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Graphics Notes

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

What is DRAWING/GRAPHICS?
(A Graphical Representation)

Engineering Graphics is one of the most important Subjects in First Year Engineering I
Semesters & most of the syllabus of this subject remains the same across the
universities Pan India. N
T
If compared with Verbal or Written Description, Drawings offer far better idea about
the Shape, Size & Appearance of any object or situation or location, that too in quite a R
less time. Hence it has become the Best Media of Communication not only in
Engineering but in almost all Fields.
O
Engineering Graphics Syllabus covers below important topics:– D
U
UNIT-I
Introduction to Engineering Graphics C
(Engineering Curves & Engineering Scales) T
UNIT-II I
Orthographic Projections O
(Projections of Points, Lines & Planes)
N
UNIT-III
Projection of Regular Solids
Sectional views of Right Regular Solids
(Prisms, Pyramids, Cone, Cylinder, Cube & etc)

UNIT-IV 2
Development of Surfaces of Right Regular Solids 0
(Prisms, Pyramids, Cone, Cylinder, Cube & etc)
2
UNIT-V 2
Isometric Projections
(Isometric view to Orthographic Projections [3D to 2D] &
Orthographic projections to Isometric view [2D to 3D]) 2
But before we understand other complex modules or topics, we need to first 0
understand the Basics of Engineering Graphics.
2
In this article, we are going to cover the introduction to engineering graphics, its 3
importance for engineering students and how to score a good CGPA in semester exam.

 “YOUR ATTITUDE, NOT YOUR APTITUDE , WILL DETERMINE YOUR ALTITUDE.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

So Dear Students, Let’s start with the basics first:–

What is Engineering Graphics?

Engineering Graphics is the universal language of all engineers around the world. It is I
the graphical solution for many engineering problems and is a communication
language between the designer and maker of the object.
N
T
Language: It is the media of communication.
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N

The economical success of any country is mainly depended on its industrial

development. Due to the globalization any industry of our country expected to be of
global market standard.
2
To produce a best standard product all the technical personnel (Engineers to
0
Craftsman) in an industry must have a sound knowledge in engineering drawing
because engineering drawing is the language of engineers. Engineering drawing is a 2
universal language. Different types of lines are its alphabets. Technical personnel in any 2
industry including craftsmen are expected to communicate anything concerning a part
or a component by drawings involving lines, symbols, convention and abbreviations
etc. 2
With our spoken languages it is impossible to express the details of a job or a product. 0
Engineering drawing knowledge and practice are must for designing or producing a 2
component or part. Even a small mistake in the drawing may reflect very badly in the
3
product. Therefore reading and doing engineering drawing are very much essential for
craftsmen and engineers.
 “YOUR ATTITUDE, NOT YOUR APTITUDE , WILL DETERMINE YOUR ALTITUDE.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

One picture worth one thousand words
A drawing is a graphical representation of an object, or part of it, and is the result of
creative thought by an engineer or technician. When one person sketches a rough map
in giving direction to another, this is graphic communication. Graphic communication I
involves using visual materials to relate ideas. Drawings, photographs, slides, N
transparencies, and sketches are all forms of graphic communication. Any medium that
T
uses a graphic image to aid in conveying a message, instructions, or an idea is involved
in graphic communication. R
Purpose of studying engineering drawing: O
D
I. To develop the ability to produce simple engineering drawing and sketches
based on current practice. U
II. To develop the skills to read manufacturing and construction drawings used in C
industry.
T
III. To develop a working knowledge of the layout of plant and equipment.
IV. To develop skills in abstracting information from calculation sheets and I
schematic diagrams to produce working drawings for manufacturers, installers O
and fabricators.
N

2
0
2
2

2
0
2
3

 “YOUR ATTITUDE, NOT YOUR APTITUDE , WILL DETERMINE YOUR ALTITUDE.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

In engineering drawing, engineering related objects like buildings, walls, electrical
fittings, pipes, machines etc. are represented with specifications like size, shape,
materials etc. Several engineering drawing software with more accuracy are available.
But, drawing on paper is still being used in some areas and for small constructions.
I
Drawing plays vital role in the engineering and construction works. The drawing N
requires no language any one can read it. So, drawings of other countries structures can
also be studied easily. The drawing improves the imagination and new inventions can T
be developed. R
So, Dear Students, Learning this subject will help you to convey the detail graphical
O
design information of the objects. It is an indispensable tool for every engineering D
student irrespective of different branches, not just for mechanical or civil engineering. U
What is the Difference between Engineering Graphics & Engineering Drawings? C
T
There is No difference between Engineering Graphics & Engineering Drawings. Some of
the universities prefer to call it as an Engineering Graphics & some prefer to call it as an I
Engineering Drawings. O
Why some of the students find Engineering Graphics difficult to learn? N
Many of the students find Engineering Graphics difficult to understand due to 2 main
reasons:-
(A) Difficulty to understand the fundamentals of Engineering Graphics

(B) Lack of imagination power of students 2

Hence Dear Students, Let’s look at each difficulty one by one:- 0
2
(A) Difficulty to understand the fundamentals of Engineering Graphics
2
There are 2 ways by which students generally learn – either from their teacher or from
the textbook.
2
Teachers are sometimes not able to give their 100% in teaching, since they have a
whole syllabus to complete in the span of just 2-3 months. What happens then is, they 0
end up focusing just on few topics which are important from exam point of view & 2
then the students mug up the same in order to just pass the exam. But when it comes
to solving difficult problems, students are not able to do it due to the lack of clarity of
3
the basics.

 “YOUR ATTITUDE, NOT YOUR APTITUDE , WILL DETERMINE YOUR ALTITUDE.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

To talk about learning from books, there are hundreds of Engineering Graphics Books
available. But students are generally less interested to read the books which cover the
basics of Engineering Graphics. Understanding the concepts in detail is necessary since
the subject deals with 3D shapes. So self-learning from books becomes difficult for
I
students.
N
(B) Lack of imagination power of students
T
Second reason why students find it difficult to learn Engineering Graphics is the lack of
R
imagination. Imagination power varies from students to students and improving the
same takes time. O
But difficult doesn’t always mean impossible. Students can overcome this difficulty with D
Practice i.e. solving more number of problems and more varieties of problems. By U
improving the imagination power, students can easily understand the shape and C
orientation of the object in the space.
T
Why is it important to learn Engineering Graphics in Semester with great attention?
I
Can you explain a car engine or IC diagram in any regular language such as English? O
Just like in day to day life, a language is important to convey a message or explain N
your point to someone, learning engineering graphics will help you to explain 3D
features of the object.

If you are an engineering student, you are a future engineer who is going to deal with
many 3D shapes in the career. So in order to explain the 3D features of an object to
others, you need to learn engineering graphics thoroughly. Also, as an engineer in 2
future, you will need to prepare drawings in Design Process for better technology and
knowledge transfer.
0
2
Without understanding this language of Engineering Graphics, engineers will find it
difficult to compete in the engineering field. By learning this subject thoroughly, the 2
self-learning of other subjects where the drawings and diagrams are involved becomes
easy too.
2
How to score good grades in Engineering Graphics? 0
In Semester, each subject is given a weightage. Engineering Graphics, Engineering 2
Maths & C Programming are given the highest weightage for Semester. 3

 “YOUR ATTITUDE, NOT YOUR APTITUDE , WILL DETERMINE YOUR ALTITUDE.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

In order to score good grades in Engineering Graphics, you need to focus on 3 things:–

1. Understanding - Understanding the subject properly

2. Imagination - Improving the imagination power
3. Expression - Learning to draw properly I
N
With these 3 things done correctly, you can achieve great results in Engineering
Graphics in Semester, which will improve your overall CGPA. T
So if you are planning for masters in future, your CGPA will help you the most. Many R
universities also give you a scholarship based on your CGPA.
O
For placements, CGPA plays a Hugh role and even after getting the placement, you D
need to perform well in your job, so learning this subject with great understanding &
attention is very important for engineering students.
U
LIST OF DRAWING INSTRUMENTS: C
Basic Instruments T
 Drawing board I
 Drawing sheets
 LONG WHITE NoteBook (A4 size Drawing Notes only , Pure white O
Color) N
 Drawing pencils HB,H & 2H (3 different grade Pencils)
 Drawing clips or pins or Adhesive Tapes
 Good Long Eraser
 Eraser shield
 Good Sharpener
Instruments for Drawing Straight Lines
 T- Square. 2
 Templates 0
Instruments for Drawing Curved Lines
 Large size compass 2
 Small bow compass 2
 French curve
Instruments for Measuring Distance:
 Large Scale
 Small Scale 2
 Roller Scale 0
Instruments for Measuring Angles
 Protractors (1800& 3600) 2
 Set-squares (Bigger size) (450, 300 600) 3
Special Tool
 Good Mini drafter

 “YOUR ATTITUDE, NOT YOUR APTITUDE , WILL DETERMINE YOUR ALTITUDE.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

Various sizes of drawing sheets recommended by Indian standards are listed below.

