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Contents in Detail
1. Cover Page
2. Title Page
3. Copyright Page
4. About the Authors
5. BRIEF CONTENTS
6. CONTENTS IN DETAIL
7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
8. INTRODUCTION

1. Performance Characteristics of Great Code

2. The Goal of This Book
3. Chapter Organization
4. Assumptions and Prerequisites
5. The Environment for This Book
6. For More Information

9. 1 THINKING LOW-LEVEL, WRITING HIGH-LEVEL

1. 1.1 Misconceptions About Compiler Quality

2. 1.2 Why Learning Assembly Language Is Still a Good Idea
3. 1.3 Why Learning Assembly Language Isn’t Absolutely Necessary
4. 1.4 Thinking Low-Level
5. 1.5 Writing High-Level
6. 1.6 Language-Neutral Approach
7. 1.7 Additional Tips
8. 1.8 For More Information

10. 2 SHOULDN’T YOU LEARN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE?

1. 2.1 Benefits and Roadblocks to Learning Assembly Language

2. 2.2 How This Book Can Help
3. 2.3 High-Level Assemblers to the Rescue
4. 2.4 High-Level Assembly Language
5. 2.5 Thinking High-Level, Writing Low-Level
6. 2.6 The Assembly Programming Paradigm (Thinking Low-Level)
7. 2.7 For More Information

11. 3 80X86 ASSEMBLY FOR THE HLL PROGRAMMER

 1. 3.1 Learning One Assembly Language Is Good, Learning More Is Better
2. 3.2 80x86 Assembly Syntaxes
3. 3.3 Literal Constants
4. 3.4 Manifest (Symbolic) Constants in Assembly Language
5. 3.5 80x86 Addressing Modes
6. 3.6 Declaring Data in Assembly Language
7. 3.7 Specifying Operand Sizes in Assembly Language
8. 3.8 For More Information
12. 4 COMPILER OPERATION AND CODE GENERATION

1. 4.1 File Types That Programming Languages Use

2. 4.2 Source Files
3. 4.3 Types of Computer Language Processors
4. 4.4 The Translation Process
5. 4.5 Compiler Output
6. 4.6 Object File Formats
7. 4.7 Executable File Formats
8. 4.8 Data and Code Alignment in an Object File
9. 4.9 How Linkers Affect Code
10. 4.10 For More Information

13. 5 TOOLS FOR ANALYZING COMPILER OUTPUT

1. 5.1 Background
2. 5.2 Telling a Compiler to Produce Assembly Output
3. 5.3 Using Object Code Utilities to Analyze Compiler Output
4. 5.4 Using a Disassembler to Analyze Compiler Output
5. 5.5 Using the Java Bytecode Disassembler to Analyze Java Output
6. 5.6 Using the IL Disassembler to Analyze Microsoft C# and Visual Basic
Output
7. 5.7 Using a Debugger to Analyze Compiler Output
8. 5.8 Comparing Output from Two Compilations
9. 5.9 For More Information

14. 6 CONSTANTS AND HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES

1. 6.1 Literal Constants and Program Efficiency

2. 6.2 Binding Times
3. 6.3 Literal Constants vs. Manifest Constants
4. 6.4 Constant Expressions
5. 6.5 Manifest Constants vs. Read-Only Memory Objects
6. 6.6 Swift let Statements
7. 6.7 Enumerated Types
 8. 6.8 Boolean Constants
9. 6.9 Floating-Point Constants
10. 6.10 String Constants
11. 6.11 Composite Data Type Constants
12. 6.12 Constants Don’t Change
13. 6.13 For More Information
15. 7 VARIABLES IN A HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE

1. 7.1 Runtime Memory Organization

2. 7.2 What Is a Variable?
3. 7.3 Variable Storage
4. 7.4 Common Primitive Data Types
5. 7.5 Variable Addresses and High-Level Languages
6. 7.6 Variable Alignment in Memory
7. 7.7 For More Information

