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Dm-Unit1 (Notes Part1)

Discrete mathematics important questions

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21nehasharma25
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20 views36 pages

Dm-Unit1 (Notes Part1)

Discrete mathematics important questions

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21nehasharma25
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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r Is Ar tinction ° Pav post Fon. 1 A pwpoai bow & a Collection of That has eithy, lo fauth value * Tone i or a frdh value“ pate”. A Prposr Honat Consesls of Pr paril ‘Vaatables and — Conneclives, eclatalive —ghake ments Notalion te |* Copital Uellon ase used & denobe Prpost Hons 8 TB used fo demole the Truc | Prwporalzon . (Fused te leno the. False | Prposi lion. [Eamples :- x Man is Moyhak” 1k eee Ihe , 7 toulh value" Tryp *~ 8 | 1244 = 3-0" ik metus truth iv ‘ 7 | | - ileus Flowing as wok a Proposil fone : Tw is lew than 2”) dk & becouse swalaxs We give @ Specidie value of A Wwe Commo Jay whethey He sholimente 6 tau vr Fale. Conng dives :- SE is ured f Connect One oy MoAL Stotenunls ov proporitions Sn Pwporzrltonal Logie goncially Ae we Five Conredives whic oe * | AND (A) apne) * OR Cy) '* Negation | not (7) " Seep li caFon | ye then (>) - x dF and ou it (@) Atomie Stokimants :- | Bhabsinunts wicca mak Conkewn ong of He Conneetives OAL: Codleol abot. (Primary , PMarili ve) Bkolemewts . [Conjum clon: | het Pp and G& be propotilions tha prpiton ” P amd a" olenatid by Pag, (the Propomtion Hak tou ushen “both pomd Gr art trun amd is fool Gtharwise. Th Prporition Pra & Called the Conjundion Of Pond @. The truth Fable for pra is given below, tha talk Fable fey He |_P_ Cc 6. PAB | or T z | Ue la F | F T F ecaaler a 4 | Example \ Fad He ar oa ot the Propowli ons Pp: ‘Today db: Fri dog i tra Poinueg today PaWsbann Hee Cop! STE xduive OR ia pea, is the propeanlion aap Ls '- p, gba te iniger @. Yo & a apa Hon nurrrbe-r oy Vo Pva: awa te wrakonal vwobs Kiley) p : 314 = b fal oF — Sncta. [pv St4e 6 OF hondon 4 He tape if Andta € Fodst) proporailre ns pond @ , dowoted tat & p amd AQ 4 hue Pp omd OY be jake endunine or oF [KL fmt Fob toy MO enulyntve ov [ot toe per por ons } | P a | POR ear F | | a | F + ; | a T | LE F F | (ConduiHonol amd bi dondt Kona peroponittons '- Oop: Cond H onal | her Pp amd Gy bo He paopombons ithe implication p— @ ab He propor Hon Ihab os fle when p i true anc Eu 4b false mal teruz — OHrmnwird | Ja Hh implicaion Pi Called He, |hypotnais (or ombecedint ov Premcae) ond. OL & “Collad’ Hh Conclusion (or Consequameny, qhe truth Fable for te implication PIA B Shown below. Car beh be |_dnpticaron po [Comrerrag and Contra por Hive I The PwpomHon @op & Collod Converse. of P?e- The Contrraponcte oF poe Me prpors tron 4637p 4 le Te Beorerat o p76 Ws p78 idl marl au He Conwverrat amd