Drawing Sheet Type Dimensions (Length X Width) (mm)

A0 841 X 1189
I
A1 594 X 841
A2
N
420 X 594
A3 297 X 420
T
A4 210 X 297 R
A5 148 X 210 O
D
Drawing Boards & its Types:
U
Type of Drawing Board Length X Width X Thickness (mm) C
T
D0 1500 X 1000 X 25
I
D1 1000 X 700 X 25
O
D2 700 X 500 X 15 N
D3 500 X 350 X 15

Grade of Pencils – its hardness & Uses

2
Grade of Pencil Hardness of Pencil
9H Hardest
0
Grade of Pencil Used to Draw
6H, 5H, 4H Extremely Hard 3H Construction lines 2
3H Very hard
2H
Dimension lines, center
lines, sectional lines,
2
2H Hard
hidden lines
H Moderately hard
H Object lines, lettering
F Firm
Dimensioning, boundary
2
HB Medium hard HB
B Moderately soft and black
lines 0
2B Soft and black 2
3B Very soft and black
4B, 5B, 6B Very soft and very black 3
7B Softest

 “YOUR ATTITUDE, NOT YOUR APTITUDE , WILL DETERMINE YOUR ALTITUDE.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N

2
0
2
2

2
0
2
3

 “YOUR ATTITUDE, NOT YOUR APTITUDE , WILL DETERMINE YOUR ALTITUDE.”

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UNIT-I
Introduction to Engineering Graphics
(Engineering Curves & Engineering Scales)

“DO ALL THE GOOD YOU CAN, FOR ALL THE PEOPLE YOU CAN, IN ALL THE WAYS YOU
CAN, AS LONG AS YOU CAN .”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

ENGINEERING CURVES (CONIC SECTIONS)

U
N
I
T
-
I

ELLIPSE PARABOLA HYPERBOLA C

Rectangular Method Rectangular Method Rectangular Hyperbola
(Oblique or Obolong) (Oblique) or Asymptotes Method U
Parallelogram Method Parallelogram Method Half Transverse axis R
(Oblique or Obolong) (Oblique) Method
Concentric Circle Method Tangent Method Transverse axis Method
V
Intersecting arc Method E
Eccentricity Method Eccentricity Method Eccentricity Method
Oblong or Rectangle method:
S
1. Inscribe an ellipse inside a rectangle of 140*100 mm and draw tangent at any point on
the Ellipse? (12 M, June-2022) 2

0
2
2

2
0
2
3

->->->-> “THE HIGHEST RESULT OF EDUCATION IS TOLERANCE” ->->->->

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

2. Construct an ellipse of major axis 90 mm and minor axis 50 mm by using rectangle
method. (April, 2018, May 2019, A 2018)

Parallelogram method: U
3. Inscribe an ellipse in parallelogram of sides 100 mm and 60 mm and inclined at an N
angle of 600. (7 M, December 2017)
I
T
-
I

PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

PARABOLA
Rectangle method:
11. Two straight lines RN & RS are at right angles to each other. A point M is 30 mm from
RS and 70 mm from RN. Draw a rectangular parabola? (25 M, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018) U
N
I
T
-
I

C
U
R
12. A Ball thrown up in the air reaches a maximum height of 45 meters and travels a V
horizontal distance of 75 meters. Trace the complete path of the ball, assuming it to be E
the parabolic; Find the direction of travel of the ball at a height of 15 meters from the
ground (Scale 1:500). (10 M, 5 times) S
13. A Stone is thrown from a building of 7m height and at its highest flight; the stone just
crosses a palm tree of 14m height. Trace the path of the stone if the distance between
the building and the tree is 3.5m 2
0
2
2

2
0
2
3

->->->-> “THE HIGHEST RESULT OF EDUCATION IS TOLERANCE” ->->->->

PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

Parallelogram method:
14. Inscribe a parabola in a parallelogram of sides 100 mm and 50 mm and the angle
between them is 700. (7M, December 2019)
U
N
I
T
-
I

C
U
Tangent method:
15. Inscribe a parabola in a triangle of side is 70 mm and the angle between them is 600.
R
V
E
S

2
0
2
2

2
0
2
Eccentricity method: 3
16. Construct a parabola whose focus is at a distance of 50 mm from the directrix. Draw a
normal and tangent at a point on the parabola at 40 mm below the axis. (9 M, Aug 19)

ENGINEERING SCALES
A SCALE IS DEFINED AS THE RATIO OF THE LINEAR DIMENSIONS OF ELEMENT OF
THE OBJECT AS REPRESENTED IN A DRAWING TO THE ACTUAL DIMENSIONS OF THE
U
SAME ELEMENT OF THE OBJECT ITSELF . U
N
The scales can be expressed in the following three ways:
(1) Scale: In this case, the relation between the dimension on the drawing and the actual
NI
dimension of the object is mentioned numerically in the style as 10 mm = 5 m etc. I
T
(2) Graphical scale: The scale is drawn on the drawing itself. As the drawing becomes
old, the engineer's scale may shrink and may not give accurate results. However, such is T-
not the case with graphical scale because if the drawing shrinks, the scale will also I-
shrink. Hence, the graphical scale is commonly used in survey maps.
(3) Representative fraction: The ratio of the length of the object represented on drawing I
to the actual length of the object represented is called the Representative Fraction (i.e. R.F).
Length of the drawing
R.F. = ------------------------- S
Actual length of object C
To construct a scale the following information is essential:
Step-I: Given Data A
Step-II: R.F of the Scale
Step-III: Length of the Scale L
Length of the scale = R.F. x Maximum length required to be measured. E
Note: If Maximum length is not given take greater than mark length.
Step-IV: Draw a given Scale S
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT:
Metric system for linear measurement: British system for linear measurement:
2
1 kilometer (km) =10 hectometers = 105 cm 1 league = 3miles
1 hectometer (Hm) =10decameters = 104 cm 1 mile (mi) = 8furlongs 2
0
1 decameter (Dm or dam) =10metres = 103 cm 1 furlong (fur) = 10chains 0
2
2
1 metre (m) =10 decimeters = 10 cm 1 chain (ch) = 22yards
1
1 decimeter (dm) =10 cm 1 yard (yd) = 3 feet 2
1 centimeter (cm) = 10millimeters (mm) 1 foot (ft) = 12inches 2
1 inch (in) = 2.54cm = 25.4mm
2
The following linear and area conversions is also useful in construction of scales.
Linear conversion: Area conversion: 2
0
2
1 mile =1.609 km 1 are (a) = 100m
0
2
1 inches =25.4mm 1 hectare (ha) = 100 ares = 10000m 2
1 square mile = 640 acres 3
2
1 acre (ac) = 10 square chain 3
= 4840 square yards

“TIME IS THE BEST TEACHER, BUT UNFORTUNATELY , IT KILLS ALL OF ITS STUDENTS.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

Types of Scales:
The scales used in practice are classified as under:
1) Plain Scale (For Dimensions up to single decimal);
2) Diagonal Scale (For Dimensions up to two decimals) U
3) Vernier Scale (For Dimensions up to three decimals) U
N
4) Comparative scales
5) Scale of chords NI
I
T
Plain Scale (For Dimensions up to single decimal)
T-
A plain scale consists of a line divided into suitable number of equal parts or units, the I -
first of which is sub-divided into smaller parts. Plain scales represent either two units or a
unit and its sub-division. I
In every scale,
(i) The zero should be placed at the end of the first main division, i.e. between the unit
and its sub-divisions. S
(ii) From the zero mark, the units should be numbered to the right and its sub- divisions
to the left. C
(iii) The names of the units and the sub-divisions should be stated clearly below or at the A
respective ends.
(iv)The name of the scale (e.g. scale, 1:10) or its R.F. should be mentioned below the scale. L
E
1. Construct a scale of 1: 4 to show centimetres and long enough to measure up to 5
decimetres. Show the 3.7 dm on the Scale? S

