CHEMISTRY IS NOT A MYSTERY

2021 MEETING ID: 6463129614

CHEMISTRY
ZOOM SEMINAR THREE PASSCODE: HELP
CHEMISTRY (P525/2)

Questions;

1. (a) Define the following terms;

(i) Colligative property (01 mark)
(ii) Freezing point constant (01 mark)
(b) (i) Describe how the molecular mass of a substance can be
determined using freezing point depression method.
(Diagram not required) (07 marks)
(ii) Explain why the method you have described in (a)(i) is not suitable for
determining the molecular mass of a polymer. (02 marks)
(c) The table below shows the freezing point of various concentrations of
a non-volatile solute Z in water at 760mmHg.
Concentration (gdm-3) 0 30 60 90 120 150

Freezing point (0C) 0 -0.16 -0.32 -0.49 -0.65 -0.81

(i) Plot a graph of freezing point depression against concentration.

(06 marks)
(ii) Use the graph you have drawn to determine the molecular mass of
Z. (03 marks)

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2. (a) of a bromoalkane, D, was heated with excess sodium
hydroxide solution. The resulting mixture was cooled and acidified with
dilute nitric acid and the solution diluted to of this
3
solution required 13.0cm 0f 0.1M silver nitrate solution for complete
precipitation of bromide ions as silver bromide.
(i) Calculate formula mass of D (03 marks)
(ii) Deduce the molecular formula of D (02 marks)
(iii) Write the structural formulae and names of all possible isomers of
D (03 marks)
(b) When D was reacted with sodium hydroxide, compound E was
formed. E formed two layers within 10 minutes when shaken with a
mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid and anhydrous zinc chloride.
(i) Identify D (01 mark)
(ii) Write the equation and state the conditions for the reaction
between D and sodium hydroxide. (02 marks)
(c) E can be oxidized by chromium trioxide in the presence of
concentrated sulphuric acid to give compound G, which reacts with
iodine in the presence of sodium hydroxide solution. State what would
be observed and write the equation for the:
(i) oxidation of E (02 marks)
(ii) reaction between G and iodine in the presence of sodium
hydroxide. (03 marks)
(d) One of the isomers of D undergoes a unimolecular reaction when
treated with aqueous sodium hydroxide.
(i) Name the isomer (01 mark)
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction in (d) and outline a mechanism
for the reaction. (03 marks)

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3. (a) Write the name and the formula of the chief ore from which
aluminum is extracted. (02 marks)
(b) Describe how;
(i) the ore in (a) above is purified. (05 marks)
(ii) aluminium is obtained from the purified ore in (b)(i) above.
(Your answer should include equations) (03 marks)
(b) Write equations and state the conditions under which aluminium
reacts with.
(i) air (2 ½ marks)
(ii) sodium hydroxide (2 ½ marks)
(iii) hydrochloric acid (2 ½ marks)
(c) Explain why aluminium utensils should not be washed using soap
solutions. (2 ½ marks)

4. (a) Distinguish between each of the following terms as used component

systems;
(i) phase and component (02 marks)
(ii) triple point and critical point (02 marks)
(b) The figures below show phase diagram for two different compounds
that form a one- component system. Use them to answer the questions
that follow.

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 Phase diagram for compound Q Phase diagram for compound R
X
A
Pressure D Z
Pressure G
J
J B
Z
G U
E
O
U
C
Y
Temperature
Temperature

(i) Identify the compounds Q and R. (01 mark)

(ii) Name the phases G, J and U . (1 ½ marks)
(iii) Name the curves OZ and EB. (01 mark)
(c) Compare the slanting directions of curves OX and EA and give
reasons for the observed difference. (03 marks)
(d) State and explain the changes that would take place if;
(i) gaseous R is cooled to point Z at a constant pressure.
(04 marks)
(ii) the pressure of liquid Q is increased to point D at constant
temperature. (02 marks)
(e) Q is a liquid at room temperature and standard pressure whereas R is
a gas under the same conditions. Explain this observation.
(3 ½ marks)
5. Carbon, silicon, germanium, tin and lead are elements in group IV of the
Periodic Table.
(a) Compare the reactions of carbon, silicon and lead with;
(i) Sulphur (6 ½ marks)
(ii) Hydrofluoric acid (03 marks)

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 (b) The elements can form chlorides in both the +2 and +4 oxidation
state.
(i) Write the formulae of the chloride formed by each of the elements
in the +2 oxidation state. (1 ½ marks)
(ii) Draw the structure and name the shape of the chloride of tin
written in (b)(ii) above. Explain why the chloride adopts the shape you
have named. (04 marks)
(c) Compare the differences in solubility of the chlorides of tin and lead
as shown in b(i) above in ;
(i) water (02 marks)
(ii) concentrated hydrochloric acid. (03 marks)
6. (a) For each of the following pairs of compounds, name one reagent
that can be used to distinguish between each of the following pairs of
compounds.
Your answer should include relevant observations and equation(s)
for the reactions.
(i) and (05 marks)

(ii) and (04 marks)

(iii) and (04 marks)

(iv) and (04 marks)

(b) Briefly explain the observation in (a)(iii) above. (03 marks)

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7. (a) Ammonia is a weak base.
(i) What is meant by the term a weak base? (01 mark)
(ii) Write the equation for the ionization of ammonia inwater.(01 mark)
(iii) Write an expression for the base ionization constant for ammonia.
(b) Calculate the pH of:
(i) a 0.02M ammonia solution (2 ½ marks)
3
(ii) a solution made by mixing 35cm of 0.02M ammonia solution and
15cm3 of 0.02M ammonium chloride solution.
(3 ½ marks)
(c) Explain the difference in your answers in (b)(i) and (ii) above.
(04 marks)
(d) (i) Sketch a graph of pH against volume of hydrochloric acid when
ammonia solution is being titrated with hydrochloric acid. (02 marks)
(ii) Explain the shape of the graph in (d)(i) above. (05 marks)
8. Explain each of these observations. Include equations in your answers
where necessary.
(a) The boiling points of pentane and 2, 2-dimethylpropane are 360C and
100C respectively, yet the two compounds have the same molecular
masses. (04 marks)
(b) Magnesium ion reacts with hydrogen sulphide in alkaline medium to
form a precipitate, whereas it does not form a precipitate in acidic
medium. (04 marks)
(c) Phosphorous burns spontaneously in air whereas nitrogen is inert at
the same temperature yet both elements are in the same group in the
period table. (03 marks)
(d) Aluminium chloride sublimes on heating but sodium chloride
does not. (03 marks)
(e) Ammonium chloride solution gives effervescence with magnesium
ribbon, whereas sodium ethanoate solution gives a blue precipitate with
aqueous copper (II) chloride solution. (06 marks)

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 Questions;

1. (a) State what is meant by the following terms;

(i) First electron affinity (01 mark)
(ii) Enthalpy of displacement (01 mark)
(b) The thermochemical data of copper(II) oxide is shown below;

Enthalpy of sublimation of copper

Standard enthalpy of formation of copper(II) oxide
First electron affinity of oxygen
Second electron affinity of oxygen
First ionization energy of copper
Second ionization energy of copper
Lattice dissociation energy of copper(II) oxide
Using the data above:
(i) Explain the observed difference in the first and second electron
affinity values of oxygen. (3 ½ marks)
(ii) Draw an energy level diagram and use it to determine the bond
dissociation energy of oxygen. (4 ½ marks)
(c) Write equation to show how copper(II) oxide can be converted to
copper(II) sulphate. (1 ½ marks)
(d) The reaction between copper(II) sulphate solution and zinc is an
exothermic reaction.
(i) State what would be observed when zinc dust is added to an
aqueous solution containing copper(II) ions and the mixture
allowed to stand. (1 ½ marks)
(ii) Describe an experiment to determine the standard enthalpy
change for the reaction in d(i) above. (07 marks)

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2. Describe how the following conversions can be effected.
(Equations are not required)
(a) Pent-1-yne from ethene (04 marks)
(b) Propanoic acid to propan-2-ol (04 marks)
(c) Benzene to phenol (04 marks)
(d) Phenylmethanal from benzene (04 marks)
(e) Benzene sulphonic acid from benzoic acid. (04 marks)

3. (a) Sodium, magnesium, silicon, phosphorus and sulphur are some of the
elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table.
The table below shows the boiling points of the elements.
Element
Atomic number 11 12 13 14 15
Melting point( ) 370.8 923 1687 317.2 388.2
(i) Plot a graph of melting point against atomic number of the
element. (03 marks)
(ii) Explain the shape of your graph. (05 marks)
(b) Write equations for the reactions between the elements; silicon,
phosphorus and sulphur with hot concentrated sodium hydroxide
solution. (03 marks)
(c) Write the formulae of the hydrides formed by each of the
elements above. (2 ½ marks)
(d) Describe the reactions of the hydrides in (c) above with water.
(6 ½ marks)
4. Explain each of the following observations and illustrate your answer
with equations where necessary,
(a) 2-Bromobutane reacts with hot dilute sodium hydroxide solution but
bromobenzene does not. (04 marks)
(b) When 2-methylpropene is reacted with hydrogen bromide, the major
product is 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane rather than
1-Bromo-2-methylpropane. (04 marks)

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 (c) The first ionization energy of magnesium is greater than that of
aluminium. (the atomic numbers of Mg and Al are 12 and 13
respectively). (03 marks)
(d) The boiling point of beryllium chloride is 487˚C and that of
magnesium chloride is 1418˚C. (02 marks)
(e) The solubility of sulphates of group II elements of the Periodic Table
decreases down the group. (2 ½ marks)
(f) Beryllium is in group (II) of the Periodic Table, but its properties
resemble those of aluminium which is in group (III) of the Periodic
Table. (02 marks)
(g) Although benzene has carbon-carbon double bonds, it does not
readily undergo electrophilic addition reaction. (02 marks)

5. (a) State Graham’s law. (01 mark)

(b) Oxygen diffused through a porous partition in 1.87 minutes. Under
similar conditions, the same volume of a hydrocarbon, T diffused in 2.15
minutes.
(i) Determine the molecular formula of T. (2 ½ marks)
(ii) Write all the possible isomers of T and their IUPAC names.
(02 marks)
(c) T decolourises cold dilute alkaline potassium manganate(VII)
solution.
(i) Identify T (01 mark)
(ii) Write equation for the reaction. (01 mark)
(d) Write equation and outline the mechanism for the reaction between
T and dilute sulphuric acid. (3 ½ marks)
(e) Without using equations, describe how T can be:
(i) converted to 1-bromopropane. (01 mark)
(ii) obtained from 1,2-dibromoethane. (04 marks)
(iii) converted to 1-chlorohexane (3 ½ marks)
(f) State one industrial use of T. ( ½ mark)

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6. (a) Define the terms:
(i) Relative atomic mass (01 mark)
(ii) Radioisotopes (01 mark)
(b) A naturally occurring element Q has two isotopes, Q and 22Q. The
20

relative atomic mass of Q is 20.2.

(i) Briefly describe how the essential parts and operation of a
modern mass spectrometer. [No diagram is required](06 marks)
(ii) Calculate the relative abundances of the each of the two
isotopes of Q. (03 marks)
(c) State;
(i) two uses of isotopes. (02 marks)
(ii) one limitation in using mass spectrometer for relative atomic
mass determination. (01 mark)
(d) One of the reasons why isotopes of elements undergo radioactive
decay is to achieve stability in the nuclei. The graph in figure 1 shows
a plot of number of neutrons against number of protons for stable
nuclei.

