scale assump-
tion. 0 fdh Free disposability hull, no convexity assumption 1 vrs Variable re-
turns to scale, convexity and free disposability 2 drs Decreasing returns to scale,
convexity, down-scaling and free disposability 3 crs Constant returns to scale,
convexity and free disposability 4 irs Increasing returns to scale, (up-scaling, but
not down-scaling), convexity and free disposability 5 irs2 Increasing returns to
scale (up-scaling, but not down-scaling), additivity, and free disposability 6 add
Additivity (scaling up and down, but only with integers), and free disposabil-
ity; also known af replicability and free disposability, the free disposability and
replicability hull (frh) – no convexity assumption 7 fdh+ A combination of free
disposability and restricted or local constant return to scale 10 vrs+ As vrs, but
with restrictions on the individual lambdas via param
ORIENTATION For more details see the dea function in the package Benchmarking. Input ef-
ficiency "in" (1), output efficiency "out" (2), and graph efficiency "graph" (3).
For use with DIRECT, an additional option is "in-out" (0).
print If print = TRUE the number of the unit under evaluation is printed. In case
of large sample the function could require some time, so it could be useful to
control how many units have already been evaluated and which one still have to
be evaluated. By default print = FALSE.

Value

This function return a plot representing the average score from the robust analysis for the different
values of m chosen.
graph2_m_DEA 11

Examples
#Example with a very small sample to decrease computational time.
y1 <-runif(20, 50, 75)
y2 <-runif(20, 30, 75)
y <- cbind(y1, y2)

graph2_m_BOD(output = y, mseries = c(5, 10, 15), B = 50,

RTS = "crs", ORIENTATION = "in")

#An example with a larger sample size.

y1 <-runif(100, 50, 75)
y2 <-runif(100, 30, 75)
y <- cbind(y1, y2)

graph2_m_BOD(output = y,
mseries = c(20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80),
B = 50, RTS = "crs", ORIENTATION = "in")

graph2_m_DEA Graph to select m

Description
This function allows to draw a graph that relates the average efficiency score and the choice of m

Usage
graph2_m_DEA(
input,
output,
mseries,
B,
RTS = "crs",
ORIENTATION = "in",
print = TRUE
)

Arguments
input matrix (or vector) of inputs along which the units are evaluated.
output matrix (or vector) of outputs along which the units are evaluated.
mseries vector containing the different values of m that needed to be tested.
B number of bootstrap replicates
12 graph2_m_DEA

RTS For more details see the dea function in the package Benchmarking. Text string
or a number defining the underlying DEA technology / returns to scale assump-
tion. 0 fdh Free disposability hull, no convexity assumption 1 vrs Variable re-
turns to scale, convexity and free disposability 2 drs Decreasing returns to scale,
convexity, down-scaling and free disposability 3 crs Constant returns to scale,
convexity and free disposability 4 irs Increasing returns to scale, (up-scaling, but
not down-scaling), convexity and free disposability 5 irs2 Increasing returns to
scale (up-scaling, but not down-scaling), additivity, and free disposability 6 add
Additivity (scaling up and down, but only with integers), and free disposabil-
ity; also known af replicability and free disposability, the free disposability and
replicability hull (frh) – no convexity assumption 7 fdh+ A combination of free
disposability and restricted or local constant return to scale 10 vrs+ As vrs, but
with restrictions on the individual lambdas via param
ORIENTATION For more details see the dea function in the package Benchmarking. Input ef-
ficiency "in" (1), output efficiency "out" (2), and graph efficiency "graph" (3).
For use with DIRECT, an additional option is "in-out" (0).
print If print = TRUE, the number of the unit under evaluation is printed. In case
of large sample the function could require some time, so it could be useful to
control how many units have already been evaluated and which one still have to
be evaluated. By default print = FALSE.

Value
This function return a plot representing the average score from the robust analysis for the different
values of m chosen.

