B EN GA LU R U , INDIA

SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

MODERN DATABASES LAB

BT20EF0508

for

Fifth Semester
B.Tech in Computer Science and Engineering
(Prepared in AUG-2022)

Name

SRN

Branch

Semester

Section

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Academic Year

INDEX
SL. No Contents Page. no
3
1 Lab Objectives

3
2 Lab Outcomes

4
3 Lab Requirements

5
4 Guidelines to Students

6
5 Introduction to Database, oracle & SQL

20
6 List of Lab Exercises

23
7 Solutions for Lab Exercises

23
1 Product Order Database

DML Commands 41
2

58
3 Employee Database System

69
8 List of Lab Queries

70
9 Solutions for Lab Assignment Exercise I:

75
10 List of Viva Questions

Learning Resources and References 76

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 List of Experiments

No Title of the Experiment Tools and Expected Skill

Techniques /Ability

Part-A

a) Product - Order System SQL / Oracle Create and

perform
In recent years, most of the grocery items are
operations.
available online; hence people are doing online
transactions for purchase. There are lot of
discounts and benefits through the online
orders. Since everyone in the life is busy with
one or other works, such applications will save
their time.

These online transaction based applications

require many databases to be built for storage
and transaction management. Design a product-
order database which can store the details of
customers, agents and the products. All the
1. details of sold products along with commission
from different agents across different cities

will get stored in this database and utilized for

transactions.

To create DDL commands

Customer (cid, cname, city, discount)

Agent (aid, aname, city, commission)

Product (pid, pname, city, quantity, price)

Orders (ordno, month, cid, aid, pid, qty,

amount)

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 SQL / Oracle Create and
perform
operations on
b)To practice with the DML Commands Tuples

a) Queries SQL / Oracle Create and

perform
operations.
a. Retrieve the customer ids of any product
which has been ordered by agent "a06".

b. Retrieve cities in which customers or agents

located.

c. List product ids which have been ordered by

agents from the cities “Dargeling” or “Srinagar”.

d. Retrieve customer ids whose discounts are

less than the maximum discount.

e. Retrieve product ids ordered by at least two

customers.

2 f. For each (aid, pid) pair get the sum of the

orders aid has placed for pid.

g. Retrieve product ids and total quantity

ordered for each product when the total
exceeds 1000.

h. List the names of the customers and agent

who

placed an order through that agent.

i. Retrieve order numbers placed by customers

in

"Dargeling" through agents in "New Delhi".

j. Retrieve names of the customers who have

the same discount as that of any (one) of the
customers in "Dargeling" or "Bangalore".

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 b) Queries SQL / Oracle Create and
perform
operations
a. Retrieve customer ids with smaller
discounts than every customer from "
Srinagar”
b. Retrieve names of the customers who
have placed an order through agent
"a05". (usingexists) m. Retrieve names of
the customers who do not place orders
through agent "a05". (using not exists) n.
Retrieve customer ids whose orders
placed through all the agents in "New
Delhi".
c. Retrieve agent ids either from "New
Delhi" or
d. "Srinagar" who place orders for ALL
products priced over one dollar.
e. Retrieve names and ids of the customers
and agents along with total dollar sales
for that pair. Order the result from
largest to smallest total sales. Also retain
only those pairs for which total dollar
sales is at least 9000.00.
f. Increase the percent commission by 50%
for all agents in "New York".
g. Retrieve the total quantity that has been
placed for each product.
3. a) Employee Database System SQL / SQL Server Create and
perform
Design a company database which can store the
operations
details of Departments, projects, their Employee
and his / her dependent details of a particular
organization.

To create DDL command for the following:

Employee (ssn, name, salary, sex, super_ssn,

address,dno)

Department (dname, dnumber,mgr_ssn)

Dept_Loc ( dnumber, dloc)

Project (pname, pnumber, plocation, dnum)

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 Works_On(essn, pno, hours)

Dependent (essn, depen_name, address,

relationship,sex)

b) Queries SQL / SQL Server

a. Retrieve the names of the Employees who

works on all the projects controlled by dept no
3.

b. Retrieve the names of the Employees who

gets

second highest salary.

c. Retrieve the names of the Employees who

have no dependents in alphabetical order.

d. List the names of all Employees with at least

two dependents.

e. Retrieve the number of Employees and their

average salary working in each Department.

f. Retrieve the highest salary paid in each

Department in descending order.

g. Retrieve the SSN of all Employees who work

on at least one of the project numbers 1, 2, 3.

h. Retrieve the number of dependents for an

Employee named RAM.

i. Retrieve the names of the managers working

in

location named xyz who has no female

dependents.

j. Retrieve the names of the Employees who

works in the same Department as that of RAM.

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4 Create an employee database with the fields: {eid, MongoDB Create and
ename, dept, desig, salary, yoj, address {dno, perform
street, locality, city}} operations

Create a Book Data Base with the fields: (ISBN, Create and
MongoDB
bname, author [], year, publisher, price) use Book. perform
5.
operations

6. Create a Food Database with the fields: (food id, Create and
food cat, food name, chef name[ ], price, perform
MongoDB
ingredients [], hotel name, hotel address {no, operations
street, locality, city})

Part-B - Mini Project E-Commerce Management System

In this modern era of online shopping no seller MySQL: Draw the E-R
wants to be left behind, moreover due to its diagram and to
simplicity the shift from offline selling model to perform its
an online selling model is witnessing a rampant SQL commands operations.
growth. Therefore, as an engineer our job is to PL/SQL Triggers
ease the path of this transition for the seller.
Amongst many things that an online site Implementation:
requires the most important is a database o Creating tables
system. Hence in this project we are planning to o Inserting data
design a database where small clothing sellers
can sell their product online.
Queries

Modules:
Basic queries

User

Add user PL/SQL

Delete user

Search user Trigger

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 Modify user function

Transaction

Place order

Deliver the order

View the transactions

Product

Add product

Delete product

Search product

View product

 A new user can register on the website.

• A customer can see details of the product

present in the cart

• A customer can view his order history.

• Admin can start a sale with certain discount on

every product.

• Customer can filter the product based on the

product details.

• A customer can add or delete a product from

the cart.

• A seller can unregister/ stop selling his

product.

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 • A seller/ customer can update his details.

• Admin can view the products purchased on

particular date.

• Admin can view number of products sold on a

particular date.

• A customer can view the total price of product

present in the cart unpurchased.

• Admin can view details of customer who have

not purchased anything.

• Admin can view total profit earned from the

website.

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1. Lab Objectives:

The objectives of this course are to:

1. Explain database applications, data models, schemas and instances.

2. Demonstrate the use of constraints and relational algebra operations.
3. Emphasize the importance of normalization in databases.
4. Familiarize issues of concurrency control and transaction management

2. Lab Outcomes:

On successful completion of this course; student shall be able to:

 Analyze the requirements of a given database problem and design viable ERModels.

 Create database schemas, select and apply suitable integrity constraints for querying
databases using SQL interface.

 Apply DDL, DML commands on different database schema.

 Develop database applications such as Product Order System, Employee Database System
using modern tools(mongoDB).

 Develop and interpret PL/SQL blocks to centralize database applications for

maintainability and reusability.

 Design and develop database application based on real life problem to address societal
issues using various database management tools.

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3. Lab Requirements:

Following are the required hardware and software for this lab, which is available in the laboratory.

 Hardware: Desktop system or Virtual machine in a cloud with OS installed. Presently in the
Lab, Pentium IV Processor having 1 GB RAM and 250 GB Hard Disk is available. Desktop
systems are dual boot having Windows as well as Linux OS installed on them.

 Software: The DBMS packages that fall in this category are as follows:

o Oracle ( follows 7 rules )

o DB2 ( follows 9 rules )
o Ingress ( follows 10 rules )
o Sybase ( follows 9 rules )

Log Into Oracle

Microsoft Windows

Under Windows environment, the Oracle client is called SQL*Plus.The following are Steps for logging
into the SQL.

Steps: 1. Click Start, and then click Run.

2. Type sqlplus, and fill in the username, password, and database name
3. After you log in to SQL*Plus, you see the following message:
Connected to: Oracle10g Enterprise Edition Release 9.1.7.0.0 - Production
JServer Release 9.1.7.0.0 – Production and you should receive the prompt:

Creating user: Create user <yourName> identified by <Password>;

Where <yourName> is again your login name, and <Password> is the password you would like to use in
the future. This command, like all other SQL commands, should be terminated with a semicolon.

Changing Your Password : In response to the SQL> prompt, type

Alter user <username> identified by <Password>;

where <username> is again your login name, and <Password> is the password you would like to use in
the future. This command, like all other SQL commands, should be terminated with a semicolon.

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4. Guidelines to Students

 Equipment in the lab for the use of student community. Students need to maintain a
proper decorum in the computer lab. Students must use the equipment with care.
Any damage is caused is punishable.

 Students are required to carry their observation / programs book with completed
exercises while entering the lab.

 Students are supposed to occupy the machines allotted to them and are not supposed
to talk or make noise in the lab. The allocation is put up on the lab notice board.

 Lab can be used in free time / lunch hours by the students who need to use the
systems should take prior permission from the lab in-charge.

 Lab records need to be submitted on or before date of submission.

 Students are not supposed to use flash drives.

 In C3 exam one Data base application will be asked and the set of some queries will
be given in the final exam and evaluated for 50 marks and scale down to 25 marks.

5. Introduction to Database, Oracle and SQL

Database

A group of tables with related data in them are called database.

Database Management System

DBMS consists of a collection of interrelated data and a set of programs to manage these
data.

Data Model

Structure of database is defined by data model.

Different data models are as follows:

o Object Oriented model

o Relational model
o Network model
o Hierarchical model

Relational model

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 o Relational model uses a collection of tables to represent both data and relationship among
those tables.
o Most database management systems are based on the relational model.
o RDBMS follows codd’s rules.
o There are 12 rules specified by E.F. Codd that must be satisfied by adatabase package for
being an RDBMS.

SQL * Plus

SQL *Plus enables you to manipulate SQL commands and PL/SQL blocks, and to perform
many additional tasks as well. Through SQL *Plus, you can

o Enter, edit, store, retrieve, and SQL commands and PL/SQL blocks.
o Format, perform calculations on, store, and print query results in the form of reports.
o List column definitions for any table.
o Access and copy data between SQL databases.
o Send messages to and accept responses from an end user.