State;
(i) two factors that determine the stability of a nucleus of an atom.
(01 mark)
(ii) what line A represents. (½ mark)

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 (iii) what region B represents. (½ mark)
(e) Briefly describe how isotopes in regions 1 and 2 in Figure 1 can
achieve stability. (04 marks)

7. Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium and barium belong to group II

of the Periodic Table.
(a) State and explain the trend in each of the following periodic properties
among the elements.
(i) Atomic radius. (2 ½ marks)
(ii) Electropositivity (2 ½ marks)
(b) In some of its properties, beryllium behaves differently as compared to
other elements. State any reasons for the anomalous behavior of
beryllium. (1 ½ marks)
(c) The table below shows the variation in decomposition temperatures of
the carbonates of group II elements.
Carbonate
Decomposition temperature( ) 25 540 900 1290 1360

(i) State and explain the trend in the decomposition temperature of

the carbonates formed by the elements. (2 ½ marks)
(ii) Discuss the reactions of the carbonates above with dilute
sulphuric acid. (4 ½ marks)
(iii) Briefly describe any chemical test that can be used to distinguish
between calcium carbonate and barium carbonate. (2 ½ marks)
(d) When ammonia solution was separately added to magnesium chloride
solution and calcium chloride solution, a white precipitate insoluble in
excess was formed with magnesium chloride solution but not calcium
chloride solution. Explain this observation. (04 marks)

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8. (a) State the;
(i) laws of osmotic pressure. (02marks)
(ii) conditions under which the laws in (a)(i) are invalid. (02marks)
(b) (i) Describe an experiment that can be used to determine the relative
molecular mass of water soluble starch, P , using osmotic
pressure measurements. (05 marks)
(ii) The osmotic pressure of an aqueous solution of P containing
2.56gdm-3 at 23oC is 0.146mmHg. Calculate the number of monomer units
in P (02marks)
(c) (i) Calculate the freezing point of 2% aqueous solution of P at
atmospheric pressure. ( for water = 1.86oCmol-1kg-1) (02 marks)
(ii) Comment on your answer in c(i) above. (02marks)
(d) Vinyl chloride polymerizes according to the following to the equation

→
Concentration (g 1.25 4.40 6.25 10.65 12.50 15.65
Osmotic pressure (N 48.7 171.3 243.7 414.2 487.4 609.2
(i) Plot a graph of osmotic pressure against concentration. (03 marks)
(ii) Use the graph you have drawn to determine the value of n in

(02 marks)
.
9. A hydrocarbon D, on complete combustion yielded 4.05g of water and
10080cm3 of carbon dioxide at s.t.p. When 5.845g of D was vapourised
at s.t.p, it occupied a volume of .
(a) (i) Calculate the empirical formula of D. (2 ½ marks)
(ii) Determine the molecular formula of D. (03 marks)
(b) D burns with a sooty flame. Write;
(i) the structural formula and IUPAC name of D (01 mark)
(ii) equation for complete combustion of D. (1 ½ marks)
(c) Describe the reactions of D with:
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 (i) nitric acid (4 ½ marks)
(ii) propylchloride (04 marks)
(iii) bromine (3 ½ marks)
10. Beryllium, an element in group II of the Periodic Table shows diagonal
relationship with aluminium, which is an element in group III.
(a) Define the term diagonal relationship. (01mark)
(b) State;
(i) four reasons why beryllium and aluminium resemble. (02 marks)
(ii) three properties in which the two elements resemble. (03 marks)
(c) Write equation for the reaction of beryllium and aluminium with
sodium hydroxide solution
(d) Explain why calcium chloride is more soluble in water than calcium
sulphate. (03 marks)
(e) State what would observed and write equation for the reaction when;
(i) water was added to calcium nitride. (03marks)
(ii) potassium chromate solution was added to barium nitrate solution.
(02 marks)
(iii) dilute hydrochloric acid was added to magnesium carbide.
(03 arks)
11. Explain each of the following observations.
(a) Aluminium chloride dissolves in methylbenzene whereas sodium
chloride does not. (04 marks)
(b) When a hot mixture of concentrated phosphoric(V) acid and
cyclobutanol was cooled and the resultant mixture added to
bromine in tetrachloromethane, the reddish brown solution turned
colourless. (04 marks)
(c) The molar mass of sodium chloride determined by the method of
depression of freezing point of water was found to be 29.25.
(04 marks)
(d) Sodium iodide forms a white precipitate in a brown solution with
copper(II) sulphate solution whereas addition of sodium chloride
to copper(II) sulphate solution gives no observable change.
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 (04 marks)
(e) Alkenes undergo electrophilic addition reactions while carbonyl
compounds under go nucleophilic addition reactions.
(04 marks)
12. Carbon is both isotopic and allotropic.
(a) (i) Distinguish between the terms isotopes and allotropes.(02 marks)
(ii) Write the full symbols of the isotopes of carbon. (02 marks)
(b) (i) Describe how the relative atomic mass of carbon can be
determined using a mass spectrometer. (10 marks)
(ii) State any two advantages of using a mass spectrometer to
determine relative atomic mass of an element.
(01 mark)
(c) The mass spectrum of an element, A, contained two lines at
mass/charge values of 79 and 81 in a ratio respectively.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of A.
(03marks)
(d) The half-life of a radioactive element is 150 seconds. Calculate the
percentage of the element that will have decayed after 600 seconds.
(02 marks)

13. (a) An organic compound Q (molecular mass 109) consists of 22.0% by

mass of carbon, 4.6% by mass of hydrogen and the rest being bromine.
(i) Calculate the empirical formula of Q (02 marks)
(ii) Determine the molecular formula of Q (01mark)
(b) Write;
(i) the structural formula and IUPAC name of Q. (01 mark)
(ii) equations to show how Q can be synthesized from but-2- ene.
(04 marks)
(c) Briefly describe a chemical test that can be used to distinguish
between Q and chloroethane. (03 marks)
(d) Discuss the reactions of Q with
(ii) sodium hydroxide

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 (iii) alkaline solution of phenol
(iv) benzene
(Your answer should include conditions and mechanisms for the reactions )
(09 marks)
14. (a) Explain what is meant by the following terms as used in volumetric
analysis.
(i) Primary standard (01 mark)
(ii) Secondary standard (01 mark)
(b) Sodium thiosulphate pentahydrate ( ) and disodium
tetraborate decahydrate ( ) are useful compounds in
volumetric analysis. State two;
(i) reasons why disodium tetraborate decahydrate is a good primary
standard. (02 marks)
(ii) reasons why sodium thiosulphate pentahydrate is not a good
primary standard. (02 marks)
(iii) substances that can standardize the compound in b(ii) above.
(01 mark)
(c) 6.2g of disodium tetraborate decahydrate (Borax) was dissolved in
100 cm3 water and the resultant solution made up to 250cm3 with
more water. 25.0 cm3 of the resultant solution required 18.0 cm3 of
dilute hydrochloric acid for complete reaction using methyl orange
indicator. Calculate the molarity of the hydrochloric acid solution.
(5 ½ marks)
Borax reacts with hydrochloric acid according to the following
equation.

(d) The table below shows data for titration of sodium thiosulphate
solution of various concentration with a fixed volume of with dilute
hydrochloric acid.
Volume of sodium thiosulphate solution used ( ) 100 90 80 70 60
Time(s) 24.9 32 42.2 74.07 202.8
(i) State what is observed and write equation for the reaction that

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 takes place when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to sodium
thiosulphate solution. (2 ½ marks)
(ii) Plot a graph of volume of sodium thiosulphate solution against
time.
(04 marks)
(iii) Use your graph to determine the time required for 112cm3 of
sodium thiosulphate solution to completely react with
hydrochloric acid. (01 mark)
15. (a)The table below shows the first ionization energies of the elements
in third short period of the Periodic Table.
Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
-1
First ionization energy(kJmol ) 494 736 577 786 1060 1000 1260 1520
Atomic number 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

(i) What is meant by the term first ionization energy ? Illustrate

your answer using the phosphorus atom. (02 marks)
(ii) Plot a graph of against atomic
number. (05 marks)
(iii) Explain the shape of the graph you have drawn in (a) (ii) above.
(07 marks)
(b) (i) State and explain the first ionization energies vary among
group I elements. (03 marks)
(ii) Explain how the first ionization energy affects reactivity of
group I. (Illustrate your answer using the reaction of group (I) elements with
water). (03 marks)

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16. (a) State;
(i) what is meant by the term lattice energy. (01 mark)
(ii)two factors that affect the magnitude of lattice energy. (02 marks)
(b) Explain how the factors you have stated in (a)(ii) above affect the
magnitude of the lattice energy. (04 marks)
(c) (i) Draw a Born – Haber cycle for the first formation of solid
Rubidium chloride from its elements. (03 marks)
(ii) Calculate the electron affinity of chlorine from the following data.
Lattice energy of rubidium chloride = -675kJmol-1
Bond dissociation energy of chlorine = +242kJmol-1
Atomisation energy of rubidium = +84kJmol-1
Ionisation energy of rubidium = +397kJmol-1
Standard enthalpy of formation of rubidium chloride = -431kJmol-1
(03 marks)
(d) Given that the hydration energies of rubidium ions and chloride ions
are -301 and -364kJmol-1 respectively.
(i) Determine the enthalpy of solution of rubidium chloride.
(03 marks)
(ii) Comment on the solubility of rubidium chloride in water.(01 mark)

[ ]
END

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 TRINITY COLLEGE NABBINGO

A ‘LEVEL CHEMISTRY

SEMINAR

22ND JUNE 2019

1. (a) Describe the structure of hydrogen spectrum.

(b) Explain how the hydrogen spectrum is formed
(c) Give an account for the existence of energy levels using the hydrogen spectrum.
Mugwanya summit college
133
2. (a) A sample of radioactive I gave a Geiger counter of 3150 counts per minute at a
certain time, and 3055 counts per minute after exactly one hour later. Calculate the half-life
period of 133 I .
(b) Define the term “Average life”
The amount of carbon-14 in a piece of wood is found to be one-sixth of its amount in a
fresh piece of wood. Calculate the age of old piece of wood.
(d) Define the term nuclear action.
State four differences between nuclear and chemical reactions.
(f) Define nuclear isomers with examples.
St. Agustines Wakiso
3. (a) Define the term “Nuclear stability”.
(b) Explain the factors affecting nuclear stability.
(c) The mass number and atomic number of a radioactive element Actinium are 227 and
89 respectively. Calculate the number of  and  particles emitted, if the mass number
and atomic number of the new element lead are 207 and 82 respectively.
210 206 210
(d) 84 Po decays with alpha to 82 Pb with a half-life of 138.4 days. If 1.0g of Po is
placed in a sealed tube, how much helium in cm3 at s.t.p will accumulate in 69.2 days?
(ii) A sample of U 238 (half-life 4.5 x 109 years) ore is found to contain 23.8g of U 238 and
20.6g of Pb 206 . Calculate the age of the ore.
(e) Explain the applications of radioactivity
(f) Write short notes on the following;
(i) half-life (ii) Mass defect (iii) Nuclear fission
Namilyango college sch
4. (a) Explain the factors that govern the formation of ionic bonds.
(b) Explain why bond angle in the following decreases in the order CH4 > NH3 > H2O.
(c) Account for the variation of the bond angles between the pairs (i) H2O(104.50) and
H2S(920)
(ii) H2O(104.50) and OF2(101.10)
(d) Discuss the shapes of the following molecules on the basis of VS EPR theory

1
 (i) NH3 (ii) CH4 (iii) PCl3(iv) NO −2 (v) ClO −2

(e) What do you understand by hydrogen bonds?

(ii) Classify hydrogen bonds.
(iii) Explain why water has abnormally high boiling point.

(f) Explain why metals are good conductors of electricity, malleable and ductile basing on
metallic bonding.

(ii) Explain why a covalent bond is stronger than metallic bond

5. (a) Distinguish between
(i) Intensive and extensive properties
(ii) Isothermal and Adiabatic process
(iii) Cyclic and Isochoric processes
(b) Define the term
(i) “thermochemical equation”
(ii) Standard heat of formation
(c) Calculate the enthalpy of the reaction CO2(g) + H2(g) CO(g) + H2O(g)
o
given that; H f for CO2(g), CO(g) and H2O(g) are -393.5, -111.31, and -
241.8KJmol-1 respectively.

(ii) The standard heats of formation of C2H5OH(l), CO2(g) and H2O(l) are -2770, -393.5
and -285.5KJmol-1, respectively. Calculate the standard heat changes for the reaction
C2H5OH9l) + 3O2 (g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)

(d) Explain three applications of enthalpy of combustion.

(e) (i) Describe an experiment to determine enthalpy of solution of potassium nitrate.

(ii) Explain why enthalpy of neutralization of strong acids by strong bases remain -
13.7Kcal no matter which acid or base employed.
St. Josephs ss kakindu

6. (a) Distinguish between bond energy and bond dissociation energy.

(b) Calculate the bond energy of HCl, given that the H-H bond energy is 433KJmol-1, Cl-
Cl bond energy is 242KJmol-1 and H f for HCl is -91KJmol-1.
(c) State Hess’s law of constant heat summation and describe its applications.
(d) Calculate the enthalpy of the reaction C(graphite) + 2H2(g) CH4(g) from
the following data.

2
(i) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) H=-890.35KJ
1
(ii) H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(l) H = -286.2KJ
2

(iii) C(graphite) + O2(g) CO(g) H = -393.51KJ.

(e) Calculate the enthalpy of the reaction C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) for the
following values of bond energy

Bond C-H 0=0 C=0 0-H C=C

Bond energy(KJ) 414 499 724 460 619
Bulo Parents

7. (a) State graham’s law.