2
2
0
0
2
2
(i) Determine R.F. of the scale. Here it is 1/4 2
(ii) Determine length of the scale. 2
Length of the scale=R.F. x maximum length in cm = 1/4 x 5 dm = 1/4 x 5 x 10 cm = 12.5 cm.
(iii) Draw a line 12.5 cm long and divide it into 5 equal divisions, each representing 1 dm. 0
2
(iv) Mark O at the end of the first division and 1, 2, 3 and 4 at the end of each
subsequent division to its right.
0
2
(v) Divide the first division into 10 equal sub-divisions, each representing 1 cm. 3
2
(vi) Mark cms to the left of O as shown in the figure.
To distinguish the divisions clearly, show the scale as a rectangle of small width (about 3 3
mm) instead of only a line.

“TIME IS THE BEST TEACHER, BUT UNFORTUNATELY , IT KILLS ALL OF ITS STUDENTS.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

Draw the division-lines showing decimeters throughout the width of the scale. Draw the
lines for the sub-divisions slightly shorter as shown. Draw thick and dark horizontal lines
in the middle of all alternate divisions and sub-divisions. This helps in taking
measurements. Below the scale, print DECIMETRES on the right-hand side, U
CENTIMETRES on the left-hand side, and the R.F. in the middle.
To set-off any distance, say 3.7 dm, place one leg of the divider on 3 dm mark and the
U
N
other on 7 cm mark. The distance between the ends of the two legs will represent 3.7 N I
dm.
2. Draw a scale of 1: 60 to show metres and decimetres and long enough to measure up T I
to 6 metres. Mark the 3.7 m on the Scale? T-
-I
I

S
C
(i) Determine R.F. of the scale, here R.F=1/60 A
(ii) Determine length of the scale.
Length of the scale = R.F. x maximum length in cm = 1/60x 6 m = 1/10 m = 10 cm. L
(iii) Draw a line 10 cm long and divide it into 6 equal parts.
(iv) Divide the first part into 10 equal divisions and complete the scale as shown. E
The length 3.7 metre is shown on the scale. S
3. Construct a scale of 1.5 inches = 1 foot to show inches and long enough to measure up
to 4 feet. Mark the value of 2 feet 10 inches on the Scale.
2
2
0
0
2
2
2
(i) Determine R.F. of the scale. 2
1.5 inches 1.5 inches 1
R.F. = ---------- = -------------- = ----- 2
0
1 foot 1 x 12 inches 8 0
2
(ii) Length of the scale = R.F. x maximum length in cm
= 1/8 x 4 feet 3
2
= 1/8 x 4 x 12 inches 3
= 1/8 x 4 x 12 x 2.54 cm
= 15.24 cm
“TIME IS THE BEST TEACHER, BUT UNFORTUNATELY , IT KILLS ALL OF ITS STUDENTS.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

(iii) Draw a 5.24 cm line; divide it into four equal parts, each part representing one foot.
(iv) Divide the first division into 12 equal parts, each representing 1". Complete the scale
as explained in above problems. The distance 2'-10" is shown measured in the figure.
4. Construct a scale of R.F=1/60 to read yards and feet, and long enough to measure up U
to 5 yards. Mark the 3 Yards and 1 foot on the Scale? U
N
NI
I
T
T-
I-
(i) Determine R.F. of the scale. Here it is 1/60
(ii) Determine the Length of the scale. I
Length of the scale = R.F. x maximum length in cm
= 1/60 x 5 yards
= 1/12 yards S
= 3 inches C
= 7.62 cm [1 inch (in) = 25.4mm = 2.54cm]
(iii) Draw a line 7.62 cm long and divide it into 5 equal parts. A
(iv) Divide the first part into 3 equal divisions and mark the scale as shown in the figure.
5. Construct a scale of R.F. = 1/84480 to show miles and furlongs and long enough to
L
measure up to 6 miles. Show the distance of 4 miles and 3 furlongs E
S

2
2
0
(i) Determine R.F. of the scale. Here it is 1/84480 0
2
(ii) Determine the Length of the scale.
Length of the scale = R.F. x maximum length 2
= 1/84480 x 6 miles
= 1/84480 x 6 x 8 furlongs
2
= 1/84480 x 6 x 8 x 10 chains 2
= 1/84480 x 6 x 8 x 10 x 22 yards
2
0
= 1/84480 x 6 x 8 x 10 x 22 x 3 feet
= 1/84480 x 6 x 8 x 10 x 22 x 3 x 12 inches 0
2
= 1/84480 x 6 x 8 x 10 x 22 x 3 x 12 x 2.54 cm 3
2
= 11.43 cm
(iii) Draw a line 11.43 cm long and divide it into 6 equal parts. 3
(iv) Divide the first part into 8 equal divisions and mark the scale as shown in the figure.

“TIME IS THE BEST TEACHER, BUT UNFORTUNATELY , IT KILLS ALL OF ITS STUDENTS.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

Diagonal Scale (For Dimensions up to two decimals)

6. Construct a diagonal scale of 3:200 showing meters, decimetres and centimetres and
U
long enough to measure up to 6 meters. Show the distance of 4.56m on the Scale?
N
U
NI
I
T
T-
I-
I

S
C
(i) Determine R.F. of the scale. Here it is 3/200 A
(ii) Determine the Length of the scale.
Length of the scale = R.F. x maximum length in cm L
= 3/200 x 6 meters E
= 3/200 x 6 x 100 cm
= 9 cm S
(iii) Draw a line AB 9 cm long and divide it into 6 equal parts. Each part will show a
metre.
(iv) Divide the first part A0 into 10 equal divisions, each showing a decimeter or 0.1 m. 2
(v) At A erect a perpendicular and step-off along it, 10 equal divisions of any length,
ending at D. Complete the rectangle ABCD. 2
0
(vi) Erect perpendiculars at metre-divisions 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4. 0
2
(vii) Draw horizontal lines through the division-points on AD.
(viii) Join D with the end of the first division along A0, viz. the point 9. 2
(ix) Through the remaining points i.e. 8, 7, 6 etc. draw lines parallel to D9.
2
In a triangle OFE, FE represents 1 dm or 0.1 m. Each horizontal line below FE 2
progressively diminishes in length by 0.1 FE. Thus, the next line below FE is equal to 0.9
FE and represents 0.9 A1 dm = 0.9 dm or 0.09 m or 9 cm. 2
0
0
2
Any length between 1 cm or 0.01 m and 6 m can be measured from this scale. To show a
distance of 4.56 metres, i.e. 4 m, 5 dm and 6 cm, place one leg of the divider at Q where 32
the vertical through 4 m meets the horizontal through 6 cm and the other leg at P 3
where the diagonal through 5 dm meets the same horizontal.