Contropom Hive te) the impficakon . "4h ‘dg Py Thao Hon J, soa as best fogs wl q : led eh Solution ie The Cowerse : SP howe a Fost us Thurs choy". Foday thom foday- w& Acd the Conkropasttive of tu» ‘empl cation a “4f 4 lo wot Ahame a fosh todoy , Mom fodoy not Thursday " De: BiCondtHonal het p ond & be powporitions . The prcondi tonal Pepe B the propose How that is tru. when pand O howe He Some truth values ond lb Fone o Hranwitt The aie table for pera & shoor > a [aha Pruth FeblO for he Bi CondtHonal peda P. a Pea a a T 1 i F F F Ti F E F ie | Cnarcines:- hoe P. omg be” Hh Prwpom lions. Ps Sr a below Prresaing Q@&. jt we Snowreng A Ha Follousing Propodtons wang Pp ond 6 aml mares Chane lives ( ; a) 4} as polo Jaren nung amd Snowing > PAB d b) Jb a bekow [mesraing bu not Snag > pa fh cs nol below fren ning and ik nol Snowing > TPATO OY) fr iy otthow Snowivng ov below frees. (or both) > pve 0) 4p ik is below frenining , or | Snowing > p> & i j 4 & olthey below Frnat weg ov ik ‘Snowing Tbe ie ae not Snowwrg ap ue below frees ring > (pve) al Pp > 718) \that ik & below freee ring ab ne Censor ond Sufficient for ik by be Bnowing alo Qach of the fate impli caltons, ‘3 Come to Urs uthenevey Havre b a fo be % quiz. 1 Cowerre >“ 4P 4 Come Ip claws, Hen Mus wu ba a quix” Contra pom lve?» 48 4 dy not Come fo Claws, : hun Hh will nok be a quix” b) A pomkve Wager BO prime onl a it hos np divisors olka than } and kSelf Cone ary A pore wheger & a prime ib ik how no divisors Other ae 1 amd ik Sele” ote pe 4p". ibe A a divikoy other than | and iguf, tan ub 4% wot Prime Truth Tables :- / Conghruce a ruth Fable for ath of Tne following Compound -paroposntons. , a) patp | by pvp: o (pv1a) 76 4) (pve) > (PA@) 2 (pra)es (74> 7P) f (psa) (@P) | Sotulfon !- i) | | (pve) > (Pre) | PAa Pva | | @) (P79 &(19-91P P|) & | 1p} 76 | (pe) (10.91 tla trflel pr [oT | T The | FUT EF : F 7 | T Flr Jr {Fla ELF] ao |r | | of T ee = f) \ Pp (p36) > (A+P) 7 pe ee | T | F | | F 270) p>TA@ b) TPEPO ©) (pea) v (7p38) |) (poayn (P28) 2, (Pepayy (7 Pe 4) | i” (7petay oo (Pe® Setuhion :- a) ; b). (p @ | 16| pote P| a] 1p |7pare 17 IT] Fe TIT TF [OF Tey | te tr pet eal ga] > F T F a FLT) T Bel |e ae a F a i he J «< SrFuRY *- a @ bole rw feted bo Hie a go) - ie & | Xa = |e] ‘ | Slee el ea eR | eal / | > be I joy | reer ey F- ba | 2 2 4 15 io] S 3. ad a el rT i | L~ | | Pieukce | g ol | o| el t |e | | 4+ Mee pw ger he] geeeeh jay = | - - | Suu | Pjeuw ie | jeralsel nan a > Pb ue S | G co | gieuue PirFu ue | r | | o | {aye eee] - | Ts peje ue Slew e Pol g ewe we ; ——- | *| aerkut| | Lisle da. eat eatel Jesrus) r[efees 4) Sele] Pm pom Hono) Equivalents '- Touto tony and Cinbrraielredion fe / Toate bag y Is | huh A Bkatrwnt formula whe dh & , true crag ond (ths ok the truth valuss oF the Slatements whi dh- replawe Hh vaso b> & Cold a Oniversally voliol Forni oY a Foutolog ov logical tauth | dk a Given formula % % lsh then ib tith