(b) 50ml of gas A effuse through a pinhole in 146 seconds. The same volume of CO2
under identical conditions effuses in 155 seconds. Calculate the molecular mass of A.
© Explain the difference between ideal gas? and real gases.
(d) How does pressure and temperature variations affect deviations of gases from
ideality?
Kinoni ss
8. (a) Define the term mole fraction.
(b) ( i)Calculate the mole fraction of HCl in a solution of hydrochloric acid in water,
containing 36% HCl by weight.
(ii) What is the molarity of 12.3% w/w H2SO4 whose density is 1.09g/cm3.
(c) Concentrated nitric acid is 70% (w/w) and has a density of 1.42gcm-3. Calculate the
molarity of the concentrated nitric acid.
(d) 12.68cm3 of the acid in (c) was dissolved in water and the acid in (b) was dissolved in
water and the solution made up to 250cm3 with distilled water. Calculate the volume of
the solution that would react completely with 25cm3 of a 0.2 M sodium carbonate
solution.
(e) Briefly discuss the reaction between copper and nitric acid. Illustrate your answers
with equations.
St. Mary’s Nkozi
9. (a) Define the term
(i) Steam distillation
(ii) Fractional distillation
(b) At 760mmHg, a mixture of nitrobenzene and water boils at 990C. The Vapour
pressure of water at this temperature is 733mmHg. Find the proportion of water and
nitrobenzene in the distillate obtained by steam distillation.
(c) Define an ideal solution.
(d) When two components A and B are mixed the resultant solution forms an ideal
solution.

3
 (i) State 3 properties of the above solution
(ii) Sketch a well labeled vapour pressure composition diagram and a boiling point
composition diagram for the above solution.
Mityana Modern
10. (a) What is meant by the term “colligative property”?
(b) (i) Calculate the vapour pressure lowering caused by addition of 100g of sucrose
(molar mass 342) to 1000g of water if the vapour pressure of pure water at 250C is
23.8mmHg.
(ii) Explain why the vapour pressure of water was lowered.
I (i)Sketch on the same axis the graph for vapour pressure of water and sucrose solution.
(ii) Explain the shapes of the diagrams drawn
Kampala High
11. Define the term boiling point elevation constant.
(b) Describe an experiment to show how molecular mass of urea can be determined
using ebullioscopy.
(c) Acetone boils at 56.380C and a solution of 1.41g of an organic solid in 20g of acetone
boils at 56.880C. Calculate the mass of one mole of the organic solid (kb for acetone per
100g is 16.7)
(d) (i) Explain why freezing point depression and boiling point elevation method are not
suitable for determination of molar mass of polymers
(ii) State 4 limitations of ebullioscopy
Kinyara sec. sch. Masindi
12. (a) Distinguish between osmosis, osmotic pressure and reverse osmosis.
(b) Describe how osmotic pressure can be determined with the acid of a well labeled
diagram.
(c) (i) State the two laws of osmotic pressure.
(ii) Use the laws in (i) to derive vant hoff’s equation of osmotic pressure.
(d) (i) The osmotic pressure of a 5% solution of glucose at 180C is 6.64atm; determine
the molar mass of glucose
(ii) A solution of glycol containing 1.821g per litre has on atomic pressure of
51.80mHg but 100C. What is the molecular mass of glycol?
Namasagali ss
13. (a) (i) Define the term “Dynamic equilibrium”
(ii) State five characteristics of chemical equilibrium.
b) State the law of mass action
(c) Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen according to the following equation.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2 NH3(g) H = -ve
State and explain the effect on equilibrium constant Kc if
(i) Pressure was increased
(ii) Temperature was increased

4
 (iii) Xenon was introduced at constant pressure
(i) Some hydrogen was removed at equilibrium.
(ii) Iron is added to the system

(d) At 5000C, the reaction between N2 and H2 to form ammonia has a kc of 6.0 x 10-2.
What is the numerical value of kp for this reaction?

(e) Discuss the industrial manufacture of nitric acid.

Buloba high

14. (a) State le’chaterier’s principal.

(b) For the reaction; 2NOCl(g) 2NO(g) + Cl2(g) 2 moles of NOCl were placed in a
one-litre vessel and the concentration of NO after equilibrium was achieved was 0.66M.
Calculate the Kc for the reaction.

(c) At a certain temperature, 0.1 mole of H2 and 0.1mole of I2 were placed in a one-litre
flash. The purple color of iodine Vapour was used to monitor the reaction. After a certain
period of time; the equilibrium H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g) was established and it was
found that the concentration of Iodine decreased to 0.02mol/litre.

(i) Calculate the value of kc for the above reaction

(ii) Explain the effect on kc if sodium thiosulphate was introduced to the above system at
equilibrium.

(d) Describe an experiment to determine the kc for esterification reaction.

Nyenga seminary

15. (a) State the distribution law.

(b) State 3 limitations of the law.
(c) An aqueous solution contains 10g of a solute per litre. When 1 litre of the solution is
treated with 100ml of either, 6g of the solute are extracted.
(i) Calculate the KD between ether and water.
(ii) How much more of the solute would be extracted from the aqueous solution by a
further 100ml ether?
(d) A solution of 6g of substance X in 50ml of aqueous solution in equilibrium at room
temperature, with a solution of X in diethyl ether containing 108g of X in 100ml.
(i) Calculate the KD of X between ether and water.
(ii) Calculate the mass extracted by shaking 100ml of aqueous solution containing 10g of
X with
- 100ml of ether.
- 50ml of ether twice at room temperature.
5
 (iii) What conclusion can you draw from the result obtained in d(ii) above?
(e) State five applications of the distribution law.
St. Marios
16. (a) What is meant by the term phase?
(b) Distinguish between
(i) triple point and critical point
(ii) Eutectic point and Azeotrope.
(c) Sketch the phase diagram for sulphur system and explain the phases and lines
present.

(d) Silver freezes at 9610C; lead freezes at 3270C, the two components form in Eutectic at 30
and at a composition of 80% lead.

(i) Sketch a lead-silver phase diagram labeling all features present.

(ii) Describe what would happen if a mixture containing 40% lead is cooled from 7600C to
2000C.

(d) Give differences between eutectic and compounds.

Kabowa high school

17. (a) State the rate law

(b) Define the following terms

(i) Order of reaction

(ii) Molecularity of reaction

(c) (i) Distinguish between elementary and complex reactions.

(ii) Explain why poly molecular reactions are rare.

(iii) Give 4 differences between molecularity and order of reaction.

(d) (i) Describe an experiment to show that decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is first
order.

(ii) A Solution of H2O2 when titrated against KMnO4 solution at different time intervals gave
the following results.

Time (minute) 0 10 20
Vol of KMnO4 used cm3 23.8 14.7 9.1

Show that the decomposition of H2O2 is first order.

6
(e) Explain the factors affecting rates of chemical reactions.

(f) (i) Explain what is meant by the term “auto catalysis”

(ii) State four characteristics of catalysis.

(g) Sketch a potential energy diagram for an endothermic catalyzed and catalysis reaction
on the same axis
Kakungulu Memorial

18. (a) Distinguish between the following terms

(i) Specific Conductance and Resistance
(ii) Molar conductivity and electrolytic conductivity.
(b) State two differences between electrochemical and electrolytic cells.
(c) (i) State Ohm’s law
(ii) Using the conductivity cell, resistance of 0.1M sodium chloride and 0.1M
chloropropanoic acid were found to be 25.1  and 64.2  respectively at 250C. When
determined using the time conductivity call. (conductivity of NaCl = 0.0115  -1cm2mol-1)
(i) Calculate the cell constant
(ii) Calculate the molar conductivity of 0.1M chloro propanoic acid.
(d) Explain the factors affecting molar conductivity.
(e) State and explain the graphs for variation of molar conductivity Vs concentration for
strong electrolyte and weak electrolyte on the same axis.
Kajjansi progressive
19. (a) (i) Define the term degree of dissociation.
(ii) Explain the factors that affect degree of dissociation.

(b) Distinguish between solubility and solubility product constant

(c) The solubility product constant of Aluminium hydroxide is 1.6 x 10-33. Calculate the
solubility of Aluminium hydroxide in

(i) Water

(ii) 0.01M sodium hydroxide solution

(iii) 1M ammonium hydroxide (kb for NH3 = 1.8 x 10-5)

(d) Explain your results in C(i), (ii) and (iii) above.

(e) The solubility of BaSO4 is 2.33 x 10-4g/cm3 at 200C. Calculate the solubility product of
BaSO4 at that temperature;

(f) Explain

7
(i) The factors affecting solubility

(ii) Applications of solubility product.

(g) Describe an experiment to determine solubility product of Potassium Iodate in water.

(h) Zinc Sulphide is precipitated by hydrogen sulphide from ammoniacal solution.
Explain.
Kololo ss
20. (a) Define the term pH
(b) Find out the pH of 0.002M acetic acid solution if it is 2.3% Ionised in dilute solution
(c) (i) Explain the meaning of the word “Buffer solution”
(ii) Explain the mechanism of action of a basic buffer.
(d) (i) The PH of a solution containing 0.15Mol per litre ethanoic acid and a certain mass
of sodium ethanoate is found to be 4.8697. Calculate the mass of sodium ethanoate in the
solution (ka for ethanoic acid is 1.8 x 10-5)
(ii) Calculate the PH change that would occur when 1cm3 if 1M HCl is added to the
above solution.
- 1cm3 of 1M solution hydroxide is added to the above solution.
(e) A chemist needs a buffered solution of propanoic acid and sodium propanoate.
Calculate the ratio of (CH3CH2COOH)/CH3CH2COONa) required to yield a pH of 4.3
(Ka for propanoic acid is 1.3 x 10-5)
(f) Explain four applications of butter solutions.
Old Kampala sss
21. (a) Explain the following observations;
(b) When nickel (ii) sulphate solution is added to solution of sodium ethanoate, a green
precipitate is formed.

(ii) When zinc granules are placed into a solution of ammonium chloride, effective scene of a
colorless gas occurs.

(iii) When sodium carbonate solution is added to a solution of Iron (iii) chloride a brown
precipitate and a colorless gas is evolved.

(iv) Sodium sulphate is neutral to litmus yet ammonium sulphate turns a blue litmus red.

(b) (i) Explain the term “Acid-base indicator”.

(ii) Explain how methyl orange indicator works.

Trinity College Nabbingo

22. (a) Define the term salt hydrolysis.

(b) 20cm3 of 0.2M sodium hydroxide solution 10cm added to 20cm3 of 0.2M ethanoic
acid solution.

8
 (i) Calculate the pH of the resultant solution.
(ii) Explain your answer in b(i) above.
(c) Sketch and explain (ka for CH3COOH = 1.75 x 10-5) the titration curves for the
following reactions.
(i) Hydrogenic acid and sodium hydroxide.
(ii) Hydrochloric acid and ammonia solution
(iii) Ammonia solution and Hydrochloric acid
Crane high Entebbe

23. (a) State Kohlrausch’s law of independent ion migration. A saturated solution of AgCl has a
conductivity of 1.9 x 10-6  -1cm-1 at 250C. The electrolytic conductivity of water is 5.6 x
10-8  -1cm-1. The molar conductivity of Ag NO3, land KNO3 are 1.33, 150 and 146  -
1
cm2mol-1 respectively at infinity dilution. Calculate the solubility product of AgCl.

(c) Sketch and explain the shape of the graph obtained when molar conductivity was
measured against volume of base between

(i) Hydrochloric acid and potassium hydroxide

(ii) Hydrochloric acid and ammonia solution
(iii) Propanoic acid and sodium hydroxide
(iv) Succinic acid and ammonia solution
Nansana st. Joseph

Organic Seminar questions

24. Write equations to show how the following compounds can be synthesized and in each case,
state the conditions for the reactions.
(a) Phenyl ethane from phenol
(b) Ethyne to phenylpropanedioc acid.
(c) Nitrobenzene to 2-hydroxy-2 methyl-2-phenylethanoic acid
(d) Bromomethane to propanone
(e) Ethanol to propan-1,2-diol
(f) 1-bromopropane to amino ethane.
Ndejja ss
25. Write equation to show how the following compounds can be synthesized and in each case,
state the conditions for the reactions.
(a) N-methylethanamine from ethanoic acid
(b) Ethene to cyclohexane carboxylic acid
(c) Cyclohexanamine from methyl benzene

9
 (d) Methanol to 2-methyl propene.
(e) Benzene to cyclohexyl methanamine
(f) Chloro ethane to 2-methyl propene
(g) Ethyne to 2-methylphenyl ethanoic acid
N=N
(h) Nitrobenzene to
OH

(i) Propene to 2,2-dimethylpropanediocicc acid.

