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MATH LECTURE – 02
GENERAL APTITUDE
NUMBER SYSTEM

TM

e d u c a t i o n s t u d y a b r o a d
 PART I: GLOSSARY

Average-Mo Median-ga¨K
LCM- j.mv.¸ Mode-cÖPziK
HCF- j.mv.¸ Speed-`ªæwZ
Fraction- fMœvsk Distance-`~iZ¡
Series- aviv Current-‡mªvZ
Percentage- kZvsk Mixture-wgkªY
Deviation- wePz¨wZ Permutation-web¨vm
Divisibility-wefvR¨Zv Combination-mgv‡ek
Prime Number- †gŠwjK msL¨v Probability-m¤¢ve¨Zv
Unitary Method-HwKK wbqg Angle-‡KvY
Profit- jvf Triangles-wÎfyR
Loss- ¶wZ Quadrilateral-PZzfy©R
Mark-up-g~j¨e„w× Trapezoid-UªvwcR‡qW
Mark-down- g~j¨n«vm Rectangle-AvqZ‡¶Î
Simple interest- mij my` Parallelogram-mvgšÍwiK
Compound interest-Pµe„w× my` Square-eM©
Equations-mgxKiY Rhombus-i¤^m
Inequalities-AmgZv Polygons-eûfyR
Exponent-m~PK Circle-e„Ë
Root-g~j Solid Geometry-NbR¨vwgwZ
Ratio-AbycvZ Coordinate-¯’vbvsK
Proportion-AbycvZ Rotation-N~Y©b
Mean-Mo

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 BASIC CONCEPTS

The prerequisite of doing well in Math section is to have a strong basic concept. Following are few
basic concepts that will help you understand this section better. So before starting the lecture, have a
look at those!

⮚ In the number line, if you move to the right from any certain point, the value will increase
gradually and vice versa.
⮚ Real numbers are the values those include both positive and negative numbers such as
−3.2, −2 1 , −1, 0, 2 , 1.141, √2, 3….. etc.
2 3
⮚ Natural numbers are the whole numbers used for counting (e.g. 1, 2, 3…..)
⮚ A mixed number consists of a whole number and a fraction; e.g. 5 1 is a mixed number
2
which means 5+ 1
2
⮚ Any number divided by zero (0) becomes undefined. So a fraction cannot have 0 as its
denominator.
⮚ Consecutive integers are the integers that follow each other in order and have a certain
difference between every two of them.
⮚ Square root of a negative number cannot be a real number.
⮚ The greater the absolute value of a negative number, the smaller it actually is. (e.g.
-10 < -9 < -8 < -7)
⮚ Squaring of any fraction between 0 and 1 results in a smaller number.
⮚ Any number squared or raised to an even power is always positive.
⮚ A prime number is that integer which has exactly two unique factors (1 and itself).
⮚ 1 is not considered as a prime number.
⮚ There is no even number other than 2 which can be a prime.
⮚ Any integer greater than 1 is a prime or can be written as a product of primes;
e.g. 30 = 2×3×5
⮚ There are 25 prime numbers between 1 and 100.
⮚ The product of even number of negative numbers is positive; e.g. (−1)×(−2)×(−3)×(−4) = 24
⮚ The product of odd number of negative numbers is negative; e.g. (−1)×(−2)×(−3) = −6
⮚ If an expression has more than one set of parentheses, the inner parenthesis must be removed
first and then the rest others have to be worked out.
⮚ If two quantities are directly proportional in any equation, then when one increases, the other
also increases.
⮚ If two quantities are inversely proportional in any equation, then when one increases, the other
decreases.

Factor: If a number P is divisible by a number Q, then Q is a factor of P. Again in this case, P will
also be divisible by all the factors of Q. For example, 60 is divisible by 12, so 12 is a factor 60. Again
60 is also divisible by 2, 3, 4, and 6 which all are factors of 12.

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 GROUP 1: PROPERTIES OF INTEGERS

Properties of Integers:
Even-Odd: An even number is such a number which is exactly divisible by 2 and an odd number is
not divisible by 2. All even numbers end with the digits 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 while odd numbers end in the
digits 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9. For example the numbers 358, 90, 18, 98, 74, and 46 are even numbers. The
numbers 67, 871, 475, and 89 are odd numbers. It is important to remember the following facts:

# The sum of two even numbers is even, and the sum of two odd numbers is even, but the sum of an
odd and an even number is odd. Example: 4 + 8=12, 5 + 3 = and 7 + 2 = 9.