values ore ah ji whatever be the truth values ot Components. Fotample :- ‘ . : Toto lag y | Pvp. adanoys a 6 Contradchion :- A seabed eeu abc is Watt. reg asd ins ot the deuth values ot he atodemunts- whith vreplaw The vasca-bles m ub 4b Colled @. Controdickon. Emample'- * | Paap ans a Crain Noli Obviously, Iho turgalion of & Conbrodidy ba a banlolyg y, wo Ao trad 0 Al oli msnfe fornusso whidn a fantology 1» Sdombicoll trun amd a forma ulin as Comlrodiction 4 ‘onli coldly folpe. [pov blu: ) v go bowlology prove thar (pag) > (pva) » 4 Sol :- P| @& | Pe pve | (pre) 2 (pve). i T T T al r TV ELF T ; JF it le | Tt | F F F FE | Sin the truth valu of given formmha. ate jau rut, IAL given formula roukology. verity whole (Pa (p26) Caine tuba a P |e | p7a| pacpsay (pA (poe) 3 e ale Pt Pere fee pete le ia Tle | F FO bw FLT |r F + Feed eae Fi Th Sin OU he truth vols oe true, hen he given lormla & a rouko log 4 2) paove nak Py (@ > (pre) » toutology Sot :- PU 6 pv (a> (pra) T T - ae TOF T FiridF F 1, LFIF[ FE | t | o. Ginw ah the truth values of Me Abatement an tue, the gen fowmla ub a touho Lag ») Prove (AVB)A [Uta aca] & % Contradikion, Sot:- la lB Tave [=n ies 7p Ang] (aveyn' GARB) [7 fa-[-2. (FTF F F 1 TIF | T FIT F F | F Ths eaites F F le a t | T ia Sinw ah the trwh values of he Forres cat folat, the given formula 4% Contradithon. 5) Vew'fy I Per potion (PAB) AT (Praying Contrads chon v8) (PAB) A 7 ( pvay eo Sia, aU te truth values ob the, fovmultil an false; Ihe. given formula, 4 Conkraclichon : 6), Veely tha (pve) — (prey ar a tag ‘or note Sot '- | —__/ 4g © PP | 6 jpvalpse | ceva > cpoay bo | T/T] 7 T ; | TE T F F Fycpaljarta T T FE] Ee Fi T T j Siw the fash Colum Contains nok au prt values, tha given ae oa nations Ener Aes = / 1 prove that (papa ts Contradiction gy pwre that (7P 98) > (ep) 6 neither a tata log y not a —Conradilron. wver’ty thar p> (a7 (PAO?) & a haulelgg: hey cal Equi valent Ie d O& Ot Called The propo sitions pom / logically Lg wi valent ab pare ib & fauslo logy . { The noahon pore denotis that /P jond OO ane et Rauivolunk - Frome: ae 1 shaw thar he pre P>@ amd =ote a oy Lavivediont sot: 7 P| a T 7 | Tr F Te tela Palen be elal, oes le F re Sleeve ese tt : Smee tahes tral values. of =puaaad pre be lau Sane, ‘hae. Popes Hone ax logically equivalent cy % Show thar He Propose Hons PV(BAR) ond PVA) a (pve) are» loi ‘cally equivolint, |(rhis ws the dusbributive law of dis junction | Qvey Conjumetion ) Sol:- | | 2 lene! i Pp | R | AaR | pvienr) Pva| pre trea) wrperay prt 4 T | riejetr |r pry rd pF Felr dy | T a | | T)F |F Fol g¢ | T | | ie on le bn a | 7 | | | | Tr TT | JE] THR YF Is | | Flr T | ;r fF r | | F Fo} | | pF LE fe le Piesle 44 Pee UE TF | UF | Sine, He bruth values of Py (err) Omnd |CPvarat pee) or Some, thee Pre portions jose: Logically Aguivaliont. Problunas Use truth ables bo verily Me following equivalences. 