“TIME IS THE BEST TEACHER, BUT UNFORTUNATELY , IT KILLS ALL OF ITS STUDENTS.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

7. Construct a diagonal scale of R.F. = 1/4000 to show meters and long enough to
measure up to 500 meters. Show the distance of 374 meters on the scale?
U
U
N
NI
I
T
T-
I-
I

(i) Determine R.F. of the scale. Here it is 1/4000 S

(ii) Determine the Length of the scale.
Length of the scale = R.F. x maximum length in cm C
= 1/4000 x 500 meters A
= 1/4000 x 500 x 100 cm
= 12.5 cm L
(iii) Draw a line 12.5 cm long and divide it into 5 equal parts. Each part will show 100 E
meters. Divide the first part into ten equal divisions. Each division will show 10 metres.
(iv) At the left-hand end, erect a perpendicular and on it, step-off 10 equal divisions of S
any length. Draw the rectangle and complete the scale as explained in above problems.
The distance between points A and B shows 374 metres.
8. Draw a diagonal scale of 1: 2.5 showing centimetres and millimetres and long enough 2
to measure up to 20 centimetres. Indicate the distance of 13.4 cm on the scale? 2
0
2
0
2
2
2
2
0
0
2
3
2
3

“TIME IS THE BEST TEACHER, BUT UNFORTUNATELY , IT KILLS ALL OF ITS STUDENTS.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

(i) Determine R.F. of the scale. Here it is 1/2.5
(ii) Determine the Length of the scale.
Length of the scale = R.F. x maximum length in cm
= 1/2.5 x 20 centimeters U
= 8 cm
U
N
(iii) Draw a line 8 cm long and divide it into 4 equal parts. Each part will represent a
length of 5 cm. Divide the first part into 5 equal divisions. Each division will show 1 cm. NI
(iii) At the left-hand end of the line, draw a vertical line and on it, step-off 10 equal
divisions of any length.
I
T
(iv) Draw the rectangle and complete the scale as explained in above problems. T-
The distance between points C and D shows 13.4 centimeters.
9. Construct a diagonal scale of R.F. = 1/32 to showing yards, feet and inches and to
I-
measure up to 4 yards. Show a distance of 1 yard, 2 feet and 7 inches on the scale? I

S
C
A
L
E
S

2
(i) Determine R.F. of the scale. Here it is 1/32 2
0
(ii) Determine the Length of the scale. 0
2
Length of the scale = R.F. x maximum length in cm
= 1/32 x 4 yards 2
= 1/32 x 4 x 3 feet 2
= 1/32 x 4 x 3 x 12 inches
= 1/32 x 4 x 3 x 12 x 2.54 cm 2
= 11.43 cm
2
0
(iii) Draw a line 11.43 cm long and divide it into 4 equal parts. Divide the first part into 3
equal divisions showing feet. 0
2
(iii) At the left-hand end of the line, draw a vertical line and on it, step-off 12 equal
divisions of any length.
3
2
(iv) Draw the rectangle and complete the scale as explained in above problems. 3
The distance between points P and Q shows 1 yard, 2 feet and 7 inches.

“TIME IS THE BEST TEACHER, BUT UNFORTUNATELY , IT KILLS ALL OF ITS STUDENTS.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

10. Construct a scale of full size, showing 1/100 inch and to measure up to 5 inches. Mark a
2.68 inches on the scale?
U
U
N
NI
I
T
T-
I-
I

(i) Determine R.F. of the scale. Here it is 1/100

(ii) Determine the Length of the scale. S
Length of the scale = R.F. x maximum length in cm C
= 1 x 5 inches
= 1 x 5 x 2.54 cm A
= 12.7 cm
L
(iii) Draw a line 12.7 cm long and divide it into 5 equal parts. Each part will show one
inch. Subdivide the first part into 10 equal divisions. Each division will measure 1/10 inch. E
(iii) At A, draw a perpendicular to AB and on it, step-off 10 equal divisions of any length.
(iv) Draw the rectangle ABCD and complete the scale as explained in above problems.
S
The distance between points QP shows 2.68 inches.
11. The area of a field is 50,000 sq m. The length and the breadth of the field, on the
2
map are 10 cm and 8 cm respectively. Construct a diagonal scale which can read up
to one metre. Mark the length of 235 metre on the scale. What is the R.F. of the scale? 0 2
2
0
2
2
2
2
0
0
2
3
2
3

“TIME IS THE BEST TEACHER, BUT UNFORTUNATELY , IT KILLS ALL OF ITS STUDENTS.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

The area of the field = 50,000 sq m = 50,000 m2
The area of the field on the map = 10 cm x 8 cm = 80 cm2
(i) Determine R.F. of the scale.
√80 cm2 1 cm 1 cm 1 U
R.F. = --------------- = --------- = --------------- = ------- U
N
√50,000 m 2 25 m 25 x 100 cm 2500
(ii) Determine the Length of the scale. NI
Length of the scale = R.F. x maximum length in cm I
T
= 1/2500 x 500 meters = 1/2500 x 500 x 100 cm = 20 cm
(iii) Draw a line 20 cm long and divide it into 5 equal parts. Each part will show 100 T-
meters. Subdivide the first part into 10 equal divisions. Each division will measure 10 m. I-
(iii) At A, draw a perpendicular to AB and on it, step-off 10 equal divisions of any length.
(iv) Draw the rectangle ABCD and complete the scale as explained in above problems. I
The distance between two points A and B is 235 meters.
12. On a Building Plan, a line 20cm long represents a distance of 10m. Draw a diagonal
scale for the plan to read m, dm & cm. Show on your scale the lengths 6.48m and S
11.14m? C
A
L
E
S

2
2
0
0
2
2
2
2
(i) Determine R.F. of the scale. We will get R.F = 1:50 2
0
(ii) Determine the Length of the scale. We will get 0
2
Length of the scale = R.F. x maximum length in cm = 24 cm
(iii) Draw a line 24 cm long and divide it into 12 equal parts. Each part will show one 3 2
meter. Subdivide the first part into 10 equal divisions. Each division will measure 1 dm. 3
(iv) Do the same process what we did in above problems & complete the Scale.
(v) Mark the values of 6.48m & 11.14m.
“TIME IS THE BEST TEACHER, BUT UNFORTUNATELY , IT KILLS ALL OF ITS STUDENTS.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

13. The distance between Hyderabad and Vijayawada is 156 km. They are shown 156mm
apart on a road map. What is R.F & Construct a diagonal scale to measure up to 200
km and show the distance of 109 km?
U
U
N
NI
I
T
T-
I-
I

S
C
(i) Determine R.F. of the scale. We will get R.F = 1:1000000 A
(ii) Determine the Length of the scale. We will get
Length of the scale = R.F. x maximum length in cm = 20 cm L
(iii) Draw a line 20 cm long and divide it into 2 equal parts. Each part will show 100 km. E
Sub divide the first part into 10 equal divisions. Each division will measure 10 km.
(iv)Do the same process what we did in above problems & complete the Scale. S
(v) Marking the value of 109 km.
Vernier Scale (For Dimensions up to three decimals)
2
Vernier scales: Vernier scales, like diagonal scales, are used to read to a very small unit 0 2
with great accuracy. A Vernier scale consists of two parts - a primary scale and a Vernier.
The primary scale is a plain scale fully divided into minor divisions.
0
2
As it would be difficult to sub-divide the minor divisions in the ordinary way, it is done 2
with the help of the Vernier. The graduations on the Vernier are derived from those on 2
the primary scale.
The Vernier scales are classified as under: 2
(i) Forward Vernier: In this case, the length of one division of the Vernier scale is smaller 0
2
than the length of one division of the primary scale. The Vernier divisions are marked in
0
2
the same direction as that of the main scale.
(ii) Backward Vernier: The length of each division of Vernier scale is greater than the 3 2
length of each division of the primary scale. The numbering is done in the opposite 3
direction as that of the primary scale.

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

14. Draw a Vernier scale of R.F = 1:25 to read centimetres up to 4 metres and on it, show
lengths representing 2.39 m and 0.91 m.
U
U
N
NI
I
T
T-
(i) Determine R.F. of the scale. Here it is 1/25 I-
(ii) Determine the Length of the scale.
Length of the scale = R.F. x maximum length in cm I
= 1/25 x 4 meters
= 1/25 x 4 x 100 cm
= 16 cm S
(iii) Draw a line 16 cm long and divide it into 4 equal parts to show metres. Divide each C
of these parts into 10 equal parts to show decimeters.
(iv) To construct a Vernier, take 11 parts of dm length and divide it into 10 equal parts. A
Each of these parts will show a length of 1.1 dm or 11 cm.
(v) To measure a length representing 2.39 m, place one leg of the divider at A on 99 cm L
mark and the other leg at B on 1.4 m mark. E
The length AB will show 2.39 metres (0.99 + 1.4 = 2.39). Similarly,
The length, CO shows 0.91 metre (0.8 + 0.11 = 0.91). S
The necessity of dividing the plain scale into minor divisions throughout its length is quite
evident from the above measurements.
15. Construct a full-size Vernier scale of inches and show on it lengths 3.67", 1.54" and 2
0.48". 2
0
2
0
2
2
2
2
0
(i) Draw a plain full-size scale 411 long and divide it fully to show 0.1" lengths. 0
2
(ii) Construct a Vernier of length equal to 10 + 1 = 11 parts and divide it into 10 equal
parts. Each of these parts will be 0.11". 3
2
The line AB shows a length of 3.67" (0.77" + 2.9" = 3.67"). Similarly, lines CD and PQ show 3
lengths of 1.5411 (0.4411 + 1.1" = 1.54") and 0.48" (0.8811 - 0.4" = 0.48") respectively.

