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Module_2 (3)

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25 views

Module_2 (3)

Uploaded by

banaagjaidy20
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2

First-Order Differential Equations

2.1 Separation of Variables

Consider the equation

𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 (1)

If (1) can be put into

𝐴(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐵(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 (2)

Then (1) is said to be a Separable Differential Equation. The solution of (1) can be obtained by
integrating (2).

𝒅𝒚 𝟐𝒚
Example 1. Solve the equation = ; 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0.
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
Solution:
𝑑𝑥
Multiplying both sides of the equation by ( ), we have
𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥
( ) = ( )
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2𝑑𝑥
⇒ = (variables are now separated)
𝑦 𝑥
Then integrating both sides,
𝑑𝑦 2𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
𝑦 𝑥
⇒ 𝑙𝑛|𝑦| = 2𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝐶, since 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0,
⇒ 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶
Solving for 𝑦, we have
⇒ 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑙𝑛𝑥+𝐶
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 𝐶
𝑐
By letting the constant 𝑒 = 𝐶, we have
2
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑥 ⋅ 𝐶

𝒚 = 𝑪𝒙𝟐
Or (Final Answer)
The solution of the given differential equation is a family of parabolas with vertex at the origin.

Figure 1. Graphs of the function 𝒚 = 𝑪𝒙𝟐 for some values of 𝑪 using DESMOS.
Example 2. Solve the equation (𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 ; 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟏.
Solution:
(𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
𝟏
Multiplying both sides by ( ), we have
(𝟏+𝒚𝟐 )(𝟏+𝒙𝟐 )
𝟏
[(𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎]
(𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 )(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
⇒ + =𝟎 (variables are now separated}
(𝟏+𝒙𝟐 ) (𝟏+𝒚𝟐 )

Integrating both sides,


𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
∫ (𝟏+𝒙𝟐 ) + ∫ (𝟏+𝒚𝟐) = 𝑪

⇒ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚 = 𝑪,
Evaluating at 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟏,
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟎) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟏) = 𝑪
𝝅
𝟎 + =𝑪
𝟒
𝝅
⇒𝑪= .
𝟒
Thus, 𝝅
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚 = (Final Answer)
𝟒

Try this!
𝒅𝒚
1. Solve the equation = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝒙.
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
2. Solve the equation = 𝒆𝟑𝒙+𝟐𝒚 .
𝒅𝒙
3. Solve the initial-value problem 𝟐𝒙(𝒚 + 𝟏)𝒅𝒙 − 𝒚𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎; 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = −𝟐.

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