Jinja college
26. Write equations to show how the following compounds can be synthesized and in each case,
state the conditions for the reaction.
(a) CH=NOH from bromo ethane

Cl
(b) CH3CHCH3 to CH3CH2CH=NNHCONH2

(c) NNH from

_
-
Br
(d) CH3 C=NNHCONH2 from CH3CCH3
CH3 Br

(e) 1,3- dibromo butane from ethane

(f) benzene to polystyrene
Bombo Army
27. Name a reagent that can be used to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds
and in each case, state what is observed if the reagent is treated with these compounds and
write equations (if any) for the positive reactions.
(a) CH3COOH and HCOOH

O
(b) and CH2CHO
CCH3

COOH
(c) OH and

(d) (CH3)3COH and OH

OH

10
 (e) CH3COCH3 and CH3CHCH3
OO
(f) HOCCOH and CH3CH2COOH

(g) I CH2I

(h) CH3CH2COCH2CH3 and CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO

St. Joseph of Nathareth
28. Complete the following equation and write down the acceptable mechanism.
(a) CH3 CH2≡CH HgSO4,H2SO4
HO2,600C

(b) CH3 Conc.HNO3

Conc.H2SO4,600C
+ Cl2 Fe
(c)
OH
(d) CH3CH2CHCH3 CH3COOH
H+
(e) CH3CH2Cl NaOH, ethanol
heat
(f) (CH3)3COH Conc.H2SO4
850C

(g) + CH3COBr AlCl3

Naalya s.s Bweyogerere
29. Complete the following equations and write down the acceptable mechanisms.
(a) (CH3)2CO + NH2NH2 H+
(b) 2CH3COCH3 OH

(c) CH3COCl + NH3 heat

(d) CH3CONHCH2CH2 + H2O H+

(e) NH2
NaNO2

HCl< 10℃

(f) N2+ + OH

11
 World Ahead Matugga

INORGANIC

30. (a) Define the following terms

(i) Atomic radius (iii) Electron affinity

(ii) Ionization energy (iv) Electronegativity

(b) Explain the variation of the following periodic properties across and down the group.

(i) Ionisation energy (iii) Electrode potential

(ii) Electro positively (iv) Melting point

(c) Explain each of the following observations.

(i) The first ionization energy of Aluminium is abnormally lower than that of Magnesium

(ii) The third abnormally higher than the second.

(iii) Berryllium exhibits anomalous behaviors as compared to other members in group II

(d) (i) Define the term diagonal relationship.

(ii) Explain why some elements show diagonal relationships.

(iv) With equations; describe how the chemistry of Aluminium resembles that of
Berryllium.
Tororo Boys
31. (a) Explain the trend of solubility of
(c) group II hydroxide down the group
(ii) group II sulphates down the group

(b) Explain how group II element react with.

(i) dilute acids
(ii) oxygen

(d) ©Lithium carbonate decomposes on heating whereas sodium carbonate does not.
Explain this observation.
Mityana s.s
32. Carbon, Germanium, Silicon Tin and lead are in group (iv) of the periodic table;

12
 (a) Explain why carbon exhibits unique properties giving examples of the properties
exhibited.
(b) Explain the trend of
(ii) Stability of +2 oxidation state down the group.
(ii) Acidic nature of the oxides down the group
(c) Discuss the reactions of group (iv) elements with
(i) Water (ii) Acids (iii) Alkalis
(d) Describe the reactions of group (iv) halides with water
(e) Lead II chloride is sparingly soluble in water but readily soluble in concentrated
hydrochloric acid. Explain this observation.
Hill View
33. Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine are in group VII of the periodic table.
(a) Write the general outer configuration of group vii elements.
(b) Explain the following statements
(i) Halogens are generally very reactive.
(ii) The boiling points of halogens are generally low, but increases down the group.
(iii) Fluorine behaves differently from the rest of the numbers in the group.
(iv) Bond dissociation energy of these molecules decreases down the group.

(c) Write equations to show how fluorine behaves differently from the rest of the
members.
(d) Discuss the reactions of these elements with

(i) Water (ii) Sodium hydroxide

(e) The acid strength of the following oxoacids in the order

HClO4>HClO3>HClO2>HClO. Explain this observation.
Global high school
34. (a) Explain why phosphorous in the same group as nitrogen forms two chloride PCl3 and
PCl5 yet nitrogen forms only NCl3.
(b) Discuss the reactions of period three elements with
(i) Water (ii) Acids (iii) Alkalis
(c) Explain the trend of
(i) Volatility of period 3 oxides
(ii) Nature of oxides of period three
(d) Discuss the reactions of period 3 oxides with
(i) Water (ii) Alkalis
(e) Describe how Aluminium can be extracted from its Ore.
(f) Sodium hydrogen carbonate solution was added to a solution of Aluminium chloride;
state what was observed and write an equation for the reaction.
St. Noa Girls Zana

13
35. Iron and chromium are transition elements.
(a) (i) Distinguish between transition elements and d-block elements.
(ii) Explain any four properties of transition elements.

(b) The atomic numbers of chromium and Iron are 24 and 26 respectively.
(ii) Write the electronic configuration of chromium and Iron.

(ii) Explain why Iron (ii) compounds are more stable than Iron (ii) compounds.

(c) Using equations to illustrate your answer, describe how chromium and your reacts
with
(i) Water (ii) dilute acids
(d) State what would be observed and write the equation for the reaction that would take
place if sodium hydroxide solution was added dropwise until excess to a solution of
(i) Chromium (iii) sulphate (ii) Iron (ii) chloride
(e) Litmus solution was added to a solution of Iron(iii) chloride state and explain what
would be observed.
Barnabas College Migadde
36. (a) Describe how the following metals can be extracted
(i) Copper (ii) Zinc (iii) Iron
(b) Write
(i) the electronic configuration of manganese
(ii) possible oxidation states of Manganese
(c) State three advantages of using potassium permanganate in volumetric analysis.
(d) Explain and state what would be observed if sodium hydroxide was added to solution
containing Manganese (II) sulphate.
(e) Explain the following observations
(i) Atomic radii of transition elements remain almost constant across the period.
(ii) Zinc and scandium belong to d-block elements but they are not transition.
(iii) Copper (II) compounds are more stable than copper(i) compounds yet copper(i) has a
fully filled 3rd sub shell.
St. Peters Nkokonjeru
37. (a) In a laboratory preparation of 2,3-dibromobutane, 50g of but-2-ene was passed into 80g
of liquid bromine covered by a layer of water.
(i) What colour change took place?
(ii) Write the equation for the reaction between bromine and the alkene and indicate
the mechanism for the reaction.
(iii) What name is given to the mechanism in a(ii)?
(iv) Assuming all the bromine reacted with the alkene, calculate the mass of 2,3-
dibromobutane formed. (Br = 80)

14
 (v) If the actual mass 2,3-dibromobutane obtained was 43.2g, calculate the
percentage yield of 2,3-dibromobutane.

(b) Describe briefly how to obtain a pure sample of 2,3-dibromobutane from the reaction
mentioned in (a).

(c) 2,3-dichromobutane was heated under reflux with excess aqueous sodium hydroxide.

(i) Write equation for the reaction that took place and name the main organic product
according to the IUPAC system.

(ii) What would be the main organic product if excess ethanoic potassium hydroxide was
used instead of aqueous sodium hydroxide?

(d) Write the structural formulae and names of two position isomers of 2,3-
dibromobutane.

Mita College
38.
One property of chromium as a transition metal is its ability to form complexes, for example
(Cr(NH3)6)3+
(a) State two other properties of chromium as a transition metal. In each case give two
suitable examples.
(b) Chromium (iii) chloride – 6 – water, CrCl3.6H2O, is an example of hydrate
isomerism. Write the formulae of the three possible isomers of CrCl3.6H2O.
(c) The coordination number of chromium is the same in the isomers of CrCl3.6H2O.
(i) Explain briefly what is meant by the term coordination number.
(ii) What is the coordination number of chromium in CrCl3.6H2O?
(d) Same tests were carried out on two of the isomers of CrCl3.6H2O and the results
obtained are shown in the table below.

Tests Results
Excess aqueous AgNO3 0.1 mole of chloride ions 0.3 mole of chloride ions were
was added to 0.1M were precipitated precipitated
aqueous solution of the
isomer.
Conductivity 2 moles of conducting 4 moles of conducting species
measurements species were detected were detected

From the above tests, write the possible formulae of X and Y. Give reasons for your
answers.

(e) To an aqueous solution of chromium (iii) chloride was added an aqueous solution of
ammonium chloride followed dropwise addition of aqueous ammonia, until in excess.

15
 (v) What is observed?
(vi) Write ionic equations to explain the observation made in e(i)
Destiny Christian High sch.

39. Explain the following observations.

(a) Although ionization energy generally increases across a period in the periodic table, the
first Ionisation energy of baron is less than that of beryllium.
(b) Both valency electrons of magnesium occupy the same energy level yet the second
ionization energy of magnesium is greater than its first Ionisation energy.
(c) Calcium forms compounds containing Ca2+ ions but none containing Ca+ ions even
though its first ionization energy is lower than the second ionization energy.
(d) Hydroxybenzene (phenol) is more soluble in dilute sodium hydroxide solution than in
water.
(e) The boiling points of tertiary amines are lower than those of primary amines with
corresponding molecular masses.

Bombo s.s

40. Elements X and Y form an ionic compound XY, the lattice energy of which is 755KJ mol-1,
X is a metal and its first ionization energy is 493KJmol-1. The heat of atomization of X is
110KJ mol-1. Element Y exists as a gas and its molecules are diatomic. The bond
dissociation energy of Y is 20KJ mol-1 and its electronic affinity is 365KJ mol-1. The heats
of hydration of X and Y ions are 300 and 375KJ mol-1 respectively.
(a) By means of a diagram show how the energy changes involved in the formation of solid
XY from its elements are related.
(b) Calculate
(i) the heat of formation of solid XY
(ii) the heat of hydration of solid XY
(c) (i) If the second ionization energy of X is 2300KJmol-1 and the lattice energy of solid
XY2 is 1900KJmol-1, calculate the heat of formation of solid XY2.
(ii) What can you deduce about the stability of solid XY2 from the answer to c(i).
(d) Enthalpies of combustion of some substances are given below.
Hydrogen 242KJmol-1
Benzene 3302KJmol-1
Cyclohexene 3746KJ mol-1
Cycloheptane 3940 KJ mol-1

(i) Calculate the enthalpy of hydrogenation of cyclohexene and benzene.

(ii) Comment on the differences in enthalpies of hydrogenation of cyclohexene and benzene
you have calculated in d(i) with reference to the structures of the two compounds.
Tropical high

16
 END

17
‘A’ LEVEL CHEMISTRY SEMINAR AT JINJA PROGRESSIVE ACADEMY ON SATURDAY,
13th / 07/2019.

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
1. (a) (i) State Hess’ law of constant heat summation, clearly stating its
significance in thermodynamics.
(ii) You are provided with the following thermochemical data.
Molar heat of combustion of ethyne is − 1260kJmol-1
Molar heat combustion of ethanal is − 1160kJmol-1
Calculate the standard enthalpy change of hydrolysis of ethyne.
(b) (i) Define the term standard molar enthalpy change of formation.
(ii) The equation below shows the reaction between ammonia and fluorine
NH3(g) + 3F2(g) 3HF(g) +NF3(g
Using the standard molar enthalpy change of formation in the table below, calculate
the molar enthalpy change of the reaction.
Compound NH3 HF NF3
Standard molar enthalpy change of formation(Kjmol -1) -46 -269 -114
(iii) Using the average bond enthalpy in the table below, calculate
the molar enthalpy change of the same reaction in (b) above
Bond N-H F-F H-F N-F
Average bond enthalpy(KJmol-1) 388 158 562 272
(iv) Explain why the answer you have calculated in b(ii) regarded
as a more reliable value?
(c) Using the following thermochemical data,
Lattice energy of Rubidium chloride = −665kJmol-1
Dissociation energy of chlorine =+ 226kJmol -1
Heat of atomization of Rubidium metal = +84kJmol-1
Standard heat of formation of solid Rubidium chloride = – 439kJmol-1
Ionization energy of Rubidium = +397kJmol-1
(i) Construct a Born Haber cycle for the formation of rubidium chloride from
its elements.
(ii) Use your Born Haber cycle to calculate the electron affinity of chlorine.
2. (a) What is meant by the following terms as used in colligative properties?
(i) Ebullioscopic constant
(ii) Osmotic pressure
(b) (i) Describe an experiment that can be used to determine the relative molecular
mass of neoprene rubber by Berkley and Hartley method.
(ii) The osmotic pressure of a solution containing 1.24% of a polymer is 3.1x 10-3
atmosphere. Determine the relative molecular mass of the polymer.
(iii) Explain why the osmotic pressure method is more preferred over
ebullioscopy and cryoscopy in determining the relative molecular mass of
polymers.
(c) The table below shows how the boiling point of a certain ketone changes with
addition of different concentrations of non-volatile solute W at constant temperature.
concentration(gl-1) 0.0 4.0 8.0 10.0 14.0 16.0
Boiling point (℃) 80 80.06 80.15 80.18 80.21 80.24
(i) Plot a graph of boiling point elevation against concentration
(ii) Use your graph to determine the molecular mass of the W. (Boiling point
elevation constant of the ketone is (2.28℃ mol-1 kg-1)
3. (a) Explain the following terms as used in kinetics.
(i) Elementary reaction
(ii) Molecularity
(iii) Initial rate
(iv) Order of reaction
(v) Activated complex