2) PAT ESP 4) PyvTOT a Rvp op ‘Bhow tat 1(7P) and Pp oe topically 2auivalsak N] Drove. thak Pere & (P38) 4 (a?) » Bivee. that POA > (PAD V(r Pare) - b) pyvFop C) PAF OF f) papop hogienl Equivalence, : I quivalent PAT & Pp PvE &yp Presa PAT OF PvP ep p Pr Pe P T(Ipy es P Pva <> ave PA® Aap Cpvayy rR & py (ave) | (PABIAR& PA (QAR) PY (BAR) & (puryalpvR) | |PALAVR)<> ( pra) v(PAR) Gone wrtfart hogieat Eq uivolences te i la PytpS&T 1 PATIPSE x pyO & (1Pve), Ae' Moxgam's Kowa > (pve & pare Nome | Sedendily laws \| Dowsnalion lasots | Jou po}ont lows Double. wagalion luo laos Commuah ve Associative Lows Destri bukive laws | 2) 7 pana) > TP M78 “4 ) taney ep TPA te Lo | 6 |pval ste] 7? 28 iain Ff. the} t F F T fp feel] Pied, F y r | Lele Fl ht /2) 1 ( pa@re? 1Pv 18 | fpnamples'- 1) Bhow thar 7 (Pv (7Paay) and “Pr TE. a | (pv (span) "PA 3(7PAe) (from and Remorgan's lao 9 | <7 Ap ett pve]... ‘| (from BF Qe’ pr ee nell L> OPA (pve) “t (from double negation lao) | & (7Papyy (IPA) (from dus beri bwive loo) SEY (1paqey yinw TpPAPOF Uapate)y FC From He Comawtali ve 1) (Frente fend fou Croaquontg 1 (Py (apres) am ol “pane OR Legicodl 2quivalink yShoo Mak (pray —> (pve) & a talolegy Sots T Show that Ws sratiment . foutology , je & Qnough fo prove tat | ) i Logit aevolunt) to oT by wey GH gee | Fe 88 | 2quivalunds 4 SS 71PA708 (PAB) > (PVE) <> 7( prB)¥ (PVE) : (og pa? PVE) = (pv 748)y¥ (pve) Coy ea Be eoorgan’s ‘ law) 4> (TP VP) ¥ (TAYE) (yy ie ansotialie “& VT +: Commutative laws) 2 (oy Commutalve & doempokeb S7asl Cy Domination Lao) law) | ro Y@ 3) Show Mak P>(B7R)S> PP CTA VRID ( paa)-s Sol:- Comidox p> (a-7R) <> p> (Tavrd (by logical £4 wivolence) <> pv (Fava) C " ) SS (TPpvia)yvR (ey Amora ive lau 4 < CAvR) <> (p78) v (Prk) “in (pay a (RIB) > (Py) pay Wo (papa) D (pvaya 7 ( pAb) ‘hapsent Jxpli cabin - A Shatimine formula A F limplits omthine * ehabimmnt) forewha B Ap amd Owl tf AGB va. Pasko lag | “ASB (A log ical ieapliee B) up ABs a route logy Sf ASB thon A & Called ambincedemt— land B® Colkd Cons 2quent. } | Prvblimt gn hogical 9 wivetetts:- 5 Show thar (7p aA(qaned) Canary (PARerR wawg Lows of logee Sol -~ Conmdoa (AP a (1a.n9r)¥ (BARIY (PAR) > (Cap areyaryv (CAvP)ABD Ubg ‘Apemcia Five ds br bu — hve law S&S (A(pvayar) v CC pve) ar) ) Uby Be! morgan & law) 2 OO (pvayv (pvayar (oy Qistribulive law) & (7A i | (FAVA)AR hein Seva) : | O&O TAR | OR (1p taney) ¥ Laney Pee) 9B: 1 41 8hoo Phat + Upney > CPW (1PY8)) ama (rp) On Logi cally Re ‘Sol - | Comm doy Py (7p va) & (apvapyva ey <> 4pva —wb (by Jolumpotent luo pyp@P) Asta waktve {uo | [ | 7 (Pa8) > (apy (7Pv@) (Gri ven <> 1( pre) > (7pva) by ® & > (pre) v (7p va) ( pre Pv) I? (py (7pvaa Ca¥ (7 pve)) - ClpY7P) Ve) A loot i) > (tT ve) a ((ava)y 7) <> TA (av7P) ie @AviapPp <> apvé 7 pre) > PY (apa) (7Pv8) + a(paay 7 (TRY (7pve)) ona PYS) te ati) 2qui valent. ; | ibe Joni coh ore'~ Rasp - > Pre "Prove Proc (paar er >) [E wy poten Syllogisa] Vaate ww kee S : (paayn (828) 7 (P>® Te prove: & & a howblogg. | P le R | (P+8)| (a>R) (Por) S ;T) TIT | T T pr pp a FT FILE T TlE\T] FLT YT + TIFF FE re F T Fb Tal yd: Tet oTos! Took 2 FIT IF | 7 Foley + ;FIF YT) T T T T Fielel er “ + r | t | Ths taste’ Column” Bbideals that: Bs (ppera (ark) > (preys % bowloloyy, (A (para (a>R) > (PR). | phove. thoe CP nw. | Qeratchment rue) SR) AP VPA (modur ponent To prove : (Pre ap 7 @ wb O Fou long P G | PP& | (prap](prayap 7a T T Ti Te 7 FE E T F T F T F 7 FP a, 2 TIE 1 REIS SEN i a ac iqhe last Column Shows Ho (p POP? a 4 0 Foxtoloa y § Hone Cpamyap 2 O. Note !- * Siewilorrly, (PYBIATP sa ond | (pyay ata >P: [EnerUses . 8) papve thot (pxQyate? ap ( onndus Toles] Contra port hve yu) A) prove thak p7la-72)% (pa) 7 (PPR). “lege Jmplicalions withouk wwueg Truth | Tabs 7 Prove that (py8) => p>( pa@) Antetedent : (P78) Consrequomt | p> (pag) vol T. : a (p27) & Tru > pis tre Q& also ape fale Aw tue RP false O. also Fm ©,@ and @, p-y(pray & Tet: P> (pra is Laue uthenewes (pra) & byte - (pa) > p> [pr®) D prove withouk weg teuth Folble (P prot : Antecadant : (PAA TE Consequent * 7P 8)A TOP i truth | Assume tha, phe Anko clowk has The [vale iH tour aa amd (pP7&) both oe , g he truth 1 ath value of 6 & F om labia ob p @ aso F . Conneguest ap # Hon Truk - mig peat «ob Hee ambescene implits (pga 7a oP: NShow Hse folowing implications without Conshruching the Pruth tables. 2) PA = p> (pra) S(p90)> 8 Sp ve ©) CC py ap) 9 —z (CP v1) PR) = (BR) nero 59 (perp) S (RPE) a Novmal fores © ryote * Elementary f J niablts and Huty The Pavduct ot He var In w Colle an Negotons m 4 fovnue element ory Produit Emap a pa, pABATR Flemenkon Sum :- The Sum of variables ond hoy naga ws formula & Called Om Sum Example °— pv, pyTavR Nota :- ge will be Comencent fo ust He word | | produur” im pla. OF Corjomson and a Sum" i plac of " Bisywndion E “Som ok Protas : (prev. (PA 7A) y (4P978) ‘Produk of Sumns ugh | CpvaQdA (Py @)A (pve) Min berm n lorm (pundyd Conseding of WW vossall an) ( DV PAB, PATO WPAO, Ipate od pranbornr wm (we varie Wor p and 0. DPAOAR, PATB AP, PABATR, IPAODR, IPA TORR, PATA ATP, TPAOATP , TPA TORR ue minkorms wm thaw vortobles 7, ond R Man berms: ( Sum Consisling of oJ vyo.o.bls) Jy PVA, pyro, apy , 1py 10 OM Moan berms in two vasablas pP amd o. pyevir, “Pp VONR, 1) pvaver, Pyt6veR, apvav 7k, pv tavAR ipvjBVvek, Py 1AM TR 4 jon Manterms vn thenes- vouia bls P,o amd R. Disjomdive Novmol Form (DNE) i A Focrmmho whith 4 equivalant lo o foweuaha amol why'd Cormats of & [Sum of LLemewk ony Products % colhed The | Qirjunedive Normal fore (DNF) of He giver formula. . Exam Obtain = Aixjunelive. normal fo a) pa (p76) 4 = (Pv6) => (pre) gm Of Sotutfon :— }a) Pr ( P? 8) © Pa (“Ipvajyes (PAP) (Pray hay — YT lovaye (pre) <> ((pvara (pray) v ((pvaya (pray) [P26 pane) vy (7paray J > ( (1Pate) a (P06) Vv ((pyaya (Apv76 <=> ( (TPA 7B) A (pre) v [ Cepvera ap) v TPATAD A ee (paar) v [(patp)v (eanp)y yf (PAT6) vy (A478) ] Which