Oracle Overview

Oracle is one the most popular Relational Database Management System (RDBMS).
Some other famous RDBMS includes Microsoft SQL Server, Sybase, MySQL, PostgreSQL, etc.
Essentially, all the aforementioned RDBMS employs Structural Query Language (SQL) as their
query interface. Users usually issue their queries by SQL through a "client". Different RDBMS
offer different forms of clients. For example, MS SQL Server offers a GUI interface for user to
type in their SQL language, and their queries would be executed after pressing the "Execute"
button on the client. Oracle provides both GUI client and command-line client. In this lesson, we
will study the command-line client, SQL*Plus. In addition, Oracle extends the standard SQL
(e.g. select * from table) with its application-specific commands (e.g. checking how many table
you have been created in your Oracle account) into a Oracle specific language called PL/SQL. In
this tutorial, you will interact with Oracle database, thru SQL*Plus, by issuing a number of
PL/SQL queries.

SQL Basics

Structured Query Language (SQL), which is an ANSI standard language for interacting with
relational databases, is the main tool for extracting the information.

A database is a representation of a real-world thing called an Entity. Examples of entities are

vehicles, Employees, customers, fish, buildings, and even things such as baseball teams. The
database stores facts about the entity in an organized framework, model, or schema. These facts
are called attributes.

An Instance is one occurrence of an entity.

Each entity must have an identifier, which is one or more attributes that make each entity instance
unique from any other instance. The identifier should contain a value that does not change.
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Examples of identifiers are student IDs, payroll numbers, or social security numbers.

Primary key - If the entity does not have an attribute that can be used as an identifier, an artificial
identifier can be created. The identifier on an entity is often called a primary key.

Foreign key - A foreign key is a set of attributes of the considered table that exists as a primary
key attributes in another table. Database records are matched (joined) through the use of primary
and foreign keys.

Normalization - Normalization is a process consisting of series of steps, which is used to group

the database attributes. The purpose of this design is to ensure that the tables within the database
are space efficient and performance efficient.

 Zero Normal Form - Each of the relations (tables) has a unique identifier (primary key).
 First Normal Form - Separate the repeating groups of attributes or multi valued attributes
into a relation of their own. Be sure to form composite keys.
 Second Normal Form - Establish full functional dependency by separating out attributes
that are not fully dependent on the full primary keys.
 Third Normal Form - Remove transitive dependencies by separating attributes that are
dependent on a non key attribute.

How SQL works

The purpose of SQL is to interface to a relational database such as Oracle, and all SQL
statements are instructions to the databases.

SQL provides commands for a variety of tasks including:

 Querying data
 Inserting, updating, and deleting rows in a table
 Creating, replacing, altering, and dropping objects
 Controlling access to the database and its objects
 Guaranteeing database consistency and integrity

Data Types
Each literal or column value manipulated by Oracle has a data type. A value’s data type associates
a fixed set of properties with the value. These properties cause Oracle to treat values of one data
types differently values of another.

Character Data types - Character data types are used to manipulate words and freeform text.
These data types are used to store character. These data types are used for character data:

 CHAR - The CHAR data type specifies a fixed length character is 1 character and
maximum allowed is 2000 character.
 NCHAR - The NCHAR data types specifies a fixed-length national character set
character string. The maximum column size allowed is 2000 bytes.

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  NVARCHAR2 - The NVARCHAR2 data type specifies variable-length national
character string. The maximum column size allowed is 4000 bytes.
 VARCHAR2 - The VARCHAR2 data type specifies a variable length character string.
The maximum length of VARCHAR2 data is 4000 bytes.

Number Data type - The NUMBER data type is used to store zero, positive and negative fixed
and floating point numbers with magnitudes

Floating Point Numbers - A floating point value either can have a decimal point anywhere from
the first to the last digit or can omit the decimal point altogether.

Long Data type - LONG columns store variable length variable length character strings
containing up to 2 gigabytes, or 231 -1 bytes. LONG data type is subject to some restrictions
which are:

o A table cannot contain more than one LONG column.

o LONG columns cannot appear in integrity constraints.
o LONG columns cannot be indexed.

Also, LONG columns cannot appear in certain parts of SQL statements:

 WHERE, GROUP BY, or CONNECT BY clause or with the DISTINCT operator in

SELECT statements.
 UNIQUE clause of a SELECT statement.
 Select list of queries containing GROUP BY clauses.
 Select list of sub queries or queries combined by set operators.

DATE Data type - The DATE data types is used to store date and time information.

Operators - All the normal Arithmetic, Relational, Logical operators are used in SQL.

SQL Commands - In order to define schemas, store data, retrieve data and to make amendments
in schema and data stored in the database different types of commands are used which are:

 Data Definition Language Commands (DDL)

 Data Manipulation Language Commands (DML)
 Transaction Control Commands (TCL)
 Session Control Commands (SCL)
 System Control Commands (SCC)

Data Definition Language (DDL) commands allow you to perform these tasks:

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  Create, Alter, and Drop schema objects(CAD)
 Grant and Revoke privileges and roles
 Analyses information on a table, index, or cluster
 Establish auditing options
 Add comments to the data dictionary

Create Table Command

It defines each column of the table uniquely.

Each column has minimum of three attributes, a name , data type and size.

Syntax: Create table <table name> (<col1> <datatype>(<size>),<col2> <datatype><size>)) ;

Ex: Create table emp (empno number(4) primary key, ename char(10)) ;

Modifying the structure of tables

a) Add new columns

Syntax : Alter table <tablename> add(<new col><datatype(size),<new col>datatype(size));

Ex: Alter table emp add(sal number(7,2)) ;

b) Dropping a column from a table

Syntax: Alter table <tablename> drop column <col> ;

Ex: Alter table emp drop column sal ;

c) Modifying existing columns

Syntax: Alter table <tablename> modify (<col><newdatatype>(<newsize>)) ;

Ex: Alter table emp modify(ename varchar2(15)) ;

d) Renaming the tables

Syntax: Rename <oldtable> to <new table> ;

Ex: rename emp to emp1 ;

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Truncating the tables

Syntax: Trunc table <tablename> ;

Ex: trunc table emp1 ;

Destroying tables

Syntax: Drop table <tablename> ;

Ex: drop table emp ;

Data Manipulation Language (DML) commands query and manipulate data in existing schema
objects. These commands do not implicitly commit the current transaction.

Following are the commands:

1. Select
2. Insert
3. Delete
4. Update
5. Lock table
6. Explain Plan

Inserting Data into Tables - once a table is created the most natural thing to do is load this table
with data to be manipulated later.

Syntax: insert into <tablename> (<col1>,<col2>) values (<exp>,<exp>) ;

Delete operations

a) remove all rows

Syntax: delete from <tablename> ;

b) removal of a specified row/s

Syntax: delete from <tablename> where <condition> ;

Updating the contents of a table

a) updating all rows

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 Syntax: Update <tablename> set <col> = <exp> , <col> = <exp> ;

b) updating selected records.

Syntax:

Update<tablename>set <col> = <exp> , <col> = <exp> where <condition>;

Types of data constraints Syntax

not null constraint at column level <col> <datatype> (size) not null ;

unique constraint at column level <col> <datatype> (size) unique ;

unique constraint at table level Create table tablename (col = format, col = format,
unique ( <col1>, <col2> );

primary key constraint at column <col> <datatype> (size) primary key ;

level

primary key constraint at table level Create table tablename (col = format, col = format
primary key (col1>, <col2>) ;

foreign key constraint at column level <col> <datatype>(size>)references<tablename> [<col>];

foreign key constraint at table level foreign key (<col>[,<col>]) references <tablename>
[(<col>,<col>) ;

Check constraintn constraint at <col> <datatype> (size) check (<logical expression>) ;

column level

Check constraint constraint at table check (<logical expression>) ;

level

Transaction Control Commands manages change made by Data Manipulation Language

commands. Following are the commands:

1. Commit
2. Rollback
3. Save point
4. Set Transaction

Oracle provides extensive feature in order to safeguard information stored in its tables from
unauthorized viewing and damage. The rights that allow the user of some or all oracle resources
on the server are called privileges.

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Grant privileges using the GRANT statement

The grant statement provides various types of access to database objects such as tables, views and
sequences and so on.

Syntax: GRANT <object privileges> ON <objectname> TO <username>[WITH GRANT

OPTION];

REVOKE statement:

The REVOKE statement is used to deny the Grant given on an object.

Syntax: REVOKE <object privilege> ON FROM <user name> ;

Aggregate Functions
Aggregate functions return a single value based upon a set of other values. If used among many
other expressions in the item list of a SELECT statement, the SELECT must have a GROUP BY
clause. No GROUP BY clause is required if the aggregate function is the only value retrieved by
the SELECT statement. The supported aggregate functions and their syntax are shown in
following table.

Usage of Aggregate Functions Function Name

Computes the average value of a column by the expression Avg()

Counts the rows defined by the expression Count()
Counts all rows in the specified table or view Count all()
Finds the minimum value in a column by the expression Min()
Finds the maximum value in a column by the expression Max()
Computes the sum of column values by the expression Sum()

Syntax: Aggregate function name ( [ALL | DISTINCT] expression )

The aggregate function name may be AVG, COUNT, MAX, MIN, or SUM. The ALL clause,
which is the default behavior and does not actually need to be specified, evaluates all rows when
aggregating the value of the function. The DISTINCT clause uses only distinct values when
evaluating the function.

AVG and SUM

The AVG function computes the average of values in a column or an expression. SUM

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computes the sum. Both functions work with numeric values and ignore NULL values. They also
can be used to compute the average or sum of all distinct values of a column or expression.

AVG and SUM are supported by Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle, and
PostgreSQL.

Explanation:- The following query computes average year-to-date sales for each type of book:

SQL> SELECT type, AVG( ytd_sales ) AS "average_ytd_sales"

FROM titles GROUP BY type;

This query returns the sum of year-to-date sales for each type of book:

SQL> SELECT type, SUM ( ytd_sales )

FROM titles GROUP BY type;

COUNT

The COUNT function has three variations. COUNT (*) counts all the rows in the target table
whether they include nulls or not. COUNT (expression) computes the number of rows with non-
NULL values in a specific column or expression. COUNT (DISTINCT expression) computes the
number of distinct non-NULL values in a column or expression.