“TIME IS THE BEST TEACHER, BUT UNFORTUNATELY , IT KILLS ALL OF ITS STUDENTS.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

16. Construct a Vernier scale of R.F. = 1/80 to read inches and to measure up to 15 yards.

U
U
N
NI
I
T
T-
i) Determine R.F. of the scale. Here it is 1/80
(ii) Determine the Length of the scale. I-
Length of the scale = R.F. x maximum length in cm I
= 1/80 x 15 yards
= 1/80 x 15 x 3 x feet
= 1/80 x 15 x 3 x 12 inches
= 1/80 x 15 x 3 x 12 x 2.54 cm
S
= 17.145 cm C
(iii) Draw the plain scale 17.145 cm long and divide it fully to show yards and feet.
(iv) To construct the Vernier, take a length of 12 + 1 = 13 feet-divisions and divide it into 12 A
equal parts. Each part will represent 13/12 ft or 1 '-1 ". L
Lines AB, CD and PQ show respectively lengths representing 4 yd 1 ft 9 in (9' - 911 + 4'),
6 yd 2 ft 3 in (3' - 311 + 17') and 0 yd 2 ft 7 in (7' - 711- 511). E
EXERCISE S
17. Construct a plain scale of R.F is 1: 50,000 to show kilometres and hectometres and long
enough to measure up to 7 kilometres. Measure a distance of 54 hectometres on your
scale? (13M July 2021 8M, April 2019) 2
18. The distance between Hyderabad and Guntur is 130 km. A train covers this distance in 0 2
2.5 hours. Construct a plain scale to measure time up to a single minute. The R.F. of the
scale is 1/260000. Find the distance covered by the train in 40 minutes. ?
0
2
(25 M, 2021, 7M, Jan 2020) 2
19. The distance between two towns is 120 km. A passenger train covers this distance in 4
2
hours. Construct a scale to measure of the distance covered by the train in a single
minute and up to one hour. The R.F. of the scale is 1/200000. Find the distance covered 2
by the train in 36 minutes. ? (15M, Jan2019) 2
0
20. The distance between Hyderabad & Suryapet is 180 km. A Bus covers this distance in 6
hours. Construct a plain scale to time up to a single minute. The R.F. of the scale is
0
2
1/200000. Find the distance covered by the train in 36 minutes. ? (25M, July 2021) 3
2
21. The area of field is 50,000 sq m. The length and the breadth of the field, on the map 3
are 10 cm and 8 cm respectively. Construct a diagonal scale which can read up to one
meter? (10M, June 2022)
“TIME IS THE BEST TEACHER, BUT UNFORTUNATELY , IT KILLS ALL OF ITS STUDENTS.”

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22. On a map the distance between two points is 1 cm. The real distance between them is
20 km, draw a diagonal scale of this map to read kilometres and hectometres and to
measure up to 25 km. Show a distance of 17.6 km on this scale (25M, June-2022)
23. Construct a Diagonal scale of RF = 3:200 showing meters, decimetres and centimetres. U
The scale should measure up to 6 meters. Show a distance of 4.56 meters. U
N
(13M, June-2022)
24. Construct a diagonal scale of 1:48 showing meters, decimetres and centimetres, to NI
measure up to 6m length. Mark a length of 3.76 m on this. ? (7M, Jan 2020) TI
25. The distance between two stations is 120 km and on a map it is shown by 40 cm. draw
a diagonal scale and indicates distances of 26.2 km and 22.4 km on it and it is measure T-
up to 60 km? (7M, Jan 2020, 3times) I-
26. The distance between two stations by road is 400 km and it is represented on a certain
map by a 10 cm long line. Find R.F and construct a diagonal scale showing single I
kilometres and long enough to measure up to 800 km. Mark on it a distance of 358 km.
(25 M, Dec-2021 & 15 M, Jan 2020)
S
27. Construct a diagonal scale of RF = 1: 3200000 to show km and long enough to
measure up to 400 kms. Show distances of 257 km and 333 km on your scale? C
A
(10M July 21 25 M, Dec 20)
28. Construct a diagonal scale of 1:2.5 showing centimetres and millimetres and long
enough to measure up to 20 centimetres. Show 15.4 cm on it. ? (7M, Jan 20, Apr 2019) L
29. An area of 144 square centimetres on a map represents an area of 36 square E
kilometres on the field. Find the RF of the scale, and draw a diagonal scale to show S
kilometres, hectometres and decametres and to measure up to 10 km. Mark a length of
7 km, 5 hm and 6 dm on the scale. ? (15M July 2021 7M, Jan2020)
30. The distance between two stations is 100km and on a road map, it is shown by 30cm. 2
Draw a diagonal scale and indicate distances of 46.8 km, 71.9 km & 32.4 km on it.
0
2
(10M July 2021)
31. Construct a diagonal scale of R.F = 1/ (2.5*10 6) to read up to a single kilometre and long 2
0
enough to measure 400 km. Mark a length of 254 km on it?
32. On a map, the actual distance of 10m is represented by a line of 50mm long. 2
Calculate the scale factor. Construct a diagonal scale, long enough to measure 30m 2
and mark on it, a distance of 26.3m?
33. An area covered by a triangle of base 12 cm and altitude 24 cm, represents an area of 2
36 km2. Find the scale factor and construct a diagonal scale to read kilometres,
hectometres and decametres. Mark the distances of 1.05 km and 4.82 km on it?
2
0
34. A Block of ice-berg 1000m3 volumes is represented by a block of 27 cm3 volume. Find 2 0
the scale factor and construct a scale to measure up to 60m. Mark a distance of 42.5m
on the scale? 3
2
35. The distance between Delhi and Agra is 200 km. In a railway map it is represented by 3
a line 5 cm long. Find its R.F. Draw a diagonal scale to show single km. And maximum
600 km. Indicate on it following distances. 1) 222 km 2) 336 km 3) 459 km 4) 569 km

“TIME IS THE BEST TEACHER, BUT UNFORTUNATELY , IT KILLS ALL OF ITS STUDENTS.”

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UNIT-II
Orthographic Projections
(Projections of Points, Lines & Planes)

“DO ALL THE GOOD YOU CAN, FOR ALL THE PEOPLE YOU CAN, IN ALL THE WAYS YOU
CAN, AS LONG AS YOU CAN.”

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NICE, BUT BECAUSE YOU ARE .”

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U
N
II
T
--
II

P
O
I
N
T
S

L
I
N
5) Fv of line AB makes 450 with XY line and measures 60 mm. Line’s TV makes E
300 with XY line. End A is 15 mm above HP and its VT is 10 mm below HP.
Draw projections of line AB, determine inclinations with HP & VP and locate S
HT, VT.
SOLUTION STEPS:-
Draw xy line, one projector and locate fv a’ 15 mm above xy.
2
Take 450 angle from a’ and marking 60 mm on it locate point b’. 0
Draw locus of VT, 10 mm below xy & extending FV to this locus locate VT. as
fv-h’-vt’ lie on one straight line. 2
Draw projector from vt, locate v on xy. From v take 300 downward as TV and 2
its inclination can begin with v.
Draw projector from b’ and locate b i.e.TV point.
Now rotating views as usual TL and 2
Its inclinations can be found.
Name extension of Fv, touching xy as h’ and below it, on extension of Tv, 3
locate HT.
“TREAT EVERYONE WITH POLITENESS AND KINDNESS, NOT BECAUSE THEY ARE
NICE, BUT BECAUSE YOU ARE .”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

U
N
II
T
--
II

P
O
I
N
T
S

L
I
N
E
S
6) One end of line AB is 10mm above Hp and other end is 100 mm in-
front of VP. Its FV is 450 inclined to xy while its HT & VT are 45mm and
30 mm below xy respectively. Draw projections and find TL with its 2
inclinations with HP & VP.
0
SOLUTION STEPS:-
Draw xy line, one projector and locate a’ 10 mm above xy. 2
Draw locus 100 mm below xy for points b & b1
Draw loci for VT and HT, 30 mm & 45 mm below xy respectively.
2
Take 450 angle from a’ and extend that line backward to locate h’ and VT, &
Locate v on xy above VT. Locate HT below h’ as shown.
Then join v – HT – and extend to get top view end b. 2
Draw projector upward and locate b’ make a b & a’b’ dark. 3
Now as usual rotating views find TL and its inclinations.