JINJA PROGRESSIVE ‘A’ LEVEL CHEMISTRY SEMINAR QUESTIONS Prepared by Biso

Henry, Lawrence Arum Bronsted, Mulabi Nicholas Elijah, & Luvaluka Francis.
 (b) The initial rate of the reaction between substances A and B is given
by Rate = K[A][B]2 .
(i) Complete the table below for reaction between A and B
Expt no Initial [A]/moldm-3 Initial [B]/moldm-3 Initial rate (moldm-3)
1 0.020 0.020 1.2 x 10-4
2 0.040 0.040 ………………………….
3 …………………….. 0.040 2.4 x 10-4
4 0.060 0.030 …………………………….
5 0.040 ………………………… 7.2 x 10-4
(ii) Using the data for experiment 1, calculate the value of the rate constant.
(iii) State three methods which might have used to study the rate of the
chemical reaction in the Table above.
(c) (i) Describe an experiment to show that catalytic decomposition
of Hydrogen peroxide is a first order reaction.
(ii) A certain volume of Hydrogen peroxide solution was decomposed in the
presence of platinum. The amount of Hydrogen peroxide after time t was found by
withdrawing a liquots of solution, adding dilute Sulphuric acid and titrating with
Potassium manganate (VII) solution. The volume of Potassium manganate (VII) solution
remaining, Vt were as follows;
t (min) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Vt (cm3) 12.30 9.20 6.90 5.20 3.90 2.90 2.20 1.60 1.20 1.15

 Tabulate values of log Vt

 Plot a graph of log Vt against time
 State order of reaction with respect to Hydrogen peroxide. Give reason for your
answer.
 Determine the rate constant for the reaction
 Calculate the half - life for the reaction
(d ) The rate of a certain reaction is Rate = k[A] [B]2 [C] where [C] is the concentration moles
per litre and k is the rate constant. State how the rate of the reaction will change if;
(i) Concentration of B and C is doubled and A is kept constant
(ii)Concentration of A and C were kept constant and concentration of B is halved
(iii) [A] and [C] were kept constant and [B] was doubled.
(iv). Concentration of A, B and C were doubled.
4. Propanoic acid is a weak acid with Ka of 1.32X10-5 moldm-3 at 20℃.
(a) (i) What is mean by the term weak acid?
(ii) Both propanoic acid and aniline dissociates in water. Write down the expressions
of their dissociation constants.
(iii) Calculate the pH of propanoic acid when its concentration is 0.05M and that of
aniline is 0.025M. (Kb of aniline is 2.94X10-5M)
(b) (i) Explain why the solution of methyl ammonium chloride is acidic
(ii) Calculate the hydrolysis constant of a solution of 6.7g of methyl ammonium
chloride in 500cm3 of water when its pH is 2.33.
(iii) Calculate the volume of the above solution that would react completely with
10cm3 of 0.25M sodium hydroxide solution.
(c.) (i) Describe an experiment to determine the solubility product of
calcium iodate.
(ii) If the solubility product of calcium iodate 1.95x10-4M at 25℃ .
Calculate the solubility of calcium iodate in;
 Water
 0.1M sodium iodate
(iii) Comment on your answer in (ii) above.
(d) (i) With an example in each case, clearly distinguish between acidic
buffers and basic buffers.
JINJA PROGRESSIVE ‘A’ LEVEL CHEMISTRY SEMINAR QUESTIONS Prepared by Biso
Henry, Lawrence Arum Bronsted, Mulabi Nicholas Elijah, & Luvaluka Francis.
 (ii) Calculate the pH of the solution obtained 20cm3 of 0.1M sodium
hydroxide is added to 100cm3 of 0.1M ethanoic acid. (Ka of ethanoic
acid is 1.8x 10-3M)
(iii) Sketch a graph showing pH changes when small amounts of
ethanoic acid is added to sodium hydroxide from the burette.
Account for the shape of your graph.
5. (a) During the extraction of aluminium, a current of 0.2ampere was passed for one hour
through aluminium sulphate solution.
(i) Write an equation for the reaction that took place at each electrode.
(ii) Calculate the mass of aluminium produced.

(b) (i) What is meant by the following terms.

 Cell constant
 Resistivity
 Molar conductivity
(ii) Using the same conductivity cell, resistance of 0.1M KCL solution
and 0.1M Bromoethanoic acid solution were found to be 24.96Ω and
66.5Ω respectively at 25OC when dertermined using the same
conducitvity cell (conductivity of KCl at 250C = 0.01164Ω−1cm−1molar
conductivity of Bromoethanoic acid at infinite dilution is
389Ω−1cm2mol−1)
 Calculate the cell constant
 Calculate the molar conductivity of the 0.1M Bromoethanoic acid
C) (i) The molar conductivity of HNO3, KNO3 nad KF are 421, 145 and
129Ω−1cm2mol−1 respectively at infinite dilution, calculate the molar
condductivity of HF acid at infinite dilution.
(ii) The electrolytic conductivity of a saturated of a solution of AgCl at
291K after deducting the electrolytic conductivity of water is
1.22 × 10−4 S𝑚−1
The molar conductivity of the Ag+ and Cl− at infinite dilution at
291K are 0.540 × 10−2 and 0.652 × 10−2Sm2mol−1 respectively.
Calculate the solubility of AgCl at 291K in gmol−1 (Ag = 108, Cl =
35.5)
(d) (i) What is standard electrode potential?
(ii) Explain why it’s not possible to measure standard electrode
potential absolutely.
(iii) The standard electrode potential of some systems are given
below.
Electrode Eθ (V)
Cr3+(aq)/ Cr 2+(aq) - 0.402
− + 1.52
MnO 4 (aq) / Mn (aq)
2+

 Write the convention of the cell formed when the electrodes are coupled.
 Write an equation for the cell reaction.
 Determine the standard cell potential of the cell
 Giving a reason, state whether the reaction feasible or not.
6. (a) (i) State Raoult’s law.
(ii) Calculate the composition of benzene -toluene mixture which at 760mmHg
boil at 88OC if the saturated vapour pressure of benzene and Toluene at this
temperature are 957mmHg and 378mmHg respectively.
(iii) Calculate the composition of the vapour obtained when the
liquid mixture in (a) boils.
(iv) Which of the two liquids is more volatile? Give a reason for your answer.

JINJA PROGRESSIVE ‘A’ LEVEL CHEMISTRY SEMINAR QUESTIONS Prepared by Biso

Henry, Lawrence Arum Bronsted, Mulabi Nicholas Elijah, & Luvaluka Francis.
 (c.) The following data was obtained for a mixture of aniline and
hydrochloric acid.
Mole fraction of aniline 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Partial pressure of aniline (mmHg) 0 35 82 142 219 293
Partial pressure of hydrochloric acid (mmHg) 347 270 185 102 37 0
(i) Plot a graph of vapour pressure of mixture against mole fraction of
hydrochloric acid.
(ii) Draw the boiling point composition diagram for the mixture of aniline
and hydrochloric acid and on it indicate a tie line.
(iii) Describe what would happen if a liquid mixture containing 20%
aniline was fractionally distilled.
(d). (i) State the distribution law.
(ii) An aqueous solution contains 10g of Z in a litre of solution.100cm3 of this
solution was shaken with 20cm3 of an ether and the ether extracted 0.8g of Z. calculate
the volume of the ether that is required to extract 80% of Z from 500cm3 of the aqueous
solution.
(iii). What are assumptions used in your calculation in d(ii) above?
(e) Ions of metal M react with excess ammonia to form a complex according to the
following equation.
M+ (aq) + nNH3(aq) [M(NH3)n]+ (aq)
25cm of ammonia solution was added to 25cm 3 of a 0.1M aqueous solution of metal M+
3

ions, followed by 50cm3 of trichloromethane.

The mixture was shaken and allowed to reach equilibrium at 20℃. The aqueous layer
required 27.5cm3 of 1.0M nitric acid and the trichloromethane layer required 18.0cm 3 of
0.05M nitric acid for complete neutralization. Calculate the
(i). concentration of ammonia in trichloromethane layer.
(ii). Concentration of ammonia that formed the complex with M+ ions.(distribution
coefficient of ammonia between water and trichloromethane is 25 at 20℃ )
(iii) Determine the value of n in the complex.
7. (a) State the equilibrium law.
(b) (i) Describe an experiment to determine the equilibrium constant for the
decomposition of hydrogen iodide.
(ii) 1.54g of hydrogen iodide was heated in 0.6dm 3 bulb at 530℃ . When
equilibrium was attained, the bulb was rapidly cooled to room temperature and broken
under potassium iodide solution. The iodine formed from the decomposition of hydrogen
iodide required 67.0cm3 of 0.1M sodium thiosulphate solution for complete reaction.
Calculate,
 Number of moles of hydrogen iodide in 1.54g.
 Number of moles of iodine formed.
 Value of Kc at 530℃.
(c) The reaction N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g), ∆H =-92KJmol-1, illustrates
synthesis of ammonia.
(i) Give one source of hydrogen and nitrogen for this process.
(ii) Stoichiometric amounts of nitrogen and hydrogen were reacted at 50
atmospheres. At equilibrium, 0.8moles of ammonia was formed. Calculate
the ;
 Amount of nitrogen and hydrogen present at equilibrium
 Value of the equilibrium constant for the reaction
(iii) State and explain the effect on the above equilibrium if
 Pressure is increased
 Ammonia is removed from the mixture of gases
 Operating temperature is increased
(d) Write equations to show how nitric acid is synthesized from ammonia.
JINJA PROGRESSIVE ‘A’ LEVEL CHEMISTRY SEMINAR QUESTIONS Prepared by Biso
Henry, Lawrence Arum Bronsted, Mulabi Nicholas Elijah, & Luvaluka Francis.
 (e) Outline three uses of ammonia.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
8. The elements beryllium, magnesium and barium belong to group II of the periodic table.
a) State three chemical properties shown by the elements. For each property write an
equation to illustrate the answer
b) Beryllium differs in some of its properties from the rest of the members of the group.
i) State two properties in which beryllium differs from the rest of the members
of the group
ii) Give reasons why beryllium shows different properties from the rest of the
elements in the group
c) Explain
i) The trend in the solubilities of the hydroxides of group (ii) elements in water
ii) The trend in the solubilities of the sulphates of group (ii) elements in water
iii) Why beryllium carbonate is less thermally stable than barium carbonate
iv) Why beryllium ion has a smaller electrical conductivity than the barium ion
when both ions are in aqueous solution
9. a) The first electron affinity of elements Na to Cl in period 3 are given below
Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
First electron -20 +67 -30 -135 -60 -200 -364
affinity/kjmo-1

i) describe and explain the general trend in the electron affinities from Na to Cl
ii) Why is the first electron affinity of Mg more positive than one might expect from the
general trend in the values above?
iii) Why is the electron affinity of silicon more exothermic than that of phosphorus?
b) Explain the expected difference between second and first electron affinity of oxygen.
c) State and explain how the value of first ionization energy of magnesium would
compare with the corresponding value of calcium
10. (a) In the complex [Co(NH3)5H2O]Cl3
i. state the oxidation state of cobalt in the complex and name the complex
ii. state three factors that affect complex formation
b) Chromium and belong to the d- block elements in the periodic table and are true
transition elements
i. Distinguish between a transition element and a d block element
ii. write the electronic configuration of chromium and copper
iii. With examples state three properties of chromium and copper that make them
different from S block elements
c) Give two chemical properties in each case in which manganese and chromium are
similar and different.
d) To an aqueous solution containing chromium (iii) ions was added sodium hydroxide
solution drop wise until in excess and to the resultant mixture, hydrogen peroxide
solution was added and warmed.
i. State the observations made
ii. Write equations for the reactions that took place
d) Determine the oxidation state of manganese in MnO4-, MnO42- and MnO2
e) write an equation and explain what would be observed if
i) water is added to potassium manganate (vi)
ii) carbon dioxide is bubbled through manganate (vi) solution
iii) aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was added to a solution containing
manganese (ii) ions drop wise until in excess
11. The elements C, Si, Ge, Sn and Pb belong to group (IV) of the periodic table.
a) i) write down the general outer configuration of group (IV) elements
ii) Explain the variation in the stability of the oxidation states shown by group (IV)
elements