Examples
#Example with a very small sample to decrease computational time.
x1 <-runif(20, 50, 75)
x2 <-runif(20, 30, 75)
x <- cbind(x1, x2)
e <- rnorm(20, 0, 36)
a1 <- 0.4
a2 <- 0.6
y <- a1*x1 + a2*x2 + e

graph2_m_DEA(input = x, output = y, mseries = c(5, 10, 15, 20),

B = 50, RTS = "crs", ORIENTATION = "in")

#An example with a larger sample size.

x1 <-runif(100, 50, 75)
x2 <-runif(100, 30, 75)
x <- cbind(x1, x2)
y <- cbind(x+runif(100, -10, 0), rnorm(100, 15, 4))

graph2_m_DEA(input = x, output = y,
mseries = c(20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80), B = 50,
RTS = "crs", ORIENTATION = "in")
robust_BOD 13

robust_BOD Robust BOD function

Description
This function allows to compute Robust BOD scores.

Usage
robust_BOD(
output,
m,
B,
alpha = FALSE,
RTS = "CRS",
ORIENTATION = "in",
inclusion = FALSE,
print = FALSE
)

Arguments
output matrix (or vector) of indicators along which the units are evaluated.
m number of unit to be included in the reference set
B number of bootstrap replicates
alpha This allow to choose the size of the Confidence Intervals computed. By defaulta
alpha = FALSE. In this case no confidence interval are computed
RTS Default = "CRS". For more details see the dea function in the package Bench-
marking. Text string or a number defining the underlying DEA technology / re-
turns to scale assumption. 0 fdh Free disposability hull, no convexity assumption
1 vrs Variable returns to scale, convexity and free disposability 2 drs Decreas-
ing returns to scale, convexity, down-scaling and free disposability 3 crs Con-
stant returns to scale, convexity and free disposability 4 irs Increasing returns
to scale, (up-scaling, but not down-scaling), convexity and free disposability 5
irs2 Increasing returns to scale (up-scaling, but not down-scaling), additivity,
and free disposability 6 add Additivity (scaling up and down, but only with inte-
gers), and free disposability; also known af replicability and free disposability,
the free disposability and replicability hull (frh) – no convexity assumption 7
fdh+ A combination of free disposability and restricted or local constant return
to scale 10 vrs+ As vrs, but with restrictions on the individual lambdas via param
ORIENTATION Default = "in". For more details see the dea function in the package Benchmark-
ing. Input efficiency "in" (1), output efficiency "out" (2), and graph efficiency
"graph" (3). For use with DIRECT, an additional option is "in-out" (0).
14 robust_DEA

inclusion If inclusion = TRUE the unit under analysis is included in the reference set. So,
no super efficient scores are allowed. By default inclusion = FALSE.
print If print = TRUE the number of the unit under evaluation is printed. In case
of large sample the function could require some time, so it could be useful to
control how many units have already been evaluated and which one still have to
be evaluated. By default print = FALSE.

Value

If the parameter alpha is specified, the function returns a data frame with three numeric columns.
The first column is the vector representing the robust BOD scores (eff); the second column is the
vector representing the lower bound of the condifence interval (ci_low); the third column is the
vector representing the upper bound of the confidence interval (Ci_up). If alpha is not specified, the
functions returns only the first column of the data frame (eff).

Examples
#Example with a very small sample to decrease computational time.
y1 <-runif(50, 50, 75)
y2 <-runif(50, 30, 75)
y <- cbind(y1, y2)

#Robust BOD
r_BOD <- robust_BOD(output = y, m = 30, B = 50,
RTS = "crs", ORIENTATION = "in", print = TRUE)
summary(r_BOD$eff)

## Not run: #Example with random data x and y

y1 <-runif(100, 50, 75)
y2 <-runif(100, 30, 75)
y <- cbind(y1, y2)

#Robust BOD
r_BOD <- robust_BOD(output = y, m = 30, B = 50,
RTS = "crs", ORIENTATION = "in", print = TRUE)
summary(r_BOD$eff)
## End(Not run)

robust_DEA Robust Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)