Explanation :- This query counts all rows in a table:

SQL>SELECT COUNT (*) FROM publishers;

The following query finds the number of different countries where publishers are located:

SQL>SELECT COUNT (DISTINCT country) "Count of Countries" FROM publishers

MIN and MAX

MIN (expression) and MAX (expression) find the minimum and maximum value (string,
date time, or numeric) in a set of rows. DISTINCT or ALL may be used with these functions, but
they do not affect the result.

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Explanation : The following query finds the best and worst sales for any title on record:

SELECT 'MIN' = MIN (ytd_sales), 'MAX' = MAX(ytd_sales) FROM titles;

Aggregate functions are used often in the having clause of queries with GROUP BY. The
following query selects all categories (types) of books that have an average price for all books in
the category higher than $15.00:

SQL> SELECT type 'Category', AVG( price ) 'Average Price'

FROM titles
GROUP BY type
HAVING AVG(price) > 15

CONCATENATE

SQL99 defines a concatenation operator ( || ), which joins two distinct strings into one
string value. The CONCATENATE function appends two or more strings together, producing a
single output string. Oracle support the double-pipe concatenation operator. Microsoft SQL
Server uses the plus sign (+) concatenation operator.

SQL> CONCATENATE ('string1' || 'string2')

Practicing SQL Commands with examples

Creating Tables

In SQL*Plus we can execute any SQL command. One simple type of command creates a table
(relation). The form is

CREATE TABLE <table Name> ( <list of attributes and their types> );

You may enter text on one line or on several lines. If your command runs over several lines, you
will be prompted with line numbers until you type the semicolon that ends any command.
(Warning: An empty line terminates the command but does not execute it; see editing commands
in the buffer.) An example table-creation command is:

CREATE TABLE test ( i int, s char(10) );

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Note that SQL is case insensitive, so CREATE TABLE TEST and create table test are the same.
This command creates a table named test with two attributes. The first attribute, named i, is an
integer, and the second, named s, is a character string of length (up to) 10.

Exercise 1 : Create a relation Student that suitable for the following instance:

SID NAME JOB SALARY STREAM START_AT

1 Ben Kao Associate Professor 7000 E 01-Sep-1995
2 Eric Lo Teaching Assistant 1000 E 01-Oct-2003
3 Hammer Lecturer 7000 E 11-Feb-2000

4 Angela Program Manager 6000 I 12-Dec-1999

Castro
5 Steven Chu Project Assistant 7000 I 13-Dec-2002

Note: No need to insert the data yet!

Inserting Tuples

Having created a table, we can insert tuples into it. The simplest way to insert is with the INSERT
command:

INSERT INTO <tableName> VALUES ( <list of values for attributes, in order> ) ;

For instance, we can insert the tuple (10, 'hi world') into relation test by

Ex: INSERT INTO test VALUES (10, 'hi world');

Exercise 2: Insert the records as stated into Exercise 1 into the student table.

Trick: Try to insert a record into test with the following SQL:

INSERT INTO test VALUES (11, 'ha 'world');

Updating Tuples

Tuples can be updated by the UPDATE command:

UPDATE <table Name> SET <Attribute> = <Expression / Value> WHERE <Predicate>;

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For example, we can update the tuple (10, 'hi world') in relation test by

Ex: UPDATE test SET s='bye world' WHERE i=10;

Exercise 3: Update the record of 'Eric Lo' in relation Student such that his salary change to
1234

UPDATE student set salary = 1234 where sname = ‘Eric Lo’ ;

Deleting Tuples

Having insert / update a tuple, we can delete it as well. The simplest way to delete is with the
DELETE command:

DELETE FROM <table Name> [WHERE <condition>];

<condition> is an optional statement and is used to identify a single record when necessary.

For example, you can delete the record with i=10 in table test with the the following SQL:

Ex: DELETE FROM test WHERE i=10;

Exercise 4: Delete the record of 'Eric Lo' in relation Student.

Trick: Does that record really deleted successfully? Let's check it out by using SELECT
command (we will cover it in next section).

Retrieving Tuples

We can see the tuples in a relation with the command:

SELECT <attributes-separated-by-comma> FROM <tableName>;

For instance, after the above CREATE, INSERT DELETE and UPDATE statements, the
command

SELECT * FROM test;

produces the result

IS
11 ha 'world

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Exercise 5: Select ALL records from relation Student.

Question: Do data values also case insensitive? i.e., can a student with name "Hammer" be
retrieved by the following SQL or not?

Select name from StudenT where name ='hammer';

Commit and Rollback

An automatic commit occurs under the following circumstance:

 DDL statement is issued

 Normal exit from SQL*Plus, without explicitly issuing COMMIT or ROLLBACK

An automatic rollback occurs under an abnormal termination of SQL*Plus or a system failure.

It provides a good back-door for you to revert the changes you have done on the data. Therefore,
unless you have issued COMMIT, the changed data would not be visible to any other session
except your own. Conversely, you can rollback all the changes by issuing the ROLLBACK
command.

Exercise 6: Issue the COMMIT command in the SQL*Plus that you have done
insert/delete/update before, and see if the effect is now visible by the new SQL*Plus?

Dropping Tables

To remove a table from your database, execute

DROP TABLE <table Name>;

We suggest you execute

DROP TABLE test;

Caution: Table dropping is a DML statement, which is an action that you cannot rollback. Since
dropping a table will also delete all data in that table, issue the DROP TABLE command with
cares.

Getting Information about Your Database

The system keeps information about your own database in certain system tables. The most
important for now is USER_TABLES. You can recall the names of your tables by issuing the
query:

School of Computing and Information Technology Page 24

 SELECT TABLE_NAME FROM USER_TABLES;

More information about your tables is available from USER_TABLES. To see all the attributes of
USER_TABLES, try:

SELECT * FROM USER_TABLES;

It is also possible to recall the attributes of a table once you know its name. Issue the command:

DESC <tableName>; to view the schema of <tableName>;

School of Computing and Information Technology Page 25

Data Types

Here is part of the data types that are supported by Oracle.

Data Type Description

VARCHAR2 Variable-length character data (a maximum size must be specified: Minimum size
(size) is 1; maximum size is 4000)

Fixed-length character data of length size bytes (default and minimum size is 1;
CHAR [(size)]
maximum size is 2000)

Number having precision p and scale s (The precision is the total number of
NUMBER decimal digits, and the scale is the number of digits to the right of the decimal
[(p,s)] point; the precision can range from 1 to 38 and the scale can range from -84 to
127)

Date and time values to the nearest second between January 1, 4712 B.C., and
DATE
December 31, 9999 A.D.

Creating Tables with Keys

To create a table that declares attribute a to be a primary key:

CREATE TABLE <tableName> (..., a <type> PRIMARY KEY, b, ...);

To create a table that declares the set of attributes (a,b,c) to be a primary key:

CREATE TABLE <tableName> (<attrs and their types>, PRIMARY KEY (a,b,c));

School of Computing and Information Technology Page 26

6. List of Lab Exercises

SL. Name of the Program PAGE

NO NO.
I Product - Order System 23
In recent years, most of the grocery items are available online; hence people are
doing online transactions for purchase. There are lot of discounts and benefits
through the online orders. Since everyone in the life is busy with one or other
works, such applications will save their time.
These online transaction-based applications require many databases to be built
for storage and transaction management. Design a product-order database which
can store the details of customers, agents and the products. All the details of sold
products along with commission from different agents across different cities will
get stored in this database and utilized for transactions.

Customer (cid, cname, city, discount)

Agent (aid, aname, city, commission)
Product (pid, pname, city, quantity, price)
Orders (ordno, month, cid, aid, pid, qty, amount)
II Queries
a. Retrieve the customer ids of any product which has been ordered by agent
"a06".
b. Retrieve cities in which customers or agents located.
c. List product ids which have been ordered by agents from the cities
“Dargeling” or “Srinagar”.
d. Retrieve customer ids whose discounts are less than the maximum discount.
e. Retrieve product ids ordered by at least two customers.
f. For each (aid, pid) pair get the sum of the orders aid has placed for pid.
g. Retrieve product ids and total quantity ordered for each product when the
total exceeds 1000.
h. List the names of the customers and agent who placed an order through that
agent.
i. Retrieve order numbers placed by customers in "Dargeling" through agents
in "New Delhi".
j. Retrieve names of the customers who have the same discount as that of any
(one) of the customers in "Dargeling" or "Bangalore".
k. Retrieve customer ids with smaller discounts than every customer from "
Srinagar”
l. Retrieve names of the customers who have placed an order through agent
"a05". (using exists )
m. Retrieve names of the customers who do not place orders through agent
"a05". (using not exists)
n. Retrieve customer ids whose orders placed through all the agents in "New
Delhi".
o. Retrieve agent ids either from "New Delhi" or "Srinagar" who place orders
for ALL products priced over one dollar.

School of Computing and Information Technology Page 27

 p. Retrieve names and ids of the customers and agents along with total dollar
sales for that pair. Order the result from largest to smallest total sales. Also
retain only those pairs for which total dollar sales is at least 9000.00.
q. Increase the percent commission by 50% for all agents in "New York".
r. Retrieve the total quantity that has been placed for each product.