JINJA PROGRESSIVE ‘A’ LEVEL CHEMISTRY SEMINAR QUESTIONS Prepared by Biso

Henry, Lawrence Arum Bronsted, Mulabi Nicholas Elijah, & Luvaluka Francis.
 b) i) Sketch a graph to show the variation of melting points with atomic number for
group (IV) elements
ii) Explain the shape of the graph drawn in (i) above.
c) Although the bonding in carbon dioxide and silicon dioxide is covalent, carbon
dioxide is a gas whereas silicon dioxide is a solid with a high melting point.
i) Draw the structure and name the shapes adopted by the two oxides
ii) Explain the difference in melting points
d) Whereas carbon forms limitless number of stable hydrides, this tendency decreases
rapidly down the group with increasing atomic number
i) Explain why it is so
ii) Write equations for the formation of the tetrahydrides and dihydrides of
group (VI) elements
iii) Describe the reactions of the hydrides of group (VI) elements with water
e) Describe how ions of tin and lead behave when treated with common laboratory
reagents. Accompany your answers with equations.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
12. When 3.7g of an organic compound Q was exploded with excess oxygen, 4.5g of water
and 6.48dm3 of a gaseous mixture were formed. On bubbling the gaseous mixture into
a wash bottle containing concentrated potassium hydroxide solution, the volume of the
gaseous mixture reduced to 2.0dm3. All volume measured at stp
(a) Calculate the empirical formula of Q
(b) When Q was steam distilled at normal atmospheric pressure of 760mmHg, the
distillate was found to contain 43.6% by composition of Q. at this temperature;
the vapour pressure of water is 640mmHg.
(i) Calculate the relative molecular mass of Q
(ii) Determine the molecular formula of Q
(c) Q evolves a colourless gas when reacted with sodium metal. Write the structural
formulae of all possible isomers of Q
(d) When Lucas’ reagent was added to a test tube containing a solution of Q, a
cloudy solution was formed immediately. Identify Q
(e) Using equations show how;
(i) Q can be converted to 2-methylpropan-1,2-ol
(ii) Q can be synthesized from propan-1-ol
13. Name a reagent that can be used to distinguish the following pair of compounds.
In each case state what is observed and write the equation for the reaction(s) if any that
take place when each member is treated with the reagent stated .
(a) But-2-yne and But-1-yne
(b) Cyclohexanol and phenol
(c) Ethanol and propan-1-ol
(d) Phenyldehyde and methanal
(e) iodocyclohexane and iodo benzene
(f) methanoic acid and ethanoic acid

JINJA PROGRESSIVE ‘A’ LEVEL CHEMISTRY SEMINAR QUESTIONS Prepared by Biso

Henry, Lawrence Arum Bronsted, Mulabi Nicholas Elijah, & Luvaluka Francis.
14. Write equations to show how the following compounds react and in each case outline
the mechanism leading to the formation of the major product
(a) Phenol with warm fuming sulphuric acid
(b) Phenylethanone with hydroxylamine
(c) 1-methylcyclohex-1-ene with hydrogen chloride gas
(d) Methanol with benzoic acid in hot concentrated sulphuric acid
(e) Propanone with sodium cyanide in presence of dilute sulphuric acid
(f) Ethanoyl chloride with hydroxy benzene in sodium hydroxide solution
15. Using equations while writing conditions necessary, show how the following compounds
can be synthesized
(a) 1-chloro propane to phenol
(b) propan-2-ol to ethanol
(c) Propene to 2,2-dimethylpropan-1,3-dioic acid
(d) Methanol to 2-methylpropene
(e) Ethyne to cyclohexan-1,2-diol
(f) Benzene to
𝑁=𝑁 𝑂𝐻

BEST WISHES IN YOUR MOCK EXAMS AND UACE CHEMISTRY EXAMINATIONS 2019.

JINJA PROGRESSIVE ‘A’ LEVEL CHEMISTRY SEMINAR QUESTIONS Prepared by Biso

Henry, Lawrence Arum Bronsted, Mulabi Nicholas Elijah, & Luvaluka Francis.
S.6 CHEM SEMINAR QUESTIONS 2019
1. (a) Using equations , describe the reactions of zinc with

(i) moist air

(ii) water

(iii) sodium hydroxide (10marks)

(b) (i) Explain why zinc is not a typical transition element. (02marks)

(ii) Give four ways in which zinc reacts in the same way as magnesium.
(04marks)

(c) State what would be observed and write equation for the reaction when dilute
ammonia solution was added drop-wise until in excess to a solution containing zinc
ions. (04martks)

2. (a) Write the electronic configuration of manganese (atomic number = 25)

(b) (i) State the possible oxidations states exhibited by manganese.

(ii) Write formula of oxides of manganese that exhibit the oxidation states in (b)(i)
above.

(c) Sodium bismuthate solution is reacted with manganese(II) sulphate solution in

presence of concentrated nitric acid

(i) State what would observed.

(ii) State the role of concentrated nitric acid and write equation for the reaction in

(iii) To the resultant mixture in (c)(i) was added sodium sulphite solution. State what
was observed and write equation for the reaction.

(d) Describe briefly how potassium manganate(VI)

(i) can be prepared in the laboratory

(ii) can react with carbon dioxide

(Illustrate your answer with equation(s))

3. Magnesium ,aluminium , silicon , phosphorous , sulphur and chlorine are some of elements of
period 3 of the Periodic Table.
 (a) Write the formulae of the hydrides of elements and state the type of bonding in each
hydride.

(b) Describe the reaction of elements with

(i) dilute hydrochloric acid

(ii) sodium hydroxide

(iiI) hydrofluoric acid

(c) Magnesium and phosphorus were separately ignited in air. State what would be
observed and write equation(s) for the reaction(s).

(d) (i) Which oxide of sulphur can act both as a reducing agent and as an oxidizing
agent.

(ii) Describe the reaction of each of properties of oxide of sulphur in d(i)

above.(Illustrate you answer with equations)

4. (a) Describe how iron can extracted from siderite ore.

(b) Briefly describe the process of rusting of iron objects.

(c) Describe and explain reaction of iron with

(i) chlorine

(ii) copper(II) sulphate solution

(iii) dry oxygen gas

(d) Few drops of concentrated nitric acid were added to iron(II) sulphate solution and to the
resultant mixture was added potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) solution.

(i) State all the observations made

(ii) Write equations for the reactions that took place.

5. 11.25g of an organic compound P on complete combustions yielded 8.4x10-3m 3 of carbon

dioxide and 6.75g of water at s.t.p. Given that P has a vapour density of 3.75gdm-3 at room
temperature.

(a) (i) Calculate the empirical formula of P

(ii) Determine the molecular formula of P

 (b) Compound P gave effervescence of a colourless gas when treated with sodium
carbonate solution. It also gave yellow precipitate when treated with iodine solution
and sodium hydroxide solution. Identify P.

(c) Write equation for the reaction leading to the formation of

(i) colourless gas

(ii) yellow precipitate

(d) Write equation and suggest a mechanism for the reaction between P and

(i) methanol in the presence of few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid.

(ii) excess concentrated phosphoric acid at 170oC.

(e) Using equations show how P can be

(i) synthesized from but- 2- yne

(ii) converted to ethanol

6. (a) Distinguish between redoX reaction and disproportionation reaction

(b) Write equation to show

(i) disproportionation reaction between potassium manganate(VI) and dilute

sulphuric acid

(ii) a redox reaction between copper turnings and silver nitrate solution.

(iii) a disproportionation reaction between iodine and hot concentrated sodium

hydroxide solution.

(iv) a redox reaction between acidified solution of potassium chlorate(V) solution

and iron(II) sulphate.

(c) Manganese (IV) oxide occurs in pyrolusite ore , 2.0g of pyrolusite ore was boiled with
excess concentrated hydrochloric acid. The chlorine liberated was bubbled through
excess potassium iodide solution. The iodine liberated required 33.5cm3 of 0.2M sodium
thiosulphate solution.

(i) Write equations for the redox reactions involved.

(ii) calculate the percentage by mass of manganese(IV) oxide in the ore.

(d) 25cm3 of a solution containing 3.6875g of YSO4 per 250cm3 of solution was acidified
with dilute sulphuric acid and required 12.70cm3 of 0.027M potassium manganate(VII)
 solution. In acidic medium , Manganate(VII) ions oxidise Y2+ to Yn+. Determine the value
of n. (Y= 119, S = 32 , O = 16 , )

(e) State the conditions and write equation for the reaction between

(i) manganese (II) sulphate solution and lead(IV) oxide

(iii) manganese(IV) oxide and a mixture of potassium hydroxide and potassium

chlorate(V).

7. Write equations to show how the following compounds can be synthesized

(a) 1-methyl cyclohexane-1-ol from cyclohexanol

(b) CH3COCH3 from ethanol

(b) Phenyl methanal (benzaldehyde) from benzoic acid

(c) CH3CH2COOH from propene

(d) (CH3)2C = N- NH2 from propan-1-ol

(e) benzene to ─ N H2

(f) propene to 2- methylpropan -2 –ol

8. The elements sodium , aluminium , silicon, phosphorus , sulphur and sulphur and chlorine
belong to period 3 of the Period Table.

(a) Explain the differences in the melting points of the elements.

(b) Describe the reactions of

(i) aluminium , silicon , phosphorus and chlorine with sodium hydroxide.

(ii) the hydride of sodium , silicon and sulphur with water.

(iii) aluminium with sulphuric acid

(iv) the chlorides of aluminium , silicon and phosphorus with water

(v) the oxides of phosphorus with sodium hydroxide.

9. (a) Define the terms

(i) a colligative property .

(ii) boiuling point constant.

(b) Describe an experiment that you would carry out to determine the relative molecular
mass of s compound using boiling point method. Use a diagram to illustrate your answer.
 (c) Explain the effect of association of the solute on its value of relative molecular
determined by the boiling point method.

(d) (i) State the laws of osmotic pressure.

(ii) State the conditions under which these laws are valid.

(e) The osmotic pressure of a 1.42% solution of polyvinyl chloride is 2.356x10-2 mmHg at
25o.

(i) Calculate the relative molecular mass of polyvinylchloride

(ii) Calculate the number of monomer units of polyvinylchloride.

(iii) Write equation for the formation of polyvinylchloride from chloroethene.

10. (a) Describe the reaction of

(i) ethanol wih sulhuric acid

(ii) benzene with chlorine

(iii) propanoic acid with methanol

(iv) nitrous acid with amines

(Your answer should include conditions for the reactions and mechanisms for the reactions in (i)
and (iii) )

(b) Write equation for the reaction and indicate the mechanism for the reaction between

(i) chloroethane and phenol in presence of sodium hydroxide solution

(ii) propanone and 4-nitrophenylhydrazine in acidic medium.

(iii) 1-methylcyclohex-1-ene and bromine water.

11. (a) What is meant by the term electron affinity.

(b) The first electron affinities of group(VII) elements are shown below.

Element Fluorine chlorine bromine Iodine

Atomic number 9 17 35 64
Electron affinity -328 -349 -325 -295
(kJmol-1)

(i) Plot a graph of first electron against atomic number

 (ii) Explain the shape of the graph

(c) State three reasons why fluorine differs in some reactions from group (VII) elements.

(d) State four properties in which fluorine differs from other group(VII)

(e) Describe the reaction of group(VII) elements

(i) with water

(ii) with sodium hydroxide

(f) Write equations for the reactions between the hydride of group(VII) with concentrated
sulphuric acid.

(g) Describe briefly how you would prepare crystals of potassium chlorate.

12. The structural formulae of some compounds X, Y and Z are shown below.

OH OH CH2 OH

X Y Z

(a) For compound Y and Z , name one reagent which

(i) when reacted with Y and Z will show similar observation

(ii) can be used to distinguish between Y and Z

In each case state what would be observed when Y and Z is separately treated with the
reagent you named.

(b) (i) Write equation(s) to show how Y can be prepared from benzene. (Your answer
should include reagents and conditions)

(ii) Y can be used in the manufacture of azo- dye. By means of equations only ,
show how Y can be used to make an azo- dye starting from phenylamine (aniline)

(c) Write

(i) equation for the reaction between X and acidified potassium dichromate
 (ii) equation(s) to show how X be converted into cyclohexanecarboxylic acid.

( You answer should include reagent and conditions)

(iii) the mechanism for the reaction between X and ethanoic acid in the presence of
concentrated sulphuric acid.