Description

This function allows to compute Robust DEA scores.

robust_DEA 15

Usage

robust_DEA(
input,
output,
m,
B,
RTS = "crs",
ORIENTATION = "in",
alpha = FALSE,
inclusion = FALSE,
print = FALSE
)

Arguments

input matrix (or vector) of inputs along which the units are evaluated.
output matrix (or vector) of outputs along which the units are evaluated.
m number of unit to be included in the reference set
B number of bootstrap replicates
RTS For more details see the dea function in the package Benchmarking. Text string
or a number defining the underlying DEA technology / returns to scale assump-
tion. 0 fdh Free disposability hull, no convexity assumption 1 vrs Variable re-
turns to scale, convexity and free disposability 2 drs Decreasing returns to scale,
convexity, down-scaling and free disposability 3 crs Constant returns to scale,
convexity and free disposability 4 irs Increasing returns to scale, (up-scaling, but
not down-scaling), convexity and free disposability 5 irs2 Increasing returns to
scale (up-scaling, but not down-scaling), additivity, and free disposability 6 add
Additivity (scaling up and down, but only with integers), and free disposabil-
ity; also known af replicability and free disposability, the free disposability and
replicability hull (frh) – no convexity assumption 7 fdh+ A combination of free
disposability and restricted or local constant return to scale 10 vrs+ As vrs, but
with restrictions on the individual lambdas via param
ORIENTATION For more details see the dea function in the package Benchmarking. Input ef-
ficiency "in" (1), output efficiency "out" (2), and graph efficiency "graph" (3).
For use with DIRECT, an additional option is "in-out" (0).
alpha This allow to choose the size of the Confidence Intervals computed. By defaulta
alpha = FALSE. In this case no confidence interval are computed
inclusion If inclusion = TRUE the unit under analysis is included in the reference set. So,
no super efficient scores are allowed. By default inclusion = FALSE.
print If print = TRUE the number of the unit under evaluation is printed. In case
of large sample the function could require some time, so it could be useful to
control how many units have already been evaluated and which one still have to
be evaluated. By default print = FALSE.
16 robust_DEA

Value
If the parameter alpha is specified, the function returns a data frame with three numeric columns.
The first column is the vector representing the robust DEA scores (eff); the second column is the
vector representing the lower bound of the condifence interval (ci_low); the third column is the
vector representing the upper bound of the confidence interval (Ci_up). If alpha is not specified, the
functions returns only the first column of the data frame (eff).

Examples
#Example with a very small sample to decrease computational time.
x1 <-runif(50, 50, 75)
x2 <-runif(50, 30, 75)
x <- cbind(x1, x2)
e <- rnorm(50, 0, 36)
a1 <- 0.4
a2 <- 0.6
y <- a1*x1 + a2*x2 + e

#Robust DEA
r_DEA <- robust_DEA(input = x, output = y, m = 20, B = 50,
RTS = "crs", ORIENTATION = "in", print = TRUE)
summary(r_DEA$eff)

#Example with random data x and y

x1 <-runif(100, 50, 75)
x2 <-runif(100, 30, 75)
x <- cbind(x1, x2)
y <- cbind(x+runif(100, -10, 0), rnorm(100, 15, 4))

#Robust DEA
r_DEA <- robust_DEA(input = x, output = y, m = 30, B = 40,
RTS = "crs", ORIENTATION = "in", print = TRUE)
summary(r_DEA$eff)
Index

∗ Conditional Benefit of the Doubt

conditional_BOD, 2
∗ Conditional Data Envelopment Analysis
conditional_DEA, 4
∗ Robust Benefit of the Doubt (BOD)
robust_BOD, 13
∗ Robust Data Envelopment Analysis
robust_DEA, 14

conditional_BOD, 2
conditional_DEA, 4

graph1_m_BOD, 6
graph1_m_DEA, 8
graph2_m_BOD, 10
graph2_m_DEA, 11

robust_BOD, 13
robust_DEA, 14

17