III Employee Database System 41

The storage of digital data is increasing day by day. Every big / small
organization started storing their Employee details like name, salary, address,
Department under which they are working in their own database. Design a
company database which can store the details of Departments, projects, their
Employee and his / her dependent details of a particular organization
Employee (ssn, name, salary, sex, super_ssn, address, dno)
Department (dname, dnumber,mgr_ssn)
Dept_Loc ( dnumber, dloc)
Project (pname, pnumber, plocation, dnum)
Works_On (essn, pno, hours)
Dependent (essn, depen_name, address, relationship, sex)
Queries

a. Retrieve the names of the Employees who works on all the projects
controlled by dept no 3.
b. Retrieve the names of the Employees who gets second highest salary.
c. Retrieve the names of the Employees who have no dependents in
alphabetical order.
d. List the names of all Employees with at least two dependents.
e. Retrieve the number of Employees and their average salary working in each
Department.
f. Retrieve the highest salary paid in each Department in descending order.
g. Retrieve the SSN of all Employees who work on atleast one of the project
numbers 1, 2, 3.
h. Retrieve the number of dependents for an Employee named RAM.
i. Retrieve the names of the managers working in location named xyz who has
no female dependents.
j. Retrieve the names of the Employees who works in the same Department as
that of RAM.
k. Retrieve the names of the Employees whose salary is greater than the salary
of all the Employees working in Department no 3.
l. Retrieve the names of the Employees who work for dept no 3 and have a
daughter as dependent.
m. Retrieve the names of the Employees who paid highest salary from each
Department.
n. Retrieve the names of the Employees who are paid the same salary as that of
Anil.
o. Retrieve the total the number of Employees in the ‘Research’ Department.

p. For each project, retrieve the project number, the project name, and the
number of Employees who work on that project.
School of Computing and Information Technology Page 28
 Lab Exercise 1: Product - Order database

1.1 Problem Statement

Design a product-order database which can store the details of customers, agents and the
products. All the details of sold products along with commission from different agents across
different cities will get stored in this database and utilized for transactions.

1.2 Student Learning Outcomes

After successful execution of this exercise, the student shall able to

 Design the database for all the real world applications.
 Implement aggregate functions.
 Apply set operations in database querying.

1.3 Queries with Solutions

Customer (cid, cname, city, discount)
Agent (aid, aname, city, commission)
Product (pid, pname, city, quantity, price)
Orders (ordno, month, cid, aid, pid, qty, amount)

Aim: Create the tables with the appropriate integrity constraints and Insert around 10 records
in each of the tables

SQL> Create table Customer ( cid char(4) ,cname varchar(13) not null,city varchar(20),
discount real check(discount >= 0.0 and discount <= 15.0),
primary key (cid));

Table created.

Explanation: The above command will create a new table Customer in database system with 4
columns, namely cid, cname, city and discount using not null constraint for cname and primary
key constraint for cid, discount checking with constraint as discount range+ greater than zero and
less than 15 percent.

SQL> desc customer;

OUTPUT: Name Null? Type

CID NOT NULL CHAR(4)

CNAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(13)
CITY VARCHAR2(20)
DISCOUNT FLOAT(63)

Page 29
 SQL> Create table agent (aid char(3) ,
aname varchar(13) not null,
city varchar(20),
percent number(6) check (percent >= 0 and percent <= 100),
primary key (aid));

Table created.

Explanation: The above command will create a new table agent in database system with 4
columns, namely aid, aname, city and percent using not null constraint for aname and primary
key constraint for aid, percent checking with constraint as percent range greater than or equal to
zero and less than equal to 100 percent.

SQL> desc agent;

OUTPUT: Name Null? Type

AID NOT NULL CHAR(3)

ANAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(13)
CITY VARCHAR2(20)
PERCENT NUMBER(6)

SQL>Create table product ( pid char(3),pname varchar(13) unique not null,city varchar(20),
quantity number(10) check(quantity > 0),price real check(price >
0.0),primary key (pid));
Table created.

Explanation: The above command will create a new table Product in database system with 5
columns, namely pid, pname, city , Quantity and price using not null constraint for pname and
primary key constraint for pid , price checking with constraint as range greater than zero.

SQL> desc product;

OUTPUT: Name Null? Type

PID NOT NULL CHAR(3)

PNAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(13)
CITY VARCHAR2(20)
QUANTITY NUMBER(10)
PRICE FLOAT(63)

create table order (

*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00903: invalid table name
As order is a reserved word in oracle we cant create a table with name “order” so used orders

Page 30
 SQL> Create table orders ( ordno number(6),
month char(3),
cid char(4) not null,
aid char(3) not null,
pid char(3) not null,
qty number(6) not null check(qty > 0),
ordamount float default 0.0 check(ordamount >= 0.0),
primary key (ordno),
foreign key (cid) references customer,
foreign key (aid) references agent,
foreign key (pid) references product);
Table created.

Explanation: The above command will create a new table orders in database system with 7
columns, namely ordno, month, cid ,aid, pid, Qty and ordamount and with foreign key constraint
of cid referring to customer and aid referring agent, pid referring product, ordno as primary key
and quantity with check constraint with range greater than zero .

SQL> desc order;

OUTPUT: Name Null? Type

ORDNO NOT NULL NUMBER(6)
MONTH CHAR(3)
CID NOT NULL CHAR(4)
AID NOT NULL CHAR(3)
PID NOT NULL CHAR(3)
QTY NOT NULL NUMBER(6)
DOLLARS FLOAT(126)
Insert the data into the table customer, agent , product, orders
SQL> insert into customer values (’c001’,’Sobhit’,’Darjeling’,10.00);
1 row created.
SQL>insert into customer values (’c002’,’Bhanu’,’Srinagar’,12.00);
1 row created.
SQL>insert into customer values (’c003’,’Amar’,’ Srinagar’,8.00);
1 row created.
SQL>insert into customer values (’c004’,’Anand’,’Darjeling’,8.00);
1 row created.
SQL>insert into customer values (’c005’,’Anand’,’Mumbai’,0.00);
1 row created.

NOTE: If an attempt is made to insert the same cid , as it is having primary constraint it shows
an error.

SQL> insert into customer values ('c001','Sachin','Darjeling',10.00);

1 row created.

Page 31
 SQL>insert into customer values ('c001','Sachin','Darjeling',10.00)*

ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (DBMS.SYS_C005054) violated
SQL> select * from customer;

OUTPUT: CID CNAME CITY DISCOUNT

c001 Sobhit Darjeling 10
c002 Bhanu Srinagar 12
c003 Amar Srinagar 8
c004 Anand Darjeling 8
c005 Anand Mumbai 0
SQL>insert into agent values('a01','Sonu','NewDelhi',6.00);
1 row created.
SQL>insert into agent values('a02','John','Agra',6.00);
1 row created.
SQL>insert into agent values('a03','Bhargav','Jaipur',7.00);
1 row created.
SQL>insert into agent values('a04','Gaurav','NewDelhi',6.00);
1 row created.
SQL>insert into agent values('a05','Omkar','Srinagar',5.00);
1 row created.
SQL>insert into agent values('a06','Sonu','Darjeling',5.00);
1 row created.

SQL> select * from agent;

OUTPUT: AID ANAME CITY PERCENT
a01 Sonu NewDelhi 6
a02 John Agra 6
a03 Bhargav Jaipur 7
a04 Gaurav NewDelhi 6
a05 Omkar Srinagar 5
a06 Sonu Darjeling 5
6 rows selected.
SQL>insert into product values('&PID','&PNAME','&CITY',’&QUANTITY’,’&PRICE’);
OUTPUT: PID PNAME CITY QUANTITY PRICE
--- ------------- -------------------- ---------- --------------------------
p01 comb Darjeling 100000 10
p02 brush Agra 200000 20
p03 eraser Srinagar 150000 2
p04 pen Srinagar 100000 15
p05 pencil Darjeling 170000 3
p06 folder Darjeling 180000 15
p07 Highlighter Agra 180000 20
SQL> insert into orders values ('&ordno','&month','&cid','&aid','&pid',&qty,&ordamount);
Page 32
 Enter value for ordno: 1011
Enter value for month: jan
Enter value for cid: c001
Enter value for aid: a01
Enter value for pid: p01
Enter value for qty: 1000
Enter value for ordamount: 9400

old 1: insert into orders values ('&ordno','&month','&cid','&aid','&pid',&qty,&ordamount)

new 1: insert into orders values ('1011','jan','c001','a01','p01',1000,9400)
1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for ordno: 1012
Enter value for month: jan
Enter value for cid: c001
Enter value for aid: a01
Enter value for pid: p01
Enter value for qty: 1000
Enter value for ordamount: 9400

SQL> select * from orders;

OUTPUT: ORDNO MON CID AID PID QTY ORDAMOUNT
1011 jan c001 a01 p01 1000 9400
1012 jan c001 a01 p01 1000 9400
1013 jan c002 a03 p03 1000 1860
1014 jan c003 a03 p05 1200 3348
1015 jan c003 a03 p05 1200 3348
1016 jan c005 a01 p01 1000 9400
1017 feb c001 a02 p02 400 7520
1018 feb c001 a03 p04 600 2232
1019 feb c001 a02 p02 400 7520
1020 feb c005 a03 p07 600 11160
1021 feb c004 a06 p01 1000 9500
1022 mar c001 a05 p06 400 5700
1023 mar c001 a04 p05 500 1410
1024 mar c005 a06 p01 800 7600
1025 Apr c001 a05 p07 800 15200
15 ows selected.
2.a ) Retrieve the customer ids of any product which has been ordered by agent "a06".

Page 33
 SQL> select distinct p.cid from orders o, orders p where p.pid=o.pid and o.aid='a06'

Explanation: Distinct keyword gives the different values of attribute cid from table Orders and
product with the join ,pid attribute from product table and pid attribute from order table, whose
agent id is ao6.

OUTPUT: CID
c001
c004
c005
2.b) Retrieve cities in which customers or agents located.

SQL> select city from customer

union
select city from agent;

Explanation: This query retrieves the city names as the union operator helps to combine both
the tables customer and agent containing column name city and it won’t allow duplicate values.

OUTPUT: CITY
Agra
Darjeling
Jaipur
Mumbai
NewDelhi
Srinagar
6 rows selected
2.c )List product ids which have been ordered by agents from the cities “Dargeling” or
“Srinagar”.

SQL> select distinct(o.pid) from orders o ,agent a where o.aid=a.aid and

a.city in( ’Darjeling’,’Srinagar’);

Explanation: Distict helps to select the distinct values of pid attribute from order table and agent
table, and the columns aid from tables order and agents with city ‘Darjeeling’ and Srinagar using
in operator.
Or

SQL> select distinct(pid) from orders where aid in (select aid from agent where
city in( ’Darjeling’,’Srinagar’));

Explanation: Distinct selects the distinct values of pid from orders table and using in operator
to select the aid attribute from agent table with city names darjeling and Srinagar.