(d) Y is a stronger acid than Z . Explain this observation.

13. (a) State what is meant by the following terms.

(i) Standard enthalpy

(ii) enthalpy of solution

(b) Describe an experiment that can be carried out to determine the enthalpy change of
neutralization of hydrochloric acid by sodium hydroxide.( No diagram is required)

(c) In an experiment to determine the heat of neutralization of an acid Q by sodium

hydroxide , 2M acid solution was added in the intervals of 5cm3 into a plastic beaker
containing 40.0cm3 of 2M sodium hydroxide solution. After each addition, the mixture
was stirred and highest temperature of the solution recorded. The data obtained is
shown below.

Volume of acid Q 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0

added (cm3)
Highest 28.0 34.0 39.0 43.0 45.0 42.0 40.0
temperature of
the mixture(OC)

(i) Plot a graph of highest temperature against volume of acid Q added.

(ii) Use the graph to determine the enthalpy of neutralization of Q by sodium

hydroxide solution. ( density of solution is 1gcm-3 , specific heat capacity of solution is
4.2jg-1K-1)

(d) (i) State Hess’s law

(ii) The table below shows some heats of combustion of some selected substances.

Substance Heat of combustion , Hoc (kJmol-1)

Ethane -1542
Ethyne -1310
hydrogen -285
 Calculate the heat of hydrogenation of ethyne to ethane.

14. State what would be observed and write equation(s) for the reaction(s) when

(a) Methanoic acid was warmed with acidified potassium dichromate solution

(b) Lead(II) nitrate solution was warmed with an alkaline solution sodium hypochlorite.

(c) sulphur is warmed with concentrated nitric acid

(d) potassium peroxo disulphate solution was added to iron(II) suphate solution

(e) Methanal is warmed with Fehling’s solution.

(f) Copper tunings are reacted with moderately concentrated nitric acid.

(g) Benzoic acid solution is mixed with iron(III) chloride solution.

(h) Sodium ethanoate solution is warmed with neutral iron(III) chloride solution.

(i) phosphorus is warmed with concentrated sulphuric acid

(j) sodium hydroxide solution was added to tin(IV) sulphate solution drop wise until in
excess.
(k) Magnesium ribbon was added to an aqueous solution of chromium (III) sulphate.
(l) potassium iodide was warmed with concentrated sulphuric acid.
(m) potassium chromate solution was added to lead(II) nitrate solution followed sodium
hydroxide drop wise until in excess.

`(n) Ammonia solution was added drop-wise until in excess to a solution of nickel (II)
sulphate .

15. (a) What is meant by the term ore?

(b) Briefly describe how the following ores are concentrated.

(ii) Copper pyrites

(iii) Bauxite

(c) Describe how a pure metal can be extracted from each of the concentrated ore in (b).

(d) Describe how each of the pure metals in (c) can react with

(i) oxygen

(ii) mineral acids

(iii) halogens
(e) State two uses of each of the metals obtained in (c) above.

END
 A’LEVEL SEMINAR QUESTIONS

1. (a) 1.22g of a dicarboxylic aliphatic acid Y is dissolved in water and the

solution made up to 250cm3. A 25.0cm3portion of the solution
required 21.0cm3 of 0.1M sodium hydroxide solution for
complete neutralisation.
(i) Determine the molecular formula of Y.
(ii) Write the structural formulae and IUPAC names of the possible
isomers of Y.
(iii) one of the isomers of Y has a higher melting point? Give a
reason for your answer.

(b) An organic compound Z , contains carbon , hydrogen and oxygen

only. When vaporized at 101kPa and 373K , 0.10g of Z occupied a
volume of 66.7cm3. On combustion in excess oxygen , 1 mole of Z
produced 2 moles of carbon dioxide and 3 moles of water.
(i) Calculate the relative molecular mass of Z.
(ii) Determine the molecular formula of Z.
(iii) Write the structural formulae and names of the possible isomers
of Z.
(iv) Using equations only show how each of the isomers in (iii)
above can be synthesised from chloromethane.
(c) An organic compound , P , on complete combustion yielded 8.8g of
carbon dioxide and 1.8g of water. 0.1g of P when vaporised at 273oC
and 734mmHg occupied a volume of 4.46x 10-2dm3.
(i) Calculate molecular formula of P
(ii) Write the structure and IUPAC name of P.
(iii) Discuss the reactions of P with
 sulphuric acid
 bromine
(iv) When P was ozonolysed followed hydrolysis compound Q
formed. Q gave no observable change with Fehling’s solution.

Chemistry by baboine peter Page 1

 Write equation and suggest a mechanism for the reaction
between Q and Brady’s reagent.
2. (a) Define the term isotopes. (01mark)
(b) One of the factors that affect the stability of the isotopes is neutron to
proton ratio.
(i) State the other factor. (01mark)
(ii) Sketch a graph of number of neutrons versus number of
protons and on it indicate
 the line in which n/p = 1
 the stability region
 three points in the unstability region (03½marks)

(c) Describe briefly how the isotopes in the unstability region in the three
points indicated in b(ii) can gain stability. (04marks)
(d) Gallium has two isotopes of mass numbers 69 and 71 in the ratio x:y.
If the relative atomic mass of gallium is 69.8, determine the values of
x andy. (03marks)
(e) The table below shows the results of the radioactive decay of 23491𝑃𝑎
Time(seconds) 20 40 60 80 100 120
Mass of 234
91𝑃𝑎 (g) 48.2 38.5 31.5 26.0 21.0 17.2

Plot a graph of log10(mass) against time and use it to determine the

(i) initial mass of 234
91𝑃𝑎 (01mark)
(ii) decay constant of 234 91𝑃𝑎 (02marks)
(iii) half- live of 234
91𝑃𝑎 (02marks)

3. (a) Define the terms

(i) electrolytic conductivity (01mark)
(ii) molar conductivity. (01mark)
(b) Conductivity measurement is one of the methods of determining
solubility product of a sparingly soluble salt.
(i) Describe how the method is carried out. (05marks)
(ii) The electrolytic conductivity of a saturated solution of calcium
phosphate at 25oC is 3.1219x 10-5 Ω-1 cm-1 . The electrolytic
conductivity of pure water is 1.519 x 10-6 Ω-1cm-1.The molar ionic

Chemistry by baboine peter Page 2

 conductivities of calcium ions and phosphate ions at infinite dilution
at 25oC are 119.0Ω-1 cm2mol-1 and 240.0Ω-1 cm2mol-1 respectively.
Calculate the solubility product of calcium phosphate at 25oC and
state its units (05marks)
(b) Explain each of the following observations
(i) In the conductimetric titration of copper(II) sulphate solution
against ammonia solution , the electrolytic conductivity of the
mixture decreases to minimum value and then increases
gradually and finally almost levels off with excess ammonia .
(04marks)
(ii) The molar conductivity decreases with increase in
concentration for both ethanoic acid and sodium chloride.
(04marks)
4. (a) Write the outer most electronic configuration of group(IV) elements.
(01marks)
(b) Describe the reactions of :
(i) carbon , silicon , tin and lead with sulphuric acid. (6½marks)
(ii) lead with ethanoic acid (2½marks)
(i) chlorides of lead with sodium hydroxide solution. (04marks)
(ii) Silicon with acids. (03marks)

(c) carbon does not react with chlorine but reacts readily with fluorine.
Explain this observation. (03marks)

5. (a) Explain what is meant by the term enthalpy of displacement.

(01marks)
(b) Describe an experiment that can be used to determine the enthalpy of
displacement reaction between zinc and copper(II) sulphate.
(09marks)
(c) State what would be observed and write equation for the reaction
when:
(i) copper metal is added to silver nitrate solution. (03marks)
(ii) aluminium metal is added to iron(III) sulphate solution.
(2½marks)
(d) Calculate the Gibbs free energy in (c)(ii) above given that the standard
reduction potential of aluminium half cell is -1.66V and that of
iron(III) half cell is +0.77V. (03marks)
(e) Write the cell notation for the cell formed by combining the half cells
in (d) above. (1½marks)

Chemistry by baboine peter Page 3

6. Using equations only show how the following compounds can be
synthesized.
(a) phenylethaoate from aminobenzene (04marks)
(b) 2,2-dichloropropane from propan-1- ol (04marks)
(c) 1,3,5-tribromobenzene from benzene diazonium chloride. (04marks)
(d) CH3CH=N- OH from but-2- ene (04marks)
(e) ethyl amine from propanoic acid. (04marks)

7. Explain the following observations

(a) When potassium iodide solution was added to copper(II) sulphate
solution white precipitate and brown solution were formed ,however
when was potassium bromide solution was used there no observable
change. (05marks)
(b) When concentrated hydrogen peroxide solution was added to lead(II)
sulphide , the black solid turned to white solid. (03marks)
(c) When concentrated ammonia solution was added to cobalt(II) chloride
solution , blue precipitate was formed which dissolved in excess
ammonia solution to form a pale brown solution. (05marks)
(d) When 60g of urea ((NH2)2CO ) and 128g of naphthalene (C10H8)
were separately added to 1000g of ethanol , both solutions boil at the
same temperature and pressure. (04marks)
(e) A solution of hydrogen chloride gas in methylbenzene has no effect
on litmus papers however an aqueous solution of hydrochloride turns
blue litmus paper red. (03marks)

8. (a) Discuss the chemical properties of aluminium and iron showing

(i) similarity
(ii) differences (12marks)
(b) Explain the following observations
(i) the melting points of aluminium and iron are 660oC and
1537oC respectively. (04marks)
(ii) hydrogen chloride gas cannot be used to prepare anhydrous
iron(III) chloride ,however hydrogen chloride gas is suitable for
the preparation of anhydrous aluminium chloride. (04marks)

9. (a) What is meant by the terms:

(i) solubility product
(ii) common ion effect. (02marks)
` (b) Describe an experiment that can be used to determine the solubility

Chemistry by baboine peter Page 4

 product of silver sulphate. (06marks)
(c) The solubility of silver sulphate in 0.1M sodium sulphate at 25oC is
2.0339gdm-3. Calculate the solubility of silver sulphate in pure water
at 25oC. (05marks)
(d) The solubility of magnesium hydroxide at 25 C is 8.126 x 10-3gdm-3.
o

Calculate the mass of magnesium hydroxide that would precipitate

when 4g of sodium hydroxide pellets were shaken with 1 dm3 of a
saturated solution of magnesium hydroxide at 25oC. (05marks)

(e) State and explain the effect on the solubility of silver sulphate when
the following were added to its saturated solution.
(i) silver nitrate solution.
(ii) ammonia solution. (06marks)

(e) Describe two applications of solubility product. (04marks)

10. (a) Distinguish between lattice energy and hydration energy. (02marks)
(b) Explain briefly how the two energy terms in(a) affect the solubility of
ionic compounds. ( 03marks)
(c) Given the following thermodynamic data.
Standard enthalpy of formation of aluminium fluoride = -1301kJmol-1
Standard enthalpy of atomization of aluminium = +314kJmol-1
Standard enthalpy of bond dissociation of fluorine gas = +158kJmol-1
First ionization energy of aluminium = +577kJmol-1
Second ionization energy of aluminium = +1820kJmol-1
Third ionization energy of aluminium = +2740kJmol-1
First electron affinity of fluorine = -348kJmol-1
(i) Define the standard enthalpy of formation. (01mark)
(ii) Draw an energy level diagram for the formation of aluminium
fluoride and use it to determine the lattice energy of aluminium
fluoride. (06marks)
(iii) Given that the hydration energies of aluminium ions and
fluoride ions are -4690 and -364kJmol-1 respectively. Calculate
the enthalpy of solution of aluminium fluoride and hence
comment on its solubility in water. (04marks)
(d) State and explain two factors that affect the hydration energy.
(04marks)

11. (a) Write the electronic configuration of the outer most energy level of
Chemistry by baboine peter Page 5
 group (IV) elements. (01 mark)

(b) Describe the reactions of group (IV) element with

(i) water
(ii) sodium hydroxide (09marks)
(c) Write the equation for the reaction between water and:
(i) lead(IV) chloride
(ii) tin (II) chloride
(iii) Silicon (IV) hydride (04marks)

(d) Sodium hydroxide solution was added to lead(II) nitrate solution

drop- wise until in excess.
(i) State what was observed. (01 marks)
(ii) Write equation(s) for the reaction(s) that took place. (02marks)

(e) Dilute nitric acid was added to the resultant mixture in (d) above drop-
wise until in excess. State what was observed and write equation(s)
for the reaction(s) if any that took place. (03marks)
12. State what would be observed and write the mechanism for the reaction
when the following were mixed.
(a) Warm fuming sulphuric acid and benzene (04marks)
(b) Benzene and bromine in the presence of hot iron (04marks)
(c) Propan- 2- ol and ethanoyl chloride (04marks)
(d) 2- methyl propene and chlorine water. (04marks)
(e) Benzene and concentrated nitric acid in presence of concentrated
sulphuric acid at 60oC. (04marks)