“TREAT EVERYONE WITH POLITENESS AND KINDNESS, NOT BECAUSE THEY ARE
NICE, BUT BECAUSE YOU ARE .”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

U
N
II
T
--
II

P
O
I
N
T
S

L
I
N
E
S

7) Projectors drawn from HT and VT of a line AB are 80 mm apart and those 2

drawn from its ends are 50 mm apart. End A is 10 mm above HP, VT is 35 mm
below Hp while its HT is 45 mm in front of VP. Draw projections, locate traces 0
and find TL of line & inclinations with HP and VP. 2
SOLUTION STEPS:-
1. Draw xy line and two projectors, 80 mm apart and locate HT & VT, 35mm
2
below xy and 55 mm above xy respectively on these projectors.
2. Locate h’ and v on xy as usual
3. Now just like previous two problems, Extending certain lines complete FV & 2
TV and as usual find TL and it’s inclinations. 3

“TREAT EVERYONE WITH POLITENESS AND KINDNESS, NOT BECAUSE THEY ARE
NICE, BUT BECAUSE YOU ARE .”

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11) Line AB 80 mm long makes 300 angle with HP and lies in an Auxiliary Vertical U
Plane 450 inclined to VP. End A is 15 mm above HP and VT is 10 mm below X-y N
line. Draw projections, fine angle with VP and HT .
II
T
--
II

P
O
I
N
T
S

L
I
N
12) A line AB, 75mm long, has one end A in VP. Other end B is 15 mm above HP E
and 50 mm in front of VP. Draw the projections of the line when sum of it’s S
inclinations with HP & VP is 90 0, means it is lying in a profile plane. Find true
angles with reference planes and its traces.
SOLUTION STEPS:- 2
After drawing xy line and one projector Locate top view of A i.e. point a on xy 0
as It is in VP,
Locate Fv of B i.e.b’15 mm above xy as it is above HP and TV of B i.e. b, 50 2
mm below xy as it is 50 mm in front of VP.
Draw side view structure of VP and HP and locate S.V. of point B i.e. b’’
2
From this point cut 75 mm distance on VP and Mark a’’ as A is in VP. (This is
also VT of line.) From this point draw locus to left & get a’ Extend SV up to HP.
It will be HT. As it is a TV Rotate it and bring it on projector of b. 2
Now as discussed earlier SV gives TL of line and at the same time on extension 3
up to HP & VP gives inclinations with those planes.

“TREAT EVERYONE WITH POLITENESS AND KINDNESS, NOT BECAUSE THEY ARE
NICE, BUT BECAUSE YOU ARE .”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

U
N
II
T
--
II

P
O
I
N
T
13) T.V. of a 75 mm long Line CD, measures 50 mm. End C is 15 mm below Hp and S
50 mm in front of VP. End D is 15 mm in front of VP and it is above HP. Draw
projections of CD and find angles with HP and VP.
L
I
N
E
S

2
0
2
2

2
3

“TREAT EVERYONE WITH POLITENESS AND KINDNESS, NOT BECAUSE THEY ARE
NICE, BUT BECAUSE YOU ARE .”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

14) End A of line AB is in HP and 25 mm behind VP. End B in VP and 50mm U
above HP. Distance between projectors is 70mm. Draw projections and find it’s N
inclinations with HT, VT.
II
T
--
II

P
O
I
N
T
S
15) End A of a line AB is 25mm below Hp and 35mm behind VP. Line is 30 0
inclined to HP. There is a point P on AB contained by both HP & VP. Draw L
projections; find inclination with VP and traces.
I
N
E
S

2
0
2
2

2
3

“TREAT EVERYONE WITH POLITENESS AND KINDNESS, NOT BECAUSE THEY ARE
NICE, BUT BECAUSE YOU ARE .”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

16) End A of a line AB is 25mm above HP and end B is 55mm behind VP. The U
distance between end projectors is 75mm. If both its HT & VT coincide on xy in N
a point, 35mm from projector of A and within two projectors, Draw
projections, find TL and angles and HT, VT.
II
T
--
II

P
O
I
N
T
S

L
I
N
E
S

EXERCISE 2
17) Draw the projections of a line of 60 mm long is perpendicular to H.P. and 0
parallel to V.P, one of its end is 15 mm above the H.P, 20 mm in front of V.P.
18) Draw the projections of a line of 60 mm long is perpendicular to V.P. and parallel
2
to H.P, one of its end is 15 mm above the H.P, 20 mm in front of V.P. 2
19) A line AB of 50 mm long is parallel to both H.P and V.P. The line is 40 mm above
H.P. an 30 mm in front of V.P. draw the projections of the line.
20) A line AB is 40 mm long and inclined at 30 0 to H.P and parallel to V.P. The end 2
A of the line is 15 mm above H.P and 20 in front of V.P. Draw the projections of 3
the line.
“TREAT EVERYONE WITH POLITENESS AND KINDNESS, NOT BECAUSE THEY ARE
NICE, BUT BECAUSE YOU ARE .”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

21) A line AB is 40 mm long and inclined at 30 0 to V.P. and parallel to H.P. The end U
A of the line is 15 mm above H.P and 20 mm in front of V.P. Draw its projections. N
22)
II
1) Draw the Projections of the following points
(a) A point A is 20 above H.P and 30 in front of V.P. T
(b) A point B is 20 above H.P and 30 behind V.P. --
(c) A point C is 20 below H.P and 30 behind V.P.
(d) A point D is 20 below H.P and 30 in front of V.P.
II
(e) A point E is on H.P and 30 in front of V.P.
(f) A point F is on V.P and 20 above H.P.
(g) A point G is lying on both H.P and V.P. P
2) Draw the Projections of the following points O
on the same ground line, keeping the projectors
25 mm apart. (10 M. Sept/Oct 2021) I
A, in the H.P & 20 mm behind the V.P. N
B, in the above the H.P. & 25 mm in front of the V.P.
C, in the V.P. & 40 mm above the H.P.
T
D, 25 mm below the H.P. & 25 mm behind the V.P. S
E, 15 mm above the H.P. & 50 mm behind the V.P.
F, 40 mm below the H.P. & 25 mm in front of the V.P.
G, in both the H.P. & the V.P. L
I
LINE INCLINED TO BOTH H.P & V.P (Θ, φ):
N
TYPE-1: TL given: TV & FV of one end point given: True inclination with (Θ) & (φ) E
given:
S
23) A straight line AB of 75 mm long is inclined at 30 0 to H.P. and 450 to V.P. The end
A is 15 mm in fronts of V.P and 20 mm above H.P. Draw the projections of the line.
TYPE-2: True length of the line given: Top and front view of two end points given: 2
24) A Straight line 85 mm long has one end 15 mm in front of V.P. and 10 mm above 0
H.P., while the other end id 50 mm in front of V.P. and 45 mm above the H.P.
Draw the plan and elevation of the line. Determine the inclinations of the line to 2
H.P. and V.P. (25M 21) 2
TYPE-3: TL given: TV & FV of one end point given: another TV given: Length of the TV
given:
25) A Line AB of 75 mm long has one of its ends 60 mm in front of V.P. and 20 mm 2
above H.P. the other end is 20 mm in front of V.P. and is above H.P. The top of 3
view of the line is 55 mm long. Draw the FV. (15M Nov/Dec 2019)

“TREAT EVERYONE WITH POLITENESS AND KINDNESS, NOT BECAUSE THEY ARE
NICE, BUT BECAUSE YOU ARE .”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