iw fhe Tequirred Aisjwadive ‘Nowmal Favre! => (( Con} um iuleve Noymal form CONF) :- A formula which & Cquivaltent fp a yn formula. and which Conmuals of @. [produ of lementory Sums 4% CoUled Boj unctive Normal Foam CONF) OF & 2 foerralo. « PA(p-yay b) (pve) <2 (pra) Colulion + OPA (p40) de» pa (ap va) form Nowut pa ( PVA) yy the neg uirrea a b) T(pv@) 22 (pag) . <7 (pve) - (pray) a ( (pra) 9 7(PY8)) [wring P20 <> (prayn (a7) & (( pve y (pass) a (7 (paayy (4p) ((Pve ve) a(pvavay)a ((7pv78) v,(1Pr 78); <> (pvavpy (pyavaya (Tpy TAY TPM (7pvtav 78). tha Tequired form - which is Princi pel Qrsjumutive Nlowiad Form CERNE) (on Minteyms =, Normal Frum (00 Suan of proaes (Foren | Be a given Forauta,, om 2quinradint Serena Conristing of dhisjwmcbions of: ninkorms (ott enon as ks pwineipal dis jumelive Norma Foren « aia F xomples- @ (px par < pa (Av 18) | (pas) v (pate lakes whith is pone of Me forma P- ‘Principak Con}umtive Henao Fax (Penk CF) product ot Sums Feem For a eee formula , an gus Vodtnk Forme Conseating at Conjumions of man berms is ‘Koa ob “bs pri Conpmtive hormat form. | Exawaple.'- | P< prF > py (ar78) po © (pv) (pv7@) With ub penF oF the formula p. Bea. given forma Pousologg thon PonF inud’s ak Me posm'ble wai berms ete. vamabl.. Thue ds no penF. | nf a given forma & a Conberads C00, | ab ponF includes aul rhe pow ble un Perens oF the Varcables. Thue is no ponk vohlean Nihlam the pomp of (proyey C1Pre) y (BAP) abalton | Cowan dae (pro) v (PAR)Y (648) ((proyr yy | (apaeyeny™ ((a1e)n7) oa AP AP {@.¥719)) ( (prays (pyv)) ¥ ((apnk)r (6479) v ( (angyn (p¥TP)) © (PKOKR)Y ( PRORAPDY (par AR) (7PATE ARV (PAAR) ¥ [AP AGAR) 7 Lprone)y (prGrrkyy (7pPranekyy (1p A76A8) THE RW He Sum oF ginko, Hono RAG ws the reg vi dod PON F. Y ind the pong oF p> ((p+eyd a(48 vp) ol Condon pa (( p46) n aciawpy)’ pv ( (p95) 4 (OAPI) ca =p v ((7pveyn (ona) j © a0 (CPAs) A (7p vey) a Rey &( PABA 7P)Y ( PABAB)) PV (Gn (paseyy (pao?) > “pv (COA) v (pas) je 7p vy CF Vv (PA@) Pui <> 7p v (pas) <> (ap aT) v. (PA) im (tp a.(ev,78)).v (pre) >. (Tpaedy. (PA78) v (PAB) The RS ws the Sunn of in kor | v {Meee RoHS ib the he Done. 27.0 bhai the pew, of he formula 8: (TPR) ACaz Pp) and bane OPlaen ile PDN. ’ ‘ Sof — PONF: — S&S (IPRA ((O4PI A (P>A) > (RVR) Aw (TOVP) A (TP vB) > (pyaveya(taveve) A OPVeyF), |S (Levey (aaa) a ((7avp)y (Rare) ; ((“Pv@) v (RAR) ] ( Prvavk) (py reve IAC PYTBYR)A ‘ (py 7av-7R)) A (Cripveveya (TP YON > s(pvavrya Upytave) a (pytay TR) A ClAAG) (IP VAR) AC 7p va v 78) The RS A lone. RE & the produc ot Suan lover ge HS penF .of 4 the required pew of S. as.e 2 WPM VDA) (GP ¥ 78 RIA -LaIpy tay tR). . ponF of a So Tpewp ot SI / a4 (pvav7R)™ Gi (apy 18v8) 4 (apy 78¥ 78) . (AP ATBAR) (pra rtR)y¥ (prank) Find IK pow amd pen'f of p> (PACE?) Sot: — hk ss p-> (pa (09) “7 “py (pA (7evP)) 2 CRY PDA (Apu (avd) oS TA(> pv (py) ie > TH U(apveyy 18)

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