16. 8 ARRAY DATA TYPES

1. 8.1 Arrays
2. 8.2 For More Information

17. 9 POINTER DATA TYPES

1. 9.1 The Definition of a Pointer

2. 9.2 Pointer Implementation in High-Level Languages
3. 9.3 Pointers and Dynamic Memory Allocation
4. 9.4 Pointer Operations and Pointer Arithmetic
5. 9.5 A Simple Memory Allocator Example
6. 9.6 Garbage Collection
7. 9.7 The OS and Memory Allocation
8. 9.8 Heap Memory Overhead
9. 9.9 Common Pointer Problems
10. 9.10 Pointers in Modern Languages
11. 9.11 Managed Pointers
12. 9.12 For More Information

18. 10 STRING DATA TYPES

1. 10.1 Character String Formats

2. 10.2 Static, Pseudo-Dynamic, and Dynamic Strings
3. 10.3 Reference Counting for Strings
4. 10.4 Delphi Strings
5. 10.5 Using Strings in a High-Level Language
 6. 10.6 Unicode Character Data in Strings
7. 10.7 Unicode String Functions and Performance
8. 10.8 For More Information
19. 11 RECORD, UNION, AND CLASS DATA TYPES

1. 11.1 Records
2. 11.2 Discriminant Unions
3. 11.3 Variant Types
4. 11.4 Namespaces
5. 11.5 Classes and Objects
6. 11.6 Protocols and Interfaces
7. 11.7 Classes, Objects, and Performance
8. 11.8 For More Information

20. 12 ARITHMETIC AND LOGICAL EXPRESSIONS

1. 12.1 Arithmetic Expressions and Computer Architecture

2. 12.2 Optimization of Arithmetic Statements
3. 12.3 Side Effects in Arithmetic Expressions
4. 12.4 Containing Side Effects: Sequence Points
5. 12.5 Avoiding Problems Caused by Side Effects
6. 12.6 Forcing a Particular Order of Evaluation
7. 12.7 Short-Circuit Evaluation
8. 12.8 The Relative Cost of Arithmetic Operations
9. 12.9 For More Information

21. 13 CONTROL STRUCTURES AND PROGRAMMATIC DECISIONS

1. 13.1 How Control Structures Affect a Program’s Efficiency

2. 13.2 Introduction to Low-Level Control Structures
3. 13.3 The goto Statement
4. 13.4 The if Statement
5. 13.5 The switch/case Statement
6. 13.6 For More Information

22. 14 ITERATIVE CONTROL STRUCTURES

1. 14.1 The while Loop

2. 14.2 The repeat..until (do..until/do..while) Loop
3. 14.3 The forever..endfor Loop
4. 14.4 The Definite Loop (for Loops)
5. 14.5 For More Information

23. 15 FUNCTIONS AND PROCEDURES

 1. 15.1 Simple Function and Procedure Calls
2. 15.2 Leaf Functions and Procedures
3. 15.3 Macros and Inline Functions
4. 15.4 Passing Parameters to a Function or Procedure
5. 15.5 Activation Records and the Stack
6. 15.6 Parameter-Passing Mechanisms
7. 15.7 Function Return Values
8. 15.8 For More Information
24. AFTERWORD: ENGINEERING SOFTWARE
25. GLOSSARY
26. ONLINE APPENDIXES
27. INDEX
28. FOOTNOTES

1. i
2. ii
3. iii
4. iv
5. v
6. vi
7. vii
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14. xiv
15. xv
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 PRAISE FOR THE FIRST EDITION OF
WRITE GREAT CODE, VOLUME 2
“Set aside some money and buy this book, or get a friend to
buy it and get it from them while still in the store. When you
get home, read it TWICE so that you master what is in these
pages. Then read it again.”

—DEVCITY

“Write Great Code, Volume 2, exceeds its goal of helping

developers pay more attention to application performance when
writing applications in high-level languages. This book is a must
for any high-level application developer.”