OUTPUT: PID
Page 34
 p01
p06
p07

2.d) Retrieve customer ids whose discounts are less than the maximum discount.

SQL> select cid from customer

where discount < ( select max(discount) from customer);

Explanation: This query gives the customer ids from customer table with condition whose
discount is less than max discount as max(discount) gives the maximum discount from customer
table.

OUTPUT: CID
c001
c003
c004
c005

2.e ) Retrieve product ids ordered by at least two customers.

SQL> select p.pid from product p
where 2 < = (select count(distinct cid) from orders
where pid = p.pid);

Explanation: This Query gives the pids from prouct table ,with condition 2<= count(distinct
cid) as count gives the no.of distinct cids from orders table and pid column from product table .

OUTPUT: PID
p01
p05
p07

2.f) For each (aid,pid) pair get the sum of the orders aid has placed for pid.

SQL> select pid, aid, sum(qty) TOTAL

from orders
group by pid, aid;

Explanation: To retrieve pid and aid attribute and the sum operator is used to return the total
sum of the qty column from orders table using group by function is used to get the result in a set
of pid and aid attributes.

OUTPUT: PID AID TOTAL

p01 a01 3000
Page 35
 p01 a06 1800
p02 a02 800
p03 a03 1000
p04 a03 600
p05 a03 2400
p05 a04 500
p06 a05 400
p07 a03 600
p07 a05 800

10 rows selected.

2.g ) Retrieve product ids and total quantity ordered for each product when the total
exceeds 1000.
SQL> select pid, aid, sum(qty) TOTAL
from orders
group by pid, aid
having suzm(qty) > 1000;

Explanation: To retrieve pid and aid attributes and the sum operator is used to return the total
sum of the qty from orders table using group by function is used to get the result in a set of pid
and aid attributes and having clause is used instead of where as condition whose sum(qty) is
greater than 1000.

OUTPUT: PID AID TOTAL

p01 a01 3000
p01 a06 1800
p05 a03 2400

2.h) List the names of the customers and agent who placed an order through that agent.

SQL> select distinct cname, aname

from customer, orders, agent
where customer.cid = orders.cid and
orders.aid = agent.aid;

Explanation: This query gives distinct values from attributes v=cname,aname from customer,
orders and agent tables with condition cid from customer table and orders and also from aid
attribute from orders and agent table.

OUTPUT: CNAME ANAME

Amar Bhargav
Anand Bhargav
Page 36
 Anand Sonu
Bhanu Bhargav
Sobhit Bhargav
Sobhit Gaurav
Sobhit John
Sobhit Omkar
Sobhit Sonu

6 rows selected.
2 i) Retrieve the order numbers placed by customers in "Dargeling" through agents
in "NewDelhi".
SQL>select ordno from orders where cid in (select cid from customer where city =
’Darjeling’) and aid in (select aid from agent where city = ’NewDelhi’);

Explanation: To get ordno from orders table with condition using in operator for attribute
cid from customer table whose city is darjeling and aid from agent table whose city is newdelhi.

OUTPUT: ORDNO
1011
1012
1023

2 j) Retrieve names of the customers who have the same discount as that of any (one)
of the customers in "Dargeling" or "Bangalore".

SQL> select cname from customer

where discount =any (select discount from customer
where city = ’Darjeling’ or city = ’Bangalore’);

Explanation: To get the cname from customer table with condition where any value of discount
from customer table whose city is Darjeeling or Bangalore.

OUTPUT: CNAME
Sobhit
Anand
Amar
2 b K) Retrieve customer ids with smaller discounts than every customer from "
Srinagar”

SQL> select cid from customer

where discount < all (select discount from customer
where city = ’Srinagar’);

Explanation: To get cid from customer table, with condition whose all discount values is less
than the discount of every customer whose city is Srinagar.

Page 37
 OUTPUT: CID
c005
2 B I) Retrieve names of the customers who have placed an order through agent
"a05"
(using exists )

SQL> select c.cname from customer c

where exists (select * from orders o
where c.cid = o.cid and o.aid = ’a05’);

Explanation: To get the cname from customer table as exist helps to check the existence of
query and selects the complete table from orders with condition cid attribute from customer table
and order table whose aid column from order table is a05.

or

SQL> select cname from customer where cid in (select cid from orders where aid='a05');

OUTPUT: CNAME
Sobhit

2 B m) Retrieve names of the customers who do not place orders through agent
"a05".
(using not exists)

SQL> select cname from customer

where cid not in (select cid from orders where orders.aid = 'a05');

Explanation: To retrieve cname from customer table with condition cid from orders table is
not in cid of order table where aid from order table is a05

or

SQL> select cname from customer

where cid <>any (select cid from orders where orders.aid = 'a05');

OUTPUT: CNAME
Bhanu
Amar
Anand
Anand

2 B n) Retrieve customer ids whose orders placed through all the agents in "New
Delhi".
Page 38
 Get cid values of customers such that (the set of agents from " NewDelhi " through
whom the customer has NOT placed an order) is EMPTY.

SQL> select c.cid from customer c

where not exists (select * from agent a where a.city = ’NewDelhi’
and
not exists (select * from orders o,customer c ,agent a where
o.cid=c.cid and o.aid=a.aid));

Explanation: To retrieve cid from customer table ,with condition not exists,as this helps to get
the values which are not existed in the agent table whose city is new delhi and also from orders
table that do not exist with condition cid column from order table equal to cid column from
customer table and also aid columns from order and agent tables.

OUTPUT: CID
c00

a. 2 b o). Retrieve agent ids either from "NewDelhi" or "Srinagar" who place orders for ALL
products priced over fifteen rupee. Get aid values of agents from "New York" or "Duluth"
such that (the set of products priced over one dollar that the agent has NOT ordered) is
EMPTY.
b.

SQL> select a.aid from agent a

where (a.city in (’NewDelhi’,’Srinagar’)) and
not exists (select p.pid from product p where p.price > 15.00
and
not exists (select * from orders o
where o.pid = p.pid and o.aid = a.aid));

Explanation:To retrieve aid from agent table whose cities are new delhi and srinagar and using
not exist to select the pid from product whose price is greater than 15,and also again using not
exist from orders table where pid from order and product table also aid from both tables are
equal.

OUTPUT:
no rows selected

So
insert into orders values('1026','apr','c005','a05','p02',900,17100);

OUTPUT: AID
a05

2 b p).Retrieve names and ids of the customers and agents along with total sales for that
Page 39
 pair. Order the result from largest to smallest total sales. Also retain only those pairs
for which total rupee sales is at least 9000.00.

SQL> select c.cname, c.cid, a.aname, a.aid, sum(o.ordamount)

from customer c, orders o, agent a
where c.cid = o.cid and o.aid = a.aid
group by c.cname, c.cid, a.aname, a.aid
having sum(o.ordamount) >= 9000.00
order by 5 desc;

Explanation:To retrieve cname,cid,from customer table and aname and aid from agent
table,with sum function for order amount from order table ,customer and agent table with
condition cid from customer and order tables and aid from order and agent tables are equal and
to get the result in one set group by is used for cname,cid of customer table and aid ,aname from
agent table with sum of ordramount of order table is >= 9000 in descending order as result.

OUTPUT:
CNAME CID ANAME AID SUM(O.ORDAMOUNT)
Sobhit c001 Omkar a05 20900
Sobhit c001 Sonu a01 18800
Sobhit c001 John a02 15040
Anand c005 Bhargav a03 11160
Anand c004 Sonu a06 9500
Anand c005 Sonu a01 9400

6 rows selected.

2 B q) Increase the percent commission by 50% for all agents in "NewDelhi".

SQL> update agent

set percent = 1.5 * percent
where city = ’NewDelhi;

Explanation:To update agent table, percentage value is set to 1.5*percent to get 50% whose city
is NewDelhi.

2 B r). Retrieve the total quantity that has been placed for each product

SQL> select pid, sum(qty) TOTAL from orders group by pid;

Explanation: To get pid with total sum of qty from orders table using group by to get the result
in one set.

OUTPUT: PID TOTAL

Page 40
 p01 4800
p02 800
p03 1000
p04 600
p05 2900
p06 400
p07 1400

3 rows selected.

Page 41
Lab Exercise 3 : Employee Database System
3.1 Problem Statement
Designing a company database which can store Department, project, Employee and his
dependent details of a particular organization.
3.2 Student Learning Outcomes

After successful execution of this exercise, the student shall able to

 Design the database for all the bknreal-world applications.
 Implement group by clause functions.
 Apply any, all operations in database querying.

3.3 Queries with Solutions

Employee (ssn, name, salary, sex, super_ssn, address, dno)
Department (dname, dnumber)
Dept_Loc ( dnumber, dloc, mgrssn)
Project (pname, pnumber, plocation, dnum)
Works_On (essn, pno, hours)
Dependent (essn, depen_name, address, relationship, sex)

Aim: Create the tables with the appropriate integrity constraints and Insert around 10 records
in each of the tables
NOTE: Department table has a column mgr_ssn which is a foreign key referring to ssn column
of an Employee table And Employee table has a column dno which is a foreign key
referring to dnumber of Department table.So it is interlinked and deadlock appears.

step i create table Department with attributes dno, dname (without mgr_ssn column)
step ii insert data into Department
step iii create table Employee and insert data ( without super_ssn column)
step iv insert data into Employee table
step v add new column super_ssn into Employee table and update data to column super_ssn
step vi add new column mgrssn into Department referring to Employee table
stpe vii insert data of mgrssn in Department table

SQL>Create table Department ( dname varchar(15),

unique not null,
dnumber int ,
primary key (dnumber));
Table Created.

SQL> desc Department;

Page 42
 OUTPUT: Name Null? Type
DNAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(15)
DNUMBER NOT NULL NUMBER(38)

SQL> Insert into Department values (‘Research’,1);

1 row created.
SQL> Insert into Department values (‘HR’,2);
1 row created.
SQL> Insert into Department values (‘Development’,3);
1 row created.
SQL> Insert into Department values (‘Testing’,4);
1 row created.
St * from Department;

OUTPUT: DNAME DNUMBER

Research 1
HR 2
Development 3
Testing 4

SQL> Create table Employee ( ssn char(9),

name varchar(15) not null,
salary decimal(10,2),
sex char,
address varchar(30),
dno int not null,
primary key(ssn),
foreign key(dno) references Department(dnumber));
Table Created.

