Succession 4 Pages Final
Succession 4 Pages Final
Govind Tiwari
Ecological succession
•
2
• Primary succession is succession that begins in an area
where the soil has not yet formed. Eg. a newly quarried
rock face.
• Secondary succession is succession that begins after
an event clears the community but leaves the soil
intact. Eg. land clearance or a fire.
• Succession is directional and stages of it is
characterised by the presence of different
communities, are known as 'seres‘.
• Changes in communities from one sere to another is
gradual and it finally end up with a climax community.
• When large organisms in the climax community, such
as trees, die and fall down, then new openings are
created in which secondary succession will occur.
Succession on bare ground
Bare ground conditions favours
Pioneer plant species.
Example . Mosses
Amensalism
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Predation
Antisymbiosis
Competition
Mutualism
• Both species benefit from the
interaction,(+,+).
• Mutualistic arrangements are most likely to
develop between organisms with widely
different living requirements.
Mutualism
Bees and Flowers
Nitrogen fixing
bacteria and Plants
Amensalism
One organism is inhibited and
the other is unaffected. (-,0)
Brood Parasitism