—FREE SOFTWARE MAGAZINE

“As a high-level-language programmer, if you want to know

what’s really going on with your programs, you need to spend a
little time learning assembly language—and you won’t find an
easier introduction.”

—DEVX

“This is a good book. A very, very good book. Frankly, I’m

blown away at the quality of writing.”

—TORONTO RUBY USER GROUP

 WRITE GREAT CODE
VOLUME 2
2ND EDITION

Thinking Low-Level, Writing High-Level

by Randall Hyde

San Francisco
WRITE GREAT CODE, Volume 2: Thinking Low-Level, Writing High-
Level, 2nd Edition.
Copyright © 2020 by Randall Hyde.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in

any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the
prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher.

ISBN-10: 1-718-50038-6
ISBN-13: 978-1-71850-038-9

Publisher: William Pollock

Executive Editor: Barbara Yien
Production Editor: Rachel Monaghan
Developmental Editor: Athabasca Witschi
Project Editor: Dapinder Dosanjh
Cover and Interior Design: Octopod Studios
Technical Reviewer: Anthony Tribelli
Copyeditor: Rachel Monaghan
Compositor: Danielle Foster
Proofreader: James Fraleigh
Illustrator: David Van Ness

For information on distribution, translations, or bulk sales, please contact No

Starch Press, Inc. directly:
No Starch Press, Inc.
245 8th Street, San Francisco, CA 94103
phone: 1.415.863.9900; [email protected]
www.nostarch.com

The Library of Congress issued the following Cataloging-in-Publication Data

for the first edition of Volume 1:

Hyde, Randall.
Write great code : understanding the machine / Randall Hyde.
p. cm.
ISBN 1-59327-003-8
1. Computer programming. 2. Computer architecture. I. Title.
QA76.6.H94 2004
 005.1--dc22
2003017502

No Starch Press and the No Starch Press logo are registered trademarks of
No Starch Press, Inc. Other product and company names mentioned herein
may be the trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than use a
trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, we are
using the names only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the
trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark.

The information in this book is distributed on an “As Is” basis, without

warranty. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this
work, neither the author nor No Starch Press, Inc. shall have any liability to
any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to
be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in it.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Randall Hyde is the author of The Art of Assembly Language
and Write Great Code, Volumes 1, 2, and 3 (all from No Starch
Press), as well as Using 6502 Assembly Language and P-Source
(Datamost). He is also the coauthor of Microsoft Macro
Assembler 6.0 Bible (The Waite Group). Over the past 40 years,
Hyde has worked as an embedded software/hardware engineer
developing instrumentation for nuclear reactors, traffic control
systems, and other consumer electronics devices. He has also
taught computer science at California State Polytechnic
University, Pomona, and at the University of California,
Riverside. His website is www.randallhyde.com/.

ABOUT THE TECHNICAL REVIEWER

Tony Tribelli has more than 35 years of experience in
software development, including work on embedded device
kernels and molecular modeling. He developed video games for
10 years at Blizzard Entertainment. He is currently a software
development consultant and privately develops applications
utilizing computer vision.
 BRIEF CONTENTS
Acknowledgments

Introduction

Chapter 1: Thinking Low-Level, Writing High-Level

Chapter 2: Shouldn’t You Learn Assembly Language?

Chapter 3: 80x86 Assembly for the HLL Programmer

Chapter 4: Compiler Operation and Code Generation

Chapter 5: Tools for Analyzing Compiler Output

Chapter 6: Constants and High-Level Languages

Chapter 7: Variables in a High-Level Language

Chapter 8: Array Data Types

Chapter 9: Pointer Data Types

Chapter 10: String Data Types

Chapter 11: Record, Union, and Class Data Types

Chapter 12: Arithmetic and Logical Expressions

Chapter 13: Control Structures and Programmatic Decisions

Chapter 14: Iterative Control Structures

Chapter 15: Functions and Procedures

Afterword: Engineering Software

Glossary

Online Appendixes

Index
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
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