Hybrid Electric Vehicle Design and Performance

Analysis with Simulink

1st Thilak D 2nd Pranav 3rd Ahmed

dept. of ECE dept. of ECE Alphaabets Digital Labs
JSS Academy of Technical Education, JSS Academy of Technical Education, JSS EV-CoE
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Bangalore, India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

4th Manohar B S
ECE departement
JSS Academy of Technical Education
Bangalore, India
[email protected]

Abstract—This study presents a comprehensive approach to A. Electric Vehicle

hybrid electric vehicle design and performance evaluation. The
traditional IC Engines in use today produces lots of hazardous An electric automobile is a road vehicle with unique features
emissions causing pollution. The industry today uses innovative and characteristics that is powered by modern electric motors,
technology like fuel cells and electric vehicles because of the power converters, and power sources. The architecture of an
increasing cost with demand and depletion of conventional fossil electric vehicle is shown in Fig. 1.
fuels. Electric Vehicles are becoming well-known and imple-
mented widely to address the cons of using conventional fuels. The propulsion system of electric vehicles is provided by
However, the cost of an EV and its battery, lack of proper electric motors. The vehicle transforms electrical energy into
charging infrastructure are some challenges faced by EV’s. The mechanical energy to overcome kinetic resistance, rolling
use of Hybrid Electric Vehicles helps to overcome these obstacles. resistance friction, and aerodynamic friction. A modern motor
HEV combine an internal combustion engine with an electric drive’s electronic control can achieve great torque at low
motor, battery, management system, and reduced emissions to
achieve better fuel efficiency. A Simulink model of HEV is speeds and sustain steady power in high-speed zones. Electric
developed and simulated to analyse its performance parameters. vehicles can also feature a variety of engine arrangements,
including motor axles, differential gears, reduction gears, or a
Index Terms—Hybrid Electric Vehicle, Electric Vehicle, IC mix of these. A motor drive, a transmitter, and an optional
Engine, Electric Motor, Battery wheel transmission unit make up the electrical propulsion
system.
I. I NTRODUCTION

In the modern developing world, automobiles are becoming

more and more essential to human requirements as their use
increases. It serves many helpful purposes, but it also has
many drawbacks in today’s world. It is crucial to declare
hybrid and electric automobiles as the cars of the future,
mainly because they are quiet, have better energy economy,
and hardly produce any polluting emissions. The goal is to
Fig. 1. Architecture of an Electric Vehicle
create a two-wheeled hybrid electric vehicle that runs on both
conventional fuel and batteries. It offers its owner advantages
over standard cars in terms of environmental effect and fuel
B. Hybrid Electric Vehicle
efficiency. In order to improve fuel efficiency and reduce
harmful emissions, vehicles with hybrid powertrains combine Hybrid Electric Vehicles are those that combine elements of
an internal combustion engine with an electric motor, battery, conventional IC engines with Electric Vehicles. Consequently,
and power system. The vehicle is powered by both an electric motor and an
engine. To provide at most propulsion possible, it draws from increase engine torque. He gave an example of how the motor
both sources. The architecture of an HEV is shown in Fig. 2 unit acts as a generator when regenerative braking is engaged.
For low-speed driving conditions, when internal combustion The present trends, difficulties, and issues that EVs confront,
engines are least effective, a HEV’s battery provides all of the as well as the distinctions between an electric vehicle and a
power. The introduction of electric vehicles could be a major traditional internal combustion engine, are examined in this
leap in future vehicle economy and gasoline reduction. Hybrid review. [11]
cars tackle these problems by combining the benefits of both It is not feasible to use an EV or a traditional IC vehicle
frameworks and making the best use of both control sources. in light of all these issues. Hence, we can conclude HEV as
Electricity and fossil fuels make the best hybrid combo. This a reliable and safe solution instead of an EV.
results in a twofold increase in the vehicle’s mileage and a
half reduction in pollutants. III. M ETHODOLOGY
To create a HEV model using Matlab/Simulink software, the
system is divided into the following subsystems: vehicle body,
transmission, engine, motor, DC-DC converter, and battery.