TYPE-4: TL of the line given: TV & FV of one end point given: another TV & FV length given: U
26) A Line measuring 80 mm long has one of its ends 60 mm above H.P. and 20 mm N
in front of V.P. The other end is 15 mm above H.P. and in front of V.P. The FV of the
line is 60 mm long. Draw the TV. (15M. Dec 2020)
II
TYPE-5: TL of the line given: TV & FV of one end point given: Length of final TV & FV T
given:
--
27) A Line PQ 60 mm long has its end P, 15 mm above H.P. and 20 mm in front of V.P.
Its top view and front view measures 50 mm and 40 mm respectively. Draw its II
projections and determine the true inclinations with H.P and V.P.
25M. Oct/Nov 2020, 3 times)
TYPE-6: D/B end projectors given: Find TL and True inclinations with H.P. and V.P. (Θ, φ).
P
28) A line AB has its end A 15 mm above H.P. and 20 m in front of V.P. The end B is 60 O
mm above H.P. and the line is inclined at 30 0 to H.P. The distance between the end I
projectors of the line is 55 mm. Draw the projections and find its inclinations with V.P.
(12M Oct/Nov 2021) N
29) DDDG End A of the line AB is 15 mm above H.P. and 20 mm in front of V.P. The T
other end is 50 mm above the H.P. and 65 mm in front of V.P. The distance between
S
the end projectors is 50 mm. Draw the projections and find true inclinations and true
length by the following two methods: (a) Rotating plane method (b) Trapezoidal plane
method. L
TYPE-7: MID Point problems:
30) The midpoint of a line AB 80 mm long is 30 mm above the H.P. and 45 mm in front I
of V.P. It is inclined at 300 to the H.P. and 500 to V.P. Draw its projections. N
31) Draw the projections of a line AB, 90 mm long, it’s midpoint M being 50 mm above
E
the HP & 40 mm in front of the VP. The end A is 20 mm above the HP and 10 mm in
front of the VP. Find inclinations of the line with the HP & VP? (25M. July/Aug 2021) S

“Mistake increases your experience & experience 2

decreases your mistakes. If you learn from your mistakes 0
then others learn from your success.” 2
2
"M ISTAKES MAKE YOU A BETTER PERSON.
PROBLEMS MAKE YOU STRONGER"  2
3

“TREAT EVERYONE WITH POLITENESS AND KINDNESS, NOT BECAUSE THEY ARE
NICE, BUT BECAUSE YOU ARE .”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS OF PLANES
In this topic various plane figures are the objects.
What is usually asked in the problem?
U
To draw their projections means F.V, T.V. & S.V.
N
U
What will be given in the problem?
1. Description of the plane figure. IN
2. Its position with HP and VP. T
I
In which manner its position with HP & VP will be described? -T
1. Inclination of its SURFACE with one of the reference planes will be given II
2. Inclination of one of its EDGES with other reference plane will be given -
(Hence this will be a case of an object inclined to both reference Planes.) II
Study the illustration showing surface & side inclination given in below.
P
L
P
A
L
N
A
E
N
S
E
S
2
0
2
2
0
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
0
3
2
3

“A CHILD WITHOUT EDUCATION IS LIKE A BIRD WITHOUT WINGS .” 

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

U
N
U
IN
T
I
-T
II
-
II
P
L
P
A
L
N
A
E
N
S
E
APPLY SAME STEPS TO SOLVE NEXT PROBLEMS
1. A regular pentagon of 25mm side has one side on the ground. Its plane is inclined at
S
450 to the HP and perpendicular to the VP. Draw its projections and show its traces?
2
0
2
Hint: As the plane is inclined to HP, it should be kept parallel to HP with one edge
perpendicular to VP. 2
0
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
0
3
2
3

“A CHILD WITHOUT EDUCATION IS LIKE A BIRD WITHOUT WINGS .” 

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

2. Draw the projections of a circle of 5 cm diameter having its plane vertical and inclined
at 300 to the V.P. Its centre is 3cm above the H.P. and 2cm in front of the V.P. Show
also its traces? U
N
U
IN
T
I
-T
II
-
II
P
L
P
A
L
N
A
E
N
3. Draw a regular hexagon of 40 mm sides, with its two sides vertical. Draw a circle of 40 S
E
mm diameter in its centre. The figure represents a hexagonal plate with a hole in it
and having its surface parallel to the VP. Draw its projections when the surface is S
vertical and inclined at 300 to the VP. 2
0
2
2
0
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
0
3
2
3

“A CHILD WITHOUT EDUCATION IS LIKE A BIRD WITHOUT WINGS .” 

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

4. Draw an equilateral triangle of 75 mm sides and inscribe a circle in it. Draw
the projections of the figure, when its plane is vertical and inclined at 300 to
the VP and one of the sides of the triangle is inclined at 450 to the HP. U
N
U
IN
T
I
-T
II
-
II
P
L
P
A
L
N
A
E
N
S
E
S
2
5. Draw the projections of a regular hexagon of 25mm sides, having one of its sides in the
H.P. and inclined at 600 to the V.P. and its surface making an angle of 450 with the 0
2
H.P. 2
0
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
0
3
2
3

“A CHILD WITHOUT EDUCATION IS LIKE A BIRD WITHOUT WINGS .” 

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

6. A square ABCD of 50 mm side has its corner A in the H.P., its diagonal AC inclined at
300 to the H.P. and the diagonal BD inclined at 450 to the V.P. and parallel to the
H.P. Draw its projections. U
N
U
IN
T
I
-T
II
-
II
P
L
P
A
L
N
A
7. Draw a rhombus of 100 mm and 60 mm long diagonals with longer diagonal E
N
horizontal. The figure is the top view of a square having 100 mm long diagonals. Draw
its front view. S
E
S
2
0
2
2
0
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
0
3
2
3

“A CHILD WITHOUT EDUCATION IS LIKE A BIRD WITHOUT WINGS .” 

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

8. Draw projections of a rhombus having diagonals 125 mm and 50 mm long, the smaller
diagonal of which is parallel to both the principal planes, while the other is inclined at
300 to the H.P. U
N
U
IN
T
I
-T
II
-
II
P
L
P
A
L
N
A
9. A regular hexagon of 40mm side has a corner in the HP. Its surface inclined at 45° to
E
N
the HP and the top view of the diagonal through the corner which is in the HP makes S
E
an angle of 60° with the VP. Draw its projections.
S
2
0
2
2
0
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
0
3
2
3

“A CHILD WITHOUT EDUCATION IS LIKE A BIRD WITHOUT WINGS .” 

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

10. A semicircular plate of 80mm diameter has its straight edge in the VP and inclined at
450 to HP. The surface of the plate makes an angle of 30 0 with the VP. Draw its
projections. U
N
U
IN
T
I
-T
II
-
II
P
L
P
A
L
N
A
E
N
11. A thin rectangular plate of sides 60 mm X 30 mm has its shorter side in the V.P. and
inclined at 300 to the H.P. Project its top view if its front view is a square of 30 mm S
E
long sides.
S
2
0
2
2
0
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
0
3
2
3

“A CHILD WITHOUT EDUCATION IS LIKE A BIRD WITHOUT WINGS .” 

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

12. A circular plate of negligible thickness and 50 mm diameter appears as an ellipse in
the front view, having its major axis 50 mm long and minor axis 30 mm long. Draw its
top view when the major axis of the ellipse is horizontal.
U
N
U
IN
T
I
-T
II
-
II
P
L
P
A
L
N
A
E
N
S
E
13. A plate having shape of an isosceles triangle has base 50 mm long and altitude 70 S
mm. It is so placed that in the front view it is seen as an equilateral triangle of 50 mm 2
sides and one side inclined at 450 to xy. Draw its top view? 0
2
2
0
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
0
3
2
3

“A CHILD WITHOUT EDUCATION IS LIKE A BIRD WITHOUT WINGS .” 

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

14. Rectangle 30mm and 50mm sides is resting on HP on one small side which is 30 0
inclined to VP, while the surface of the plane makes 450 inclination with HP. Draw it’s
projections. U
N
U
IN
T
I
-T
II
-
II
P
L
P
A
L
15. The top view of a plate, the surface of which is inclined at 600 to the HP is a circle of N
A
60 mm diameter. Draw its three views. E
N
S
E
S
2
0
2
2
0
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
0
3
2
3

“A CHILD WITHOUT EDUCATION IS LIKE A BIRD WITHOUT WINGS .” 