SQL> desc Employee;

OUTPUT : Name Null? Type

SSN NOT NULL CHAR(9)
NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(15)
SALARY NUMBER(10,2)
SEX CHAR(1)
ADDRESS VARCHAR2(30)
DNO NOT NULL NUMBER(38)

SQL>Insert into Employee values('emp001','Ram',30000,'M','RT Nagar, Blore',3);

SQL>Insert into Employee values('emp002','Sudha',75000,'F','Hebbal, Blore',2);
SQL>Insert into Employee values('emp003','Ravi’,20000,'M','Hebbal, Blore',4);
SQL>Insert into Employee values('emp004','Rohan',80000,'M','RT Nagar, Mysore',1);
SQL>Insert into Employee values('emp005','Amar',35000,'M','MG Road, Mysore',3);
SQL>Insert into Employee values('emp006','Anil',45000,'M','MG Road, Noida’,3);
SQL>Insert into Employee values('emp007','Tanya',35000,'F','Yelahanka, Blore',3);
SQL>Insert into Employee values('emp008','Kavita',50000,'F','Baglur, Blore',1);
Page 43
 SQL>Insert into Employee values('emp009','John',45000,'M','RT Nagar, Blore',4);

SQL> select * from Employee;

OUTPUT:

SSN NAME SALARY SEX ADDRESS DNO

emp001 Ram 30000 M RT Nagar, Blore 3
emp002 Sudha 75000 F Hebbal, Blore 2
emp003 Ravi 20000 M Hebbal, Blore 4
emp004 Rohan 80000 M RT Nagar, Mysore 1
emp005 Amar 35000 M MG Road, Mysore 3
emp006 Anil 45000 M MG Road, Noida 3
emp007 Tanya 35000 F Yelahanka, Blore 3
emp008 Kavita 50000 F Baglur, Blore 1
emp009 John 45000 M RT Nagar, Blore 4

SQL> alter table Employee add super_ssn char(9) references Employee(ssn);

Table altered.

SQL>update Employee set super_ssn=’emp006’ where ssn=’emp001’;

SQL>update Employee set super_ssn=’emp008’ where ssn=’emp003’;
SQL>update Employee set super_ssn=’emp002’ where ssn=’emp005’;
SQL>update Employee set super_ssn=’emp008’ where ssn=’emp006’;
SQL>update Employee set super_ssn=’emp008’ where ssn=’emp007’;
SQL>update Employee set super_ssn=’emp004’ where ssn=’emp008’;
SQL>update Employee set super_ssn=’emp008’ where ssn=’emp009’;

SQL> select * from Employee;

OUTPUT:
SSN NAME SALARY S ADDRESS DNO SUPER_SSN
emp001 Ram 30000 M RT Nagar, Blore 3 emp006
emp002 Sudha 75000 F Hebbal, Blore 2
emp003 Ravi 20000 M Hebbal, Blore 4 emp008
emp004 Rohan 80000 M RT Nagar, Mysore 1
emp005 Amar 35000 M MG Road, Mysore 3 emp002
emp006 Anil 45000 M MG Road, Noida 3 emp008
emp007 Tanya 35000 F Yelahanka, Blore 3 emp008
emp008 Kavita 50000 F Baglur, Blore 1 emp004
emp009 John 45000 M RT Nagar, Blore 4 emp008

SQL> alter table Department add mgr_ssn char(9) references Employee(ssn);

SQL> desc Department;

Page 44
 OUTPUT: Name Null? Type
DNAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(15)
DNUMBER NOT NULL NUMBER(38)
MGR_SSN CHAR(9)

SQL> select * from Department;

OUTPUT: DNAME DNUMBER MGR_SSN

Research 1
HR 2
Development 3
Testing 4

SQL>update Department set mgr_ssn=’emp004’ where dnumber=1;

SQL>update Department set mgr_ssn=’emp002’ where dnumber=2;
SQL>update Department set mgr_ssn=’emp006’ where dnumber=3;
SQL>update Department set mgr_ssn=’emp009’ where dnumber=4;

SQL> select * from Department;

OUTPUT: DNAME DNUMBER MGR_SSN

Research 1 emp004
HR 2 emp002
Development 3 emp006
Testing 4 emp009

SQL>Create table Dept_Location ( dnumber int not null,

dlocation varchar(15) not null,
primary key(dnumber, dlocation),
foreign key(dnumber) references Department(dnumber) );
Table Created.

SQL> desc Dept_Location;

OUTPUT: Name Null? Type

DNUMBER NOT NULL NUMBER(38)
DLOCATION NOT NULL VARCHAR2(15)

SQL> Create table Project ( pname varchar(15) not null,

pnumber varchar(5) not null,
plocation varchar(15),
dnum int not null,
Page 45
 primary key (pnumber),
unique(pname),
foreign key (dnum) references Department(dnumber));
Table Created.

SQL> desc Project;

OUTPUT: Name Null? Type

PNAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(15)
PNUMBER NOT NULL VARCHAR2(5)
PLOCATION VARCHAR2(15)
DNUM NOT NULL NUMBER(38)

SQL>Create table Workson ( essn char(9) not null,

pno varchar(5) not null,
hours decimal(3,1) not null ,
primary key(essn, pno),
foreign key (essn) references Employee(ssn),
foreign key (pno) references project(pnumber));
Table Created.

SQL> desc Workson;

OUTPUT: Name Null? Type

ESSN NOT NULL CHAR(9)
PNO NOT NULL VARCHAR2(5)
HOURS NOT NULL NUMBER(3,1)

SQL> Create table Dependent ( essn char(9) not null,

dependent_name varchar(15) not null,
sex char,
relationship varchar(8),
primary key (essn,),
foreign key (essn) references Employee(ssn));
Table Created.
SQL> desc Dependent;

OUTPUT: Name Null? Type

ESSN NOT NULL CHAR(9)
DEPENDENT_NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(15)
SEX CHAR(1)
RELATIONSHIP VARCHAR2(8)

SQL> select * from Dept_Location;

OUTPUT: DNUMBER DLOCATION

1 Blore
Page 46
 2 Blore
3 Blore
3 Mysore
4 Noida
4 Blore

SQL> select * from Project;

OUTPUT: PNAME PNUMBER PLOCATION DNUM

Banking p01 Blore 3
Android App p02 Mysore 3
WSN p03 Blore 4
Robotics p04 Noida 4
Smart Vehicle p05 Blore 3

SQL> select * from Workson;

OUTPUT: ESSN PNO HOURS

emp001 p01 14
emp003 p01 10
emp001 p02 7
emp005 p03 18
emp003 p02 14
emp004 p05 12
emp007 p04 14
emp001 p05 12

SQL> select * from Dependent;

OUTPUT: ESSN DEPENDENTNAME SEX RELATION

emp001 Raghu M son
emp004 Reshma F wife
emp007 Bindu F daughter
emp009 Shaan M son
emp009 Shamir M son

a. Retrieve the names of the Employees who gets second highest salary.
SQL> select name from Employee
where salary in ( select max(salary) from Employee
where salary not in (select max(salary) from Employee));
Page 47
 or

SQL> select name from Employee

where salary in ( select max(salary) from Employee
where salary < (select max(salary) from Employee));

Explanation: This Query gives the name of the Employee using max function for salary column
from Employee table, whose sal is not in max(salary) or by using < operator .

OUTPUT: NAME
Sudha

b. Retrieve the names of the Employees who have no dependents in alphabetical order.

SQL> select name from Employee e

where not exists (select * from dependent where essn=e.ssn) order by name;
or

SQL> select name from Employee

where ssn not in (select essn from dependent) order by name;

Explanation: This query gives the name of Employee using not exists in dependent with
condition essn=e.ssn using order by name. or

By using not in and ssn column from dependent table using order by .

OUTPUT: NAME
Anil
Sudha
Ravi
Amar
Kavita

c. List the names of all Employees who have at least two dependents

SQL> select name from Employee

where ( select count (*) from Dependent where ssn =Essn )>=2;

Explanation: This query gives the names of the Employees, using count function as it gives the
count value of the selected table with condition ssn=Essn and >=2.

OUTPUT : NAME
John

d. Retrieve the number of Employees and their average salary working in each
department.

Page 48
 SQL> select dno, count (*),avg(salary) from Employee group by dno;

Explanation: This Query gives dno,count and avg sal from Employee table using group by dno .

OUTPUT : DNO COUNT(*) AVG(SALARY)

1 2 65000
2 1 75000
3 4 36250
4 2 32500

e. Retrieve the highest salary paid in each department in descending order.

SQL> select dno,max(salary) from Employee group by dno order by max(salary) desc;

Explanation: This Query gives the dno and Max (salary) Using Group by and Oder by functions
with conditions group by dno and order by max(salary) as desc.

OUTPUT : DNO MAX(SALARY)

1 80000
2 75000
3 45000
4 45000

f. Retrieve the SSN of all Employees who work on atleast one of the project numbers 1, 2, 3

SQL> select distinct(essn) from workson where pno in (‘p01’,’p02’,’p03’);

or

SQL> select distinct(essn) from workson where pno=‘p01’or pno=’p02’ or pno=’p03’;

Explanation : This Query gives the Essn of Employee from workson table using distinct with
condition pno in (p01,p02,p03) or pno=p01 or p02,p03

OUTPUT : ESSN
emp001
emp003
emp005

g. Retrieve the number of dependents for an Employee named RAM.

SQL> select count(*) from Dependent

where essn = (select ssn from Employee where name='Ram');
Page 49
 or

SQL> select count(*) from Employee e, dependent d

where d.essn=e.ssn and e.name='Ram';

Explanation : This Query gives the no .of dependents using count function for dependent table
with condition whose essn is equal to ssn of Employee table whose ename is ram .
Or
Explanation: By using count for Employee table and dependent with condition essn of
dependent table = ssn of Employee table and whose name from Employee table is ram.

OUTPUT : COUNT(*)
1

h. Retrieve the names of the managers working in location named xyz who has no
female dependents.