13. Write equations to show how the following compounds can be synthesized
OH
│
CHS𝑂3−𝑁𝑎+
(a) from aminobenzene (04marks)

O O
║ ║
(b) ethanedioic acid from HO –C-CH2 CH2 -C−OH (4½marks)

(c) Propene from ethanoic acid (04 marks)

Chemistry by baboine peter Page 6

 (d) CH3CH2 CH2OH from propanamide (4½ marks)

(e) Ethoxyethane from prop ene (04marks)

14. (a) Define the terms

(i) colligative property (01mark)
(ii) freezing point constant. (01mar)
(b) Describe an experiment that you would carry out to determine the
relative molecular mass of a naphthalene using osmotic pressure
method. (06marks)
(c) Explain the effect of association of the solute on the relative
molecular mass determined by freezing point method. (02marks)
(d) (i) State the laws of osmotic pressure. (02marks)
(ii) state the conditions under which these laws are valid. (01mark)
(e) The osmotic pressure of a 1.24% solution of poly(phenylethene) is
2.356x 10-2 mmHg at 25oC.
(i) Calculate the relative molecular mass of poly(phenylethene)
(2½marks)
(ii) Calculate the number of monomer units in poly(phenylethene)
(1½marks)
(iii)Explain why the freezing point method is not suitable for
determining the molecular mass of poly(phenylethene) (03marks)

16. (a) (i) What is meant by the term steam distillation? (1 mark)
(ii) State three principles of steam distillation. (3 marks)
(iii) Describe an experiment for isolating amino benzene from a
reaction mixture containing non-volatile impurities. (Use a
diagram to illustrate your answer) (5 marks)
(c) (i) Define the term partition coefficient. (01mark)
3
(ii) A solution containing 6g of Q in 50cm of an aqueous solution
is in equilibrium at room temperature with 108g of Q in 100cm3
of ether. Calculate the mass of Q that will be extracted by
shaking 100cm3 of the aqueous solution containing 10g of Q
with two successive portions of 50cm3 of ether. (5marks)
2+
(d) Ions of a metal M , M , react with excess ammonia to a complex
according to the following equation.
M2+(aq) + nNH3(aq) [M(NH3)n]2+(aq)
25cm3 of 0.2M solution of M ions were mixed with 25cm3 of 1M
ammonia solution followed by 50cm3 of trichloromethane in a
separating funnel and the mixture shaken until equilibrium was
Chemistry by baboine peter Page 7
 attained at 25oC . It was found that 0.0002 moles of free ammonia
were present in the trichloromethane layer. Given that the distribution
coefficient, KD for ammonia between water and tricchloromethane at
room temperature is 25, determine the value of n in the complex.
(5 marks)

17. Fluorine is in group(VII) of the Periodic Table but it behaves differently

from the rest of the group members.
(a) (i) State three reasons why fluorine behaves anomalously.
(1½marks)
(ii) Describe three chemical properties of fluorine which are
different from the rest of the group members.(Illustrate your
answer with equations) (6marks)
(b) Fluorine and chlorine are separately bubbled through aqueous silver
nitrate solution.
(i) State what was observed in each case. (02marks)
(ii) Write equation(s) for the reaction(s) that took place.
(02marks)
(c) Describe briefly how chlorine
(i) Can be manufactured on a large scale.
(ii) Can be used to prepare potassium chlorate(V) crystals.
(Diagrams not required.) (8½marks)

18. (a) Define the term weak acid. (01 mark)

(b) A 0.1M solution of ethanoic acid has a pH of 2.8.

Calculate the
(i) degree of ionization of ethanoic acid. (02 marks)
(ii) acid ionisation constant Ka for ethanoic acid. (02marks)
(iii) pKa for ethanoic acid. (01mark)
(c) 0.02 moles of sodium ethanoate were added to 1 litre of the solution
in (b) . Calculate the pH of the resultant solution. (03mark)
3
(d) 0.5cm of 2M hydrochloric acid was added to the resultant mixture in (c)
above. Calculate the pH of resultant mixture. (03marks)
(e) Explain your answer in (c) and (d). (04marks)
(f) Discuss the effect of concentration on pH of weak acids. (04marks)

Chemistry by baboine peter Page 8

19. (a) Write the formulae of the possible oxides of Period 3 elements of
the Periodic Table. (05 marks)

(b) Describe the reactions of the oxides in (a) with

(i) water
(ii) sodium hydroxide (15marks)

20. State what would be observed and write the mechanism for the reaction
when the following were mixed.
(a) Warm fuming sulphuric acid and benzene (04marks)

(b) Benzaldehde(phenylmthanal) and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in acidic

medium. (04marks)
o
(c) Propan- 2- ol and concentrated sulphuric acid at 160 C (04marks)

(d) Ethanal and a saturated solution of sodium hydrogen sulphite.

(04marks)
(e) Benzene and concentrated nitric acid in presence of concentrated
sulphuric acid at 60oC. (04marks)

SECTION A (46 MARKS)

1. (a) A solution containing 1.5% of a polymer was found to have an osmotic
pressure of 3.6 × 10−4 atmospheres at 25oC. Calculate the molecular
mass of the polymer. (2 ½ marks)

.........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

Chemistry by baboine peter Page 9

 .

1. An organic compound T on complete combustion yielded 13.2g of carbon

dioxide and 2.7g of water. When 4.7g of T was vaporized at 273oC and at
760mmHg , it occupied a volume of 2.7 𝑥10−3 𝑚3 .
,
(a) (i) Calculate empirical formula of T (02marks)
(ii) Determine the molecular formula of T (2½marks)
(b) T burns with a sooty flame. Identify T. (0½mark)
(c) Discuss the reactions of T with
(i) Bromine (4½marks)
(ii) Propene (4½marks)
(iii) Ethanoyl bromide (4½marks)
(You answer should include conditions for the reactions and
mechanisms for the reactions where possible)
(d) Write equations to show how T can be synthesized from
benzaldehyde (1½marks)

2. (a) What is meant by the terms.

(i) order of reaction (01mark)
(ii) half –life of a reaction (01mark)
(b) The rate equation for the reaction.
S2O32- (aq) +2H+ (aq) SO2 (g) +S (s) + H2O(l) is

Rate = k [S2O32-][H+]2

(i) State how the rate will be affected if the concentrations of the
reactants are both doubled. (02mark)

(ii) Describe an experiment to determine the order of the reaction

with respect to S2O32- in the laboratory. (06marks)

(c) The table below shows the kinetic data for the reaction between hot

aqueous potassium hydroxide and alkylbromide(C4H9Br)

C4H9Br (l) + KOH (aq) C4H9OH (aq) + KBr(aq)

1
 Experiment [C4H9Br] [KOH(aq)] Initial rate
(moldm-3) (moldm-3) (moldm-3s-1)
1 1.0 x10-3 1.0 x10-3 5.0 x 10-8
2 2.0 x10-3 1.0 x10 -3 1.0 x 10-7
3 2.0 x10-3 2.0 x10-3 2.0 x 10-7

(i) determine the overall order of reaction. (01mark)

(ii) determine the rate constant for the reaction and state its units.

(02marks)

(iii) identify the aklybromide. (0½marks)

(d) Write the mechanism for the reaction in (c) above. (3½marks)

(e) Draw a well labelled energy level diagram for the reaction mechanism
illustrated in (d) above. (03marks)

3. Carbon ,silicon , germanium , tin and lead are elements of Group (IV) of the
Periodic Table .

(a) Write the electronic configuration of the outer most energy level of
group(IV) elements. (01marks)

(b) Describe how :

(i) carbon , silicon and lead react with water. (06marks)

(ii) oxides of the elements in b(i) react with sodium hydroxide.

(08marks)

(c) Dilute nitric acid was added to trileadtetraoxide (Pb3O4) and the
mixture warmed.

(i) State what would be observed. (01mark)

(ii) Write equation for the reaction that took place. (1½marks)

2
 (d) The resultant mixture in (c) above was filtered and the residue was
added to a solution of manganese(II) sulphate followed by few drops
of concentrated nitric acid and the mixture warmed.

(i) State what would be observed. (01mark)

(ii) Write equation for the reaction. (1½marks)

4. (a) (i) What is meant by the term standard enthalpy of combustion?

(01mark)
(ii) Describe an experiment that can be carried out to determine the
enthalpy of combustion of liquid cyclohexane.
(Diagram not required) (05marks)

(b) The standard enthalpies of combustion of the first five straight chain
alkanes are shown in the table below.

Number of carbon 0 1 2 3 4 5
atoms (n)
Enthalpy of 286 890 1560 2220 2877 3509
combustion of alkanes
, -Hc (kJmol-1)

(i) Plot a graph of the enthalpies of combustion of alkanes against

number of carbon atoms. (03marks)
(ii) Use the graph to determine the enthalpy of combustion of
hexane. (01mark)

(ii) Explain the shape of the graph. (03marks)

(c) Some thermo chemical data for copper , copper(I) oxide and oxygen is
given below.

Sublimation energy of copper = +339.3kJmol-1

3
 Enthalpy of formation of copper(I) oxide = -166.7kJmol-1

First ionization energy of copper = +750kJmol-1

Bond dissociation energy of oxygen = +498.4kJmol-1

First electron affinity of oxygen = -141.4kJmol-1

Second electron affinity of oxygen = +790.8kJmol-1

(i) Define the term standard enthalpy of formation. (01mark)

(ii) Draw an energy level diagram for the formation of

copper(I) oxide using the enthalpy data given. (04marks)

(iii) Determine the lattice energy of copper(I) oxide (02marks)

5. Write equations to show how the following conversions can be effected.

(a) bromobenzene from nitrobenzene (05marks)

(b) CH3CH2 H

C = N─ N─ from but- 1-ene (05marks)

CH3

(c) Aminoethane from propanal (05marks)

𝑆𝑂3 − 𝑁𝑎+

(d) OH from phenol (05marks)

6. (a) What is meant by the term standard electrode potential?

(01mark)

(b) (i) State and explain two factors that affect electrode potential of
a metal. (03marks)

4
 (ii) Describe how the standard electrode potential of iron can be
determined in the laboratory. (07marks)

(c) The standard reduction potentials of some half- cells are given in the
table below.

Half –cell reaction Standard lectrode

potential (V)
A: Fe2+(aq) + e Fe(s) -0.44
2- +
B: Cr2O7 (aq) + 6e + 14H (aq) Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l) +1.33
C: MnO4-(aq) + 5e + 8H+(aq) Mn2+(aq)+ 4H2O (l) +1.52
D: Cl2(g) + 2e 2Cl-(aq) +1.36

(i) State which species is the

 strongest reducing agent. (0½marks)

 strongest oxidizing agent. (0½marks)

(ii) Write the cell convention for the cell formed by combining the
following half – cells:

 A and B (01marks)
 C and D (01marks)

(iii) State what would be observed at the cathode in each of the cells in (ii)
above. (02marks)

(iv) Draw a labelled diagram for the cell formed by combining B and C.

(03marks)

(v) Calculate the standard free energy for the cell in (iv) above. (02marks

7. Explain each of the following observations

(a) When solid iodine crystals were added to s dilute sodium hydroxide
solution , the grey solid dissolves to form a pale yellow solution
which turns colourless on standing. (04marks)

5
 (b) When ammonium sulphate solution was mixed with sodium sulphite
solution and the mixture warmed, there was effervescence of a
colourless gas that turns moist red litmus paper blue. (04mark)

(c) When a mixture of anhydrous zinc chloride and concentrated

hydrochloric acid was added to 2- methylpropan- 2- ol , immediate
cloudiness was formed but there no observable change at room
temperature if the same reagent was treated with propan- 1- ol.
(4½marks)

(d) When aluminium was added to concentrated sodium hydroxide

solution , the metal dissolved with effervescence of a colourless gas
that burnt with a pop sound.. (3½marks)

(e) When methanoic acid was warmed with Fehling’s solution a red
precipitate was formed whereas with ethanoic acid , there was no
observable change. (04marks)

8. (a) (i) What is meant by the term ore? (01mark)

(ii) Write the formula and name of one ore from which zinc is
extracted. (01marks)

(b) Describe how pure zinc can be extracted from the ore in (a)(ii) above.
(8marks)

(c) Describe the reaction of zinc with

\ (i) air (02marks)
(ii) sulphuric acid (4marks)
(iii) sodium hydroxide solution (2marks)
(v) copper(II) sulphate solution (2marks)
END