A. Vehicle Body

Fig. 2. Architecture of an Hybrid Electric Vehicle

II. L ITERATURE R EVIEW

In order to identify the characteristics and configurations
of electric vehicles, such as hybrid electric vehicles, electric
vehicles, electric DC motors, batteries, IC engines, and fuel
efficiency and consumption, a literature review was carried out
Fig. 3. Vehicle Body
in the following particular categories.
Through an analysis Cai and Wu in 2021 [3] about current
The sum of all the forces and torques exerted on the vehicle
studies and technological advancements in electric powertrains
determines its motion. The vehicle is propelled forward or
and motor systems for new energy vehicles. The permanent
backward by the longitudinal tire forces. The vehicle’s center
magnet synchronous motor performs better overall, according
of gravity (CG) is where its weight (mg) acts. The weight drags
to the analysis and comparison of synchronous, induction, and
the vehicle to the ground and either forward or backward,
direct current motors.
depending on the angle of inclination. Aerodynamic drag
In 2002, Ma Xianmin [4] developed a novel approach to the
causes the vehicle to slow down whether it is moving forward
construction of propulsion systems for electric vehicles (EVs)
or backward. The drag is thought to act through the CG for
that require high power density. The entire system is divided
simplicity’s sake.
into seven function blocks based on power flow, and MATLAB
simulation models are developed. B. Transmission
The importance of vehicle simulations in the development
of hybrid electric vehicles was discussed by Bauml and
Simic, 2008 [5]. Nishanth and others, in 2023 [6], explain
the current and upcoming developments in electric vehicle
technology, paying particular attention to the effects of the
quick advancements in micro-electronics, electric motors, bat-
teries, and new materials. The most recent developments in
electric car technology have been compared. Motor drives are
increasingly using power converters, controllers, and batteries
with improved power conversion.
An innovative hybrid power train used in a scooter was
mathematically modelled, analyzed, and simulated, by Kuen-
Bao (2008) [8]. Brian, in 2007 [9], created a model in
MATLAB and ADAMS to compare its fuel economy to that of
a standard automobile. He utilized the Honda IMA (Integrated
Motor Assistant) architecture, which uses an electric motor to Fig. 4. Transmission
 The transmission’s job is to keep the operating point as near
to the engine’s optimal efficiency line at a specific power as
feasible. This indicates that a transmission with more gears has
greater regulation. However, more gears cost more. Therefore,
five or six gears are found in the majority of commercial
transmissions.
In HEVs, the planetary gear can be connected to power
splitting and used for an automated gearbox. Three indepen-
dent planetary gears are employed in a six-speed automatic
gearbox.
C. Engine
Internal combustion engines were modeled using the
Generic Engine model. The throttle signal modulates a preset Fig. 6. Motor-Generator
relationship between torque and speed that is used by default
in the Generic Engine model.
improved electromagnetic compatibility, low cost, and great
efficiency are all features of these PMSMs.
E. DC-DC Converter

Fig. 7. Enter Caption

Fig. 5. Engine

The power demand function is normalized to physical When compared to an AC transformer, the DC–DC con-
maximum torque and speed values by the block parameters verter is thought of as having a continuous turns ratio. The
(maximum power, speed at maximum power, and maximum converter is used to step-down or step-up a DC source, much
speed) [7]. The real engine power is specified by the normal- like a transformer. The DC to DC converter modeling criteria
ized throttle input signal, Thr. At a fixed engine speed, the are available online.
power is delivered as a fraction of the maximum power that F. Battery
might be produced in a steady state.
D. Motor/Generator
Two electric machines and the internal combustion engine,
which serves as the main power source, make up the power-
train.
In order to maintain the engine at the ideal operating point,
the first one (the generator) is usually run in generator mode. In
contrast, the second one (the motor) can be used as a generator
during regenerative braking intervals or as a traction motor
during regular driving.
Additionally, the battery can provide the electrical power
or store it for use during periods of low power demand or
regenerative braking. Fig. 8. Battery Model
[10]This motor model uses a permanent magnet syn-
chronous motor because of its superior overall performance. The input supplying voltage and the resistance for the power
High speed and power density, low noise and vibration, flow and load can be used to simulate a battery in a vehicle. A
sub-block can be used to model the state of charge (SOC). The
HEV battery has a 60V output and input voltage that connects
to the input of a DC-DC converter. [12] [13]
IV. S IMULATION AND R ESULTS
Using all the above subsystems, a model of a Hybrid
Electric Vehicle is created for simulation.

Fig. 11. Power plot

Fig. 9. Simulink model of HEV

Fig 9 shows the complete HEV simulation model proposed.

TABLE I
HEV MODEL PARAMETERS

Parameter Value
Mass of Vehicle 260kg
Battery 110V and 30Ah
Maximum motor power 7.5kW
Maximum motor torque 8.90Nm Fig. 12. Battery Charge
Speed at maximum power 9000rpm

The model is simulated for parameter values in Table 1. Fig. 11 shows the charge of the battery used. The initial
capacity of the battery used is 30Ah.

In HEV, the battery provides the required power at lower

speeds where the IC engine is most inefficient. IC engines are
more effective during high speed driving. Therefore in hybrids,
the engine and the battery together generate the power required
for the vehicle’s propulsion.
As a result, the range of the vehicle increases by atleast two
times compared to a standard vehicle.

V. C ONCLUSION
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is one that uses both
fuel and a battery for power. While gasoline engines are
used for high power applications with extremely high power
Fig. 10. Vehicle Speed requirements, battery drives are employed for low power
applications. By modeling the car’s system, it is simple to
The plot in Fig. 10 shows the vehicle speed simulated for determine how much battery power an electric vehicle will
a time of 20 seconds. require to run at a certain distance under specific conditions.
The best approach to use gasoline is while driving at higher
The model is further simulated to determine the power speeds.
generated and the battery charge. A general overview of a standard HEV system is presented
in this paper. The main energy source for vehicle propulsion in
Fig. 11 shows the power generated by the battery and the modern society is petroleum and the electric vehicle is not very
engine. effective for all power settings because it cannot offer enough
power for high-speed scenarios. Hence, a hybrid driving style
that utilizes the economy of both vehicles is suggested through
this research.
Hybrid Electric Vehicles have lesser emissions compared to
a standard Vehicle with an IC Engine. They decrease pollution
by a lot without compromising the energy efficiency of the
vehicle.
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