SQL> select name from Employee

where ssn in ( select essn from dependent
where sex!='F'
and essn in(
(select mgr_ssn from department
where dnumber in
(select dnumber from dept_location where dlocation='Blore'))));

Or

SQL> select distinct(name) from Employee e , Department d, Dept_location l, Dependent de

where e.ssn= de.essn and de.sex!='F' and
de.essn=d.mgr_ssn and
d.dnumber=l.dnumber and
l.dlocation='Blore';

Explanation: This query gives the name of manger from Employee table by using IN operator,
whose ssn from dependent table sex is not ‘F’ and mgr_ssn from department,whose dnumber
from dep_location is Blore.
Or
Explanation: By using distinct for name from Employee table ,department ,dependent and
location tables whose ssn from Employee =essn from dependent table and sex is not ‘F’ in
dependent and essn from dependent =mgr from department mgr_ssn and dnumber from
d=dhumber from l;and dlocation from l=’Blore’.

OUTPUT : NAME
John

i. Retrieve the names of the Employees who works in the same department as that of
Page 50
 RAM

SQL> select name from Employee

where dno = (select dno from Employee where name='Ram') and name!='Ram';

Explanation: This gives the name from Employee using condition get dno whose name is ram
from emp table and name whose name is not ram.

OUTPUT : NAME
Amar
Anil
Tanya

j. Retrieve the name of the Employees whose salary is greater than the salary of all the
Employees working in department 3.

SQL> select name, salary from Employee

where salary> all ( select salary from Employee where dno=3 );

Explanation: To get the name, salary of Employee from emp table using condition
whose salary is > All Employees and whose dno=3.

OUTPUT : NAME SALARY

Sudha 75000
Rohan 80000
Kavita 50000

k. Retrieve the names of the Employees who work for dept no 3 and have a daughter as
dependent.

SQL> select name from Employee e , dependent d

where e.ssn=d.essn and d.relationship='daughter' and e.dno=3;

Explanation: This Query gives the name using conditions ssn fromemp=essn from dependent
and relationship from depend=daughter and dno from emp=3.

OUTPUT : NAME
Tanya

l. Retrieve the Employee name who paid highest salary from each department.

SQL> select name from Employee

where salary in ( select max(salary) from Employee group by dno ) ;

Explanation: To get the name from emp using condition whose sal in emp using max
and groupby dno.

Page 51
 OUTPUT : NAME
Rohan
Sudha
John
Anil

m. Retrieve the names of the Employees who are paid the same salary as that of Anil.

SQL> select name from Employee

where salary in (select salary from Employee where name='Anil')
and name!=’Anil’;
or

SQL> select name from Employee

where salary = (select salary from Employee where name='Anil')
and name!=’Anil’;
Explanation This gives the name of Employee using In operator and condition sal frm emp table
whose name is Anil and name frm emp whose name is not anil.

OUTPUT : NAME
John
n. Retrieve the total the number of Employees in the ‘Research’ department.
SQL> select count (*) from Employee, Department
where dno =dnumber and dname=‘Research’;
Explanation: To get the total ,we use count function along with condition whose dno is
dnumber and dname is research.

OUTPUT : COUNT(*)
2
o. For each project, retrieve the project number, the project name, and the number of
Employees who work on that project.
SQL> select Pnumber, Pname, count (*)
from Project, Workson
where Pnumber=Pno
GROUP BY Pnumber, Pname;

Explanation: This query gives the pnumb ,pname and total number from project and workson
tables using condition whose pnumber is pno and group by pnumber and pname.

OUTPUT : PNUMB PNAME COUNT(*)

p01 Banking 2
p02 Android App 2
p03 WSN 1
p04 Robotics 1
p05 Smart Vehicle 2

Page 52
 4) Create an employee database with the fields: {eid, ename, dept, desig, salary, yoj, address
{dno, street, locality, city}}

Use employee

Db.createCollection(“emp”)

i. Insert 10 documents.

doc1 = {eid:002, ename:"kiran", dept:"production", desig:"hr", salary:40000, yoj:2016,

address:{dno:47, street:3, locality:"JPnagar", city:"bangalore"} }

db.emp.insert(doc1)
ii. Display all the employees with salary in range (50000, 75000).
db.emp.find({$and:[{salary:{$gt:50000}},{salary:{$lt:75000}}]})
iii. Display all the employees with designation developer.
db.emp.find({desig:”developer”},{ename:1,desig:1,_id:0})

iv. Display the Salary of “Rahul”.

db.emp.find({ename:"Rahul"},{ename:1,salary:1,_id:0})

v. Display the city of employee “Rahul”.

db.emp.find({ename:"Rahul"},{ename:1,”address.city”:1,_id:0})
vi. Update the salary of developers by 5000 increment.
db.emp.update({desig:"developer"},{$inc:{"salary":5000}})
vii. Add field age to employee “Rahul”.
db.emp.update({ename:"Rahul"},{$set:{age:"22"}})
viii. Remove YOJ from “Rahul”.
db.emp.update({ename:"Rahul"},{$unset:{yoj:1}})
ix. Add an array field project to “Rahul”.
db.emp.update({ename:"Rahul"},{$push:{projects:"p1"}})
x. Add p2 and p3 project to “Rahul”.
db.emp.update({ename:"Rahul"},{$push:{projects:{$each:["p2","p3"]}}})
xi. Remove p3 from “Rahul”.

Page 53
 db.emp.update({ename:"Rahul"},{$pull:{projects:"p3"}})
xii. Add a new embedded object “contacts” with “email” and “phone” as array objects to “Rahul”.
db.emp.update({ename:"Rahul"},{$push:{contacts:{phone:"9036240380",
email:"[email protected]"}}})
xiii. Add two phone numbers to “Rahul”.
db.emp.update({ename:"Rahul"},{$addToSet:{"contact.phone":[9738751143,988073 0784]}})

Page 54
 5.Create a book Data Base with the fields: (isbn, bname, author [], year, publisher, price)
use Book
db.createCollection(“book”)

Insert 5 documents.

doc1=({isbn:"e40", bname:"let us C", author:["yeshwanth", "kanaka"], year:2012,

publisher:"pearson", price:100})

>db.book.insert(doc1)

List all the documents.

db.book.find().pretty()

List all book details except year and price.

>db.book.find({},{year:0,price:0})

Display all the books authored by rudresh.

>db.book.find({author:”rudresh”})

List all the books published by pearson.

>db.book.find({publisher:”pearson”})

List the publisher of book java.

>db.book.find({bname:”java”},{publisher:1,bname:1,_id:0})

List the author, publisher and year of the book “Let us C”.

>db.book.find({bname:”Let us C”},{bname:1, publisher:1,author:1,year:1})

Display the price of “Let us C” except _id.

>db.book.find({bname:”let us C”},{bname:1, price:1, _id:0})

Sort and display all books in ascending order of book names.

>db.book.find({},{bname:1}).sort({bname:1})
Page 55
 Sort and display only 3 books in descending order of price.

>db.book.find().sort({price: -1}).limit(3)

Display all the books written by herbet and kuvempu.

db.book.find({author:{$all:[“herbert”,”kuvempu”]}},{bname:1,author:1,price:1})

Display all the books either written by herbet or kuvempu.

db.book.find({author:{$in:[“herbert”,”kuvempu”]}},{bname:1,author:1,price:1})

Display all the books where rama is the first author.

>db.book.find({"author.0":{$eq:"rama"}})

Page 56
 6. Create a Food Database with the fields: (food id, food cat, food name, chef name [ ], price,
ingredients [], hotel name, hotel address {no, street, locality, city})

Insert 10 documents.

doc1= {foodid:1, foodcat:"fastfood", foodname:"burger", chefname:["naveen","rakesh"], price:500,

ingredients:["chees","corn"], hotelname:"mcburger", address:{no:31, street:"belroad",
locality:"yelahanka", city:"bangalore"}}

db.food.insert(doc1)

List the price of pizza with ingredients.

db.food.find({foodname:"pizza"},{foodname:2, ingredients:1,price:1})

Display the item in the price range(500,800).

Display the item prepared by x and y.

db.food.find({chefname:{$all:["x","y"]}},{chefname:1,foodname:1, _id:0})

Display the item prepared by x or y.

db.food.find({chefname:{$in:["x", "y"]}},{ chefname:1,foodname:1, _id:0})

Add one chef to the food pizza.

db.food.update({foodname: "pizza"},{$push:{chef name: "rudresh"}})

Add ingredients to the food Burger.

db.food.update({foodname:"burger"},{$addToSet:{ingredients:["corn","cheese"]}})

Delete last ingredient added to the food burger.

db.food.update({foodname:"burger"},{$pop:{ingredients:1}})

Delete all the ingredients from the food biryani.

db.food.update({foodname:”biryani”},{$pullAll:{ingredients:[]}})

Page 57
 Add food type to the food Burger.

db.food.update({foodname:"burger"},{$pop:{ingredients:1}})

Modify the burger price by 200.

db.food.update({foodname:"burger"},{$set:{price:200}})

Add or insert a new food item with the food Id “f08 “ usingupsert as True.
db.food.update({foodid:"f08"},{foodid:"f08",foodcat:"chats",foodname:"pani

puri", chefname:["dhanush","pruthvi"],price:200,ingredients:["onion","puri"], hotelname:"chat

street", address:{no:16,street:"8th",locality:"hebbal",city:"bangalore"}},true)

Increment the price of all food item in food cat: fastfood by 120.

db.food.update({foodcat:"fast food"},{$inc:{price:120}},false, true)

Page 58
 8. Lab Assignments

SL. Practice & Assignment Queries

No.

1 Assignment Queries for Lab Exercise I

a. Retrieve the complete data from Customer table.

b. Retrieve the complete data from Agent table by mentioning attributes.
c. Display only product id and product name.
d. Display Product name and price as a single column and the column name be “Product
and their prices” (concatenation operator and alias).
e. Display the city names of the customers by eliminating duplicates.
f. Retrieve the names of the customers lives in “Mumbai”.
g. Display agent ids and names belongs to New Delhi.
h. Retrieve customer ids who ordered both “P01” and “P02”.
i. Get customers whose name begins with letter "A".
j. Retrieve the customers whose name starts with letter “A” and third letter is “a” eg.
Amar.
k. Retrieve the customers whose name consists of letter “a” eg. Amar, Anand.
l. Get customer ids whose discount is between 8 and 10.
m. Display the product name whose price is 10 or 20 using IN and OR operators.
n. Get total quantity of product "p01" that has been ordered.
o. Get number of cities in which customers are based.
p. Get total amount of all orders.
q. Get total number of customers.
r. Get average discount value for customers.
s. Get agent ids with the smallest percent commission.
t. Display the customer names who placed an order through the agent who is having aid
as “a01”.
u. Retrieve the names of the customers who live in “Mumbai” and order product “P01”.
v. Retrieve customer ids who do not order part “P01”.