# The product of two odd numbers is odd, but the product of an even number and any other number is
an even number. Example: 3 ×5 = 15 (odd); 4 × 5 = 20 (even); 4 × 6 = 24 (even).

# Even numbers are expressed in the form 2k where k may be any integer. Odd numbers are expressed
in the form of 2k + 1 or 2k - 1 where k may be any integer. For example, if k = 17, then 2k = 34 and
2k + 1 =35. If k = 6, then we have 2k = 12 and 2k + 1= 13.

Exercises

1. If x is any integer, which of the following represents an odd number?

a. 2x b. 2x+3 c. 3x d. 2x+2 e. x+1

2. If n is an odd integer, then which of the following be even?

a. n2 b. n3 c. n4 d. n5 e. None of these
3. If n is an odd number, then which of the following best describes the number represented by
n2+2n+1?
a. It can be odd or even. b. It must be odd. c. It must be divisible by four.
d. It must be divisible by six. e. Cannot be determined

4. If p is an even number, and q and r are both odd, which of the following must be true?
a. pq is an odd number. b. q− r is an even number. c. pq–pr is an odd number
d. q+r cannot equal p e. None of these

5. Which of the following must be positive for all values of x?

(a) x2 (b) x3 (c) x4 (d) Both a and c (e) None of these

GROUP 2: DIVISIBILITY
Divisibility:
There are various tests to see whether an integer is divisible by any certain number. These tests are
listed below:

● Any integer is divisible by 2 if the last digit of the number is a 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8.

● Any integer is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
● Any integer is divisible by 4 if the number formed by the last two digits of the number is
divisible by 4. (Since 100 is divisible by 4, you can ignore all multiples of 100.)

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● An integer is divisible by 5 if the last digit is either a 0 or a 5.
● Any integer is divisible by 6 if it passes the divisibility tests for both 2 and 3.
● Any integer is divisible by 8 if the number formed by the last three digits is divisible by 8.
(Since 1000 is divisible by 8, you can ignore all multiples of 1000.)
● Any integer is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.
● Any integer is divisible by 10 if the last digit is a 0.
● Any integer is divisible by 11 if the sum of the odd-placed digits from the right minus the sum
of the even-placed digits is either 0 or divisible by 11.

Exercises

6. If a number is divisible by 47, then it is also divisible by which of the following?

a. 3 b. 7 c. 9 d. 11 e. None of these

7. Which of the following numbers is divisible by 11?

a. 30,217 b. 44,221 c. 59,403 d. 60,411 e. None of these

8. Which of the following numbers is divisible by 36?

a. 35,924 b. 64,530 c. 74,098 d. 152,640 e. 192,042

9. If m is an even number, and F is divisible by three, then what is the largest number by which
E2F3 must be divisible?
a. 6 b. 36 c. 54 d. 108 e. Cannot be determined

GROUP 3: PRIME NUMBERS

Prime Numbers:
Although the traditional definition states prime number as an integer that is divisible only by 1 and
itself, the correct definition states a prime number is that integer which has exactly two unique factors.
The first few prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, … … … Note that the number
1 is not considered as a prime number.
To determine if a number is a prime, follow these steps:

STEP 1: Determine a very rough approximate square root of the number.

STEP 2: Divide the number by all of the primes which are less than the approximate square root. If
the number is not divisible by any of these primes, then it is a prime. If it is divisible by any of the
primes, then it is not a prime.

Example: Is the number 97 prime?

Solution: An approximate square root of 97 is 10. All of the prime numbers less than 10 are 2, 3, 5,
and 7. Divide 97 by 2, 3, 5, and 7. No integer results, so 97 is a prime.

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Example: Is the number 161 prime?
Solution: An approximate square root of 161 is 13. The prime numbers less than 13 are 2, 3, 5, 7 and
11. Divide 161 by 2, 3, 5, 7 and 11. 161 is divisible by 7 (161 ÷ 7 = 23), so 161 is not a prime.
Exercises

10. Which of the following is not prime number?

a. 11 b. 13 c. 35 d. 37 e. 19

11. How many prime numbers are there between 35 and 70?
a. 5 b. 6 c. 7 d. 8 e. 9

12. The sum of 5 consecutive integers is 35. How many of the five integers are prime numbers?
a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3 e. 4

GROUP 4: ROUNDING OFF

Rounding off:

Rounding off a number to a decimal place means finding the multiple of representative of that decimal
place which is closest to the original number. Thus, rounding off a number to the nearest hundredth
means finding the multiple of 100 which is closest to the original number. Rounding off to the nearest
tenth means finding the multiple of 1/10 which is closest to the original number. After a number has
been rounded off to a particular decimal place, all the digits to the right of that particular decimal place
will be zero.
In any number, the non-zero digits from the most left is expressed as 1st significant figure or 1st place
of accuracy and similarly, 2nd digit from the left is called 2nd significant figure or 2nd place of accuracy.
For example: Round off 3.210 to the nearest tenth.
Answer: 3.2
Round off 5320 to 1st significant figure.
Answer: 5000

13. The number 89.783 rounded off to the nearest tenth is equal to which of the following?
a. 90.0 b. 89.78 c. 89.7 d. 89.8 e. 89.9

14. What is the product of 23 and 79 to one place of accuracy?

a. 1600 b. 1817 c. 1000 d. 1800 e. 2000

15. Which of the following results if 65135 is rounded off to 2nd significant figure?
a. 65100 b. 65000 c. 65130 d. 66000 e. None of these

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 Short Quiz

1. If n is any integer, which of the following represents an even number?

a. 2n+1 b. 2n + 4 c.3n d. 2n-3 e. n – 2
2. If n is an even integer, then which of following must be even?
a. n2 b. n3 c. n4 d. n5 e. None of these
3. If k is any integer divisible by 6, then which of the following best describes the number
represented by 4k+k2+3k?
a. It must be divisible by four. b. It must be odd. c. It must be even
d. It must be divisible by six. e. both c and d
4. If s is a number divisible by 4, and t and u are two numbers such that if one is even the other is
odd, which of the following could be true?
a. st is an odd number. b. t–u is an even number. c. u–s is an even number
d. s +u is negative e. None of these
5. Which of the following must be positive for all values of p?
a. p5 b. –p2 c. p28 d. p53 e. None of these
6. If a number is divisible by 33, then it is also divisible by which of the following?
a. 4 b. 7 c. 9 d. 11 e. None of these
7. Which of the following numbers is divisible by 11?
a. 35,924 b. 72,578 c. 101,859 d. 728,758 e. 1,978,546
8. Which of the following numbers is divisible by 45?
a. 40,365 b. 98,765 c. 85,694 d. 56,879 e. 44,020
9. If x is a prime number, and y is divisible by 4, then what is the largest number by which x2y4
must be divisible?
a. 108 b. 128 c. 256 d. 286 e. Cannot be determined
10. What percent of the two digit whole numbers are primes?
a. 21 b. 23 c. 25 d. 27 e. 29
11. How many prime numbers are there between 24 and 50?
a. 5 b. 6 c. 7 d. 8 e. 9
12. The sum of six consecutive integers is 57. How many of the six integers are prime numbers?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5
13. The number 29.9554 rounded off to the nearest hundredth is equal to which of the following?
a. 29.96 b. 29.95 c. 29.97 d. 29.9 e. 29.98
14. What is the product of 39 and 47 to one place of accuracy?
a. 1000 b. 1800 c. 1833 d. 1900 e. 2000
15. Which of the following results if 39485 is rounded off to the 3rd significant figure?
a. 39400 b. 39500 c. 39000 d. 39480 e. None of these

16. What is the smallest integer that is closest to 2.52?

(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 5.7 (d) 7 (e) None of these

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17. Which of the following is the best approximation of the product 2.003 × 0.0301 × 10.101?
a. 0.6 b. 6 c. 60 d. 600 e. 6000
18. If you multiply six hundred thousand, one hundred seventy by thirty million, twenty thousand,
two hundred five, and then divide the product by eighteen million, five hundred and ten, your
result will be closest to:
a. 100 b. 1,000 c. 10,000 d.100,000 e. 1,000,000
19. Which of the following is the best approximation to the square root of 18?
a. 4.1 b. 4.2 c. 4.3 d. 4.4 e. 4.5
20. Which of the following numbers is closest to the square root of 1 ?
3
a. 0.4 b. 0.5 c. 0.6 d. 0.7 e. 0.8

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 Answer Sheet

Exercises
1. (E)
2. (A)
3. (D)
4. (B)
5. (D)
6. (E)
7. (E)
8. (D)
9. (B)
10. (C)
11. (B)
12. (B)
13. (D)
14. (D)
15. (B)

Short quiz
1. B)
2. (A)
3. (E)
4. (C)
5. (C)
6. (D)
7. (E)
8. (A)
9. (B)
10. (B)
11. (B)
12. (A)
13. (A)
14. (C)
15. (B)
16. (E)
17. (A)
18. (B)
19. (C)
20. (B)

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