3 Assignment Queries for Lab Exercise III

a. List female employees from dept no is 2 earning more than Rs.35000

b. Retrieve the names and address of all employee who work for the ‘Research’
department.
c. Retrieve the names and salary of all employees who work in department number 5.
d. Retrieve the names of the employees and their superSSN name
e. Display name as "Employee name" and salary for the year as "Annual Income"
f. Display name, current salary and salary if it is going to be increased by 800 rupees
g. Display Department name and number as a single column with the name as
“Department Details”
h. Retrieve the names of the managers who have more than two dependents.
i. Retrieve the names of the managers with atleast one dependent.
j. List all the Projects on which employee Ram is working
k. Retrieve the names of the employees who work on any project that Kumar works.
Page 23
 l. Retrieve the names of the employees who do not have supervisor
m. Count the number of distinct salary values in the database.
n. For each project, retrieve the project number, the project name, and the number of
employees from department 3 who work on the project.
o. Retrieve all employees in department 3 whose salary is between Rs.35,000 and
Rs.40,000.

9. Solutions for Lab Assignment Exercise I:

a) Retrieve the complete data from customer table

SQL> select * from customer;

OUTPUT: CID CNAME CITY DISCOUNT

c001 Sobhit Darjeling 10
c002 Bhanu Srinagar 12
c003 Amar Srinagar 8
c004 Anand Darjeling 8
c005 Anand Mumbai 0
b) Retrieve the data complete from Agents by mentioning attributes

SQL>select aid, aname, city, percent from agent;

OUTPUT: AID ANAME CITY PERCENT

a01 Sonu NewDelhi 6
a02 John Agra 6
a03 Bhargav Jaipur 7
a04 Gaurav NewDelhi 6
a05 Omkar Srinagar 5
a06 Sonu Darjeling 5
2 rows selected.
c) Display only product id and product name

SQL> select pid,pname from product;

OUTPUT: PID PNAME

p01 comb
p02 brush
p03 eraser
p04 pen
p05 pencil
p06 folder
p07 Highlighter

7 rows selected.
d) Display Product name and price as a single column and the column name be “Product
and their prices” (concatenation operator and alias)
Page 24
SQL> select pname||price "product and their prices" from product;

OUTPUT: product and their prices

comb 10
brush 20
eraser 2
pen 15
pencil 3
folder 15
Highlighter 20
7 rows selected.
If some space has to be included between 2 column values after concatenating in the output, use
number of spaces required within the single quote along with concatenation operator.

SQL> select pname||' '||price "product and their prices" from product;

OUTPUT: product and their prices

comb 10
brush 20
eraser 2
pen 15
pencil 3
folder 15
Highlighter 20

SQL> select pname||' cost is '||price "product and their prices" from product;

OUTPUT: product and their prices

comb cost is 10
brush cost is 20
eraser cost is 2
pen cost is 15
pencil cost is 3
folder cost is 15
Highlighter cost is 20
e) Display the city names of the customers by eliminating duplicates

SQL> select distinct city from customer;

OUTPUT: CITY
Srinagar
Darjeling
Mumbai
Srinagar
f) Retrieve the names of the customers lives in “Mumbai”

SQL> select cname from customer where city='Mumbai';

Page 25
OUTPUT: CNAME
Anand

g) Display agent ids and names belongs to New Delhi

SQL> select aid, aname from agent where city = 'NewDelhi';

OUTPUT: AID ANAME

a01 Sonu
a04 Gaurav

h) Retrieve the customer ids who ordered the products “p01” and “p02”

SQL> select cid from orders where pid='p01' intersect select cid from orders where pid='p07';

OUTPUT: CID
c001
c005

i) Get customers whose name begins with letter "A".

SQL> select cname from customer where cname like 'A%';

OUTPUT: CNAME
Amar
Anand
Anand

j)Retrieve the customers whose name starts with letter “A” and third letter is “a” eg. Amar

SQL> select cname from customer where cname like 'A_a%';

OUTPUT: CNAME
Amar
Anand
Anand
k)Retrieve the customers whose name consists of letter “a”

SQL> select cname from customer where cname like '%a%';

OUTPUT: CNAME
Bhanu
Amar
Anand
Page 26
 Anand

l)Get customer ids whose discount is between 8 and 10.

SQL> select cid from customer where discount between 8 and 10;

OUTPUT: CID
c001
c003
c004
m) Display the product name whose price is 10 or 20 using IN and OR operators

SQL> select pname from product where price in (10,20);

or
SQL> select pname from product where price=10 or price=20;

OUTPUT: PNAME
comb
brush
Highlighter

n) Get total quantity of product "p01" that has been ordered.

SQL> select sum(qty) from orders where pid='p01'

OUTPUT: SUM(QTY)
4800

o) Get number of cities in which customers are based.

SQL> select count ( distinct ( cname ) ) from customer;

OUTPUT: COUNT(DISTINCT(CNAME))
4

p) Get total amount of all orders.

SQL> select sum(ordamount) from orders;

OUTPUT: SUM(ORDAMOUNT)
104598
q)Get total number of customers.

SQL> select count(cid) from customer;

OUTPUT: COUNT(CID)
5
Page 27
 r)Get average discount value for customers.

SQL> select avg(discount) from customer;

OUTPUT: AVG(DISCOUNT)
7.6

s)Get agent ids with the smallest percent commission.

SQL> select aid from agent where percent in (select min(percent) from agent);

Or select aid from agent where percent= (select min(percent) from agent)

OUTPUT: AID
a05
a06

t)Display the names of the customers who placed an order through the agent who is having
aid as “a01”

SQL> Select distinct(c.cname) from customer c , orders o where c.cid=o.cid and o.aid=’a01’;

OUTPUT: CNAME
Sobhit
Anand
u)Retrieve the names of the customers who live in “Mumbai” and order product “p01”

SQL> select cname from customer c , orders o

where c.city='Mumbai' and c.cid=o.cid and o.pid='p01';

OUTPUT: CNAME
Anand
Anand

SQL> select distinct(cname) from customer c,orders o

where c.city='Mumbai' and c.cid=o.cid and o.pid='p01';

OUTPUT: CNAME
Anand
v) Retrieve customer ids who do not order part “p01”

SQL> select cid from customer minus (select cid from orders where pid='p01') ;
or
select cid from customer minus ( select distinct (cid) from orders where pid='p01');

OUTPUT: CID
c002
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 c003

10.Viva Voce Questions

1) What is an RDBMS?
2) What is the SQL?
3) What are the different kinds of DBMS?
4) What are the features of relational database?
5) What are data types?
6) What is an E-R diagram?
7) What is the referential integrity?
8) What is a foreign key?
9) What is a primary key?
10) What is an alternate key in table?
11) What is the normalization?
12) Explain the First Normal Form?
13) Explain the Second Normal Form?
14) Explain the Third Normal Form?
15) What is an index, and how is it used to improve performance?
16) What are the types of indexes, and if separate indexes are created on each column of a
table, what are the advantages and disadvantages of this approach?
17) What is the SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML)?
18) What is the SQL Data Definition Language (DDL)?
19) What is the de-normalization?
20) What is a transaction?
21) What are ACID properties?
22) What is the difference between DELETE TABLE and TRUNCATE TABLE commands?
23) What are constraints?
24) What are the different types of constraints?
25) What are cursors? What are the different types of cursors?
26) What are the advantages of cursors? How can you avoid cursors?
27) What is a join and explain different types of joins.
28) What is a self-join? Explain it with an example.
29) How do you implement one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-many relationships while
designing tables?
30) What is the difference between primary key and a unique key?
31) What are defaults?
32) What are triggers? How do you invoke a trigger on demand?
33) What is a stored procedure? What are the advantages?
34) What is the difference between stored procedure and a trigger?
35) What are the different types of parameters available in stored procedures?
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36) How do you get the distinct rows in a table/ resultset?
37) How do you get the distinct rows without using the keyword DISTINCT?
38) How can you get the duplicated rows from the table using a single query?
39) How can you get the total number of records in a table?
40) How can you insert values in multiple rows using one insert statement?
41) What is the database replication?
42) What will happen when a Rollback statement is executed inside a Trigger?
43) What is collection in Mongo DB.
44) What is insert() method in mongo DB.
45) How to create a document in MongDB.

Recommended Learning Resources:

1. Raghu Ramakrishnan and Johannes Gehrke,Database Management Systems, 3rd Edition,

McGraw-Hill, 2003.
2. Elmasri and Navathe,Fundamentals of Database Systems, 5th Edition, Pearson Education,
2007.
3. Shakuntala Gupta Edward, “Practical Mongo DB ” Second edition, Apress Publications,
2016, ISBN 1484206487

References:

1. Abraham Silberschatz, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan: “Database System Concepts”, 6th

Edition, McGraw Hill,

2010.

2. C J Date, “Database Design and Relational Theory: Normal Forms and All that Jazz”, O
‘Reilly, April 2012.

3. David Hows, “The definitive guide to MongoDB”, 2nd edition, Apress Publication, 2009,
8132230485.

JOURNALS/MAGAZINES:

1. IEEE, IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering

2. Elsevier, Elsevier Data and Knowledge Engineering

3. ACM, ACM Transactions on Database Systems

SWAYAM/NPTEL/MOOCs:

1. https://www.coursera.org/courses?query=database
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2. https://www.edx.org/learn/databases

3. https://academy.oracle.com/en/solutions-curriculum.html

SELF-LEARNINGEXERCISES:

1. Data warehousing, Data Marts, Getting data into the warehouse More exploration on GIThub

2. Data warehousing & KM , Data warehousing & CRM C modules interface

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