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

16. A 300 – 600 set square of longest side 100 mm long is in VP and 30 0 inclined to HP
while it’s surface is 450 inclined to VP. Draw its projections?
U
N
U
IN
T
I
-T
II
-
II
P
L
P
A
L
N
A
E
N
17. A 300 – 600 set square of longest side 100 mm long is in VP and its surface 45 0 inclined
to VP. One end of longest side is 10 mm and other end is 35 mm above HP. Draw it’s
S
E
projections?
S
2
0
2
2
0
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
0
3
2
3

“A CHILD WITHOUT EDUCATION IS LIKE A BIRD WITHOUT WINGS .” 

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

18. A regular pentagon of 30 mm sides is resting on HP on one of its sides with its surface
450 inclined to HP. Draw its projections when the side in HP makes 300 angles with
VP? U
N
U
IN
T
I
-T
II
-
II
P
L
P
A
L
N
A
E
N
19. A regular pentagon of 30 mm sides is resting on HP on one of its sides while its S
E
opposite vertex (corner) is 30 mm above HP. Draw projections when side in HP is 300
inclined to VP. S
2
0
2
2
0
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
0
3
2
3

“A CHILD WITHOUT EDUCATION IS LIKE A BIRD WITHOUT WINGS .” 

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

20. A circle of 50 mm diameter is resting on HP on end A of its diameter AC which is 30 0
inclined to HP while its TV is 450 inclined to VP .Draw its projections?
U
N
U
IN
T
I
-T
II
-
II
P
L
P
A
L
N
A
E
N
S
0 E
21. A circle of 50 mm diameter is resting on HP on end A of its diameter AC which is 30
inclined to Hp while it makes 450 inclined to VP. Draw its projections. S
2
0
2
2
0
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
0
3
2
3

“A CHILD WITHOUT EDUCATION IS LIKE A BIRD WITHOUT WINGS .” 

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

22. End A of diameter AB of a circle is in HP and end B is in VP. Diameter AB, 50 mm
long is 300 & 600 inclined to HP & VP respectively. Draw projections of circle.
U
N
U
IN
T
I
-T
II
-
II
P
L
P
A
L
N
A
E
N
S
E
23. A hexagonal lamina has its one side in HP and its apposite parallel side is 25mm S
above HP and in VP. Draw it’s projections. Take side of hexagon 30 mm long. 2
0
2
2
0
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
0
3
2
3

“A CHILD WITHOUT EDUCATION IS LIKE A BIRD WITHOUT WINGS .” 

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24. An isosceles triangle of 40 mm long base side, 60 mm long altitude is freely suspended
from one corner of base side. Its plane is 450 inclined to VP. Draw its projections. U
N
U
IN
T
I
-T
II
-
II
P
L
P
A
L
25. A semicircle of 100 mm diameter is suspended from a point on its straight edge 30 mm N
A
from the midpoint of that edge so that the surface makes an angle of 450 with VP. E
N
Draw its projections.
S
E
S
2
0
2
2
0
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
0
3
2
3

“A CHILD WITHOUT EDUCATION IS LIKE A BIRD WITHOUT WINGS .” 

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UNIT-III
Projection of Regular Solids
Sectional views of Right Regular Solids
(Prisms, Pyramids, Cone, Cylinder, Cube & etc)

“DO ALL THE GOOD YOU CAN, FOR ALL THE PEOPLE YOU CAN , IN ALL THE WAYS YOU
CAN, AS LONG AS YOU CAN .”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

PROJECTION OF REGULAR SOLIDS

PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS
1. Projections of solids in simple position.
U
a) Axis perpendicular to the H.P. & parallel to the V.P.
U
N
b) Axis perpendicular to the V.P. & parallel to the H.P. N
I
c) Axis parallel to both the planes.
2. Projections of solids with axes inclined to one of the RP and parallel to the other. IT
a) Axis inclined to the H.P. and parallel to the V.P. T
-
b) Axis inclined to the V.P. and parallel to the H.P.
3. Projections of solids with axes inclined to both the H.P. and the V.P. -III
III

S
S
O
O
L
L
I
I
D
D
S
S
2
2
0
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
2
2
3
3

 “REMEMBER THAT FAILURE IS AN EVENT, NOT A PERSON.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

U
U
N
N
I
IT
T
-
-III
III

S
S
O
O
L
L
I
I
D
D
S
S
STEPS TO SOLVE PROBLEMS IN SOLIDS
Problem is solved in three steps: 2
2
STEP 1: 0
ASSUME SOLID STANDING ON THE PLANE WITH WHICH IT IS MAKING INCLINATION. 0
(IF IT IS INCLINED TO HP, ASSUME IT STANDING ON HP)
2
2
(IF IT IS INCLINED TO VP, ASSUME IT STANDING ON VP) 2
IF STANDING ON HP - IT’S TV WILL BE TRUE SHAPE OF IT’S BASE OR TOP: 2
IF STANDING ON VP - IT’S FV WILL BE TRUE SHAPE OF IT’S BASE OR TOP.
BEGIN WITH THIS VIEW: 2
IT’S OTHER VIEW WILL BE A RECTANGLE (IF SOLID IS CYLINDER OR ONE OF THE2
PRISMS): IT’S OTHER VIEW WILL BE A TRIANGLE (IF SOLID IS CONE OR ONE OF THE0
PYRAMIDS): 0
2
DRAW FV & TV OF THAT SOLID IN STANDING POSITION: 2
3
STEP 2: 3
CONSIDERING SOLID’S INCLINATION (AXIS POSITION) DRAW IT’S FV & TV.

STEP 3:
IN LAST STEP, CONSIDERING REMAINING INCLINATION, DRAW IT’S FINAL FV & TV.

 “REMEMBER THAT FAILURE IS AN EVENT, NOT A PERSON.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

U
U
N
N
I
IT
T
-
-III
III

S
S
O
O
L
L
I
I
D
D
S
S
2
2
0
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
2
2
3
3

 “REMEMBER THAT FAILURE IS AN EVENT, NOT A PERSON.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

1. A Hexagonal Pyramid side of base 40mm and 65mm long is resting on its base on the
H.P with one of its edge is parallel to V.P & 25mm in front of it?

U
U
N
N
I
IT
T
-
-III
III

S
S
O
O
L
L
I
I
D
2. A Square Prisms of side of base 40mm and 65mm long is resting on its base on the H.P D
with one of its edge is 300 to V.P & its axis is 50mm in front of V.P? S
S
2
2
0
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
2
2
3
3

 “REMEMBER THAT FAILURE IS AN EVENT, NOT A PERSON.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

3. Draw the projections of a Cone of base diameter 50mm and height 65mm long is
resting on its apex on the H.P. with the axis 40mm in front of the V.P.

U
U
N
N
I
IT
T
-
-III
III

S
S
O
O
L
L
I
I
D
D
4. Draw the projections of a Triangular Pyramid of base side 40mm and height 65mm is S
resting on its base on the H.P. with one of its base edge is 450 to the V.P. and its axis is S
40mm in front of the V.P?
2
2
0
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
2
2
3
3

 “REMEMBER THAT FAILURE IS AN EVENT, NOT A PERSON.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

5. A Cylinder of base diameter 50mm, axis 65mm. The axis of the cylinder is perpendicular
to the V.P. The center of the cylinder is 40mm above the H.P & 20mm in front of the
V.P. Draw its Projections?
U
U
N
N
I
IT
T
-
-III
III

S
S
O
O
L
L
I
I
D
D
6.
S
A Pentagonal Prism of base side 40mm and height 65mm is resting on its base on V.P. S
with one of its base edge is parallel to H.P & 10mm above the H.P? Draw its
Projections?
2
2
0
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
2
2
3
3

 “REMEMBER THAT FAILURE IS AN EVENT, NOT A PERSON.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

7. A Pentagonal Pyramid of base side 40mm and height 65mm is resting on its base on
V.P. with one of its base edge is on H.P. Draw its Projections?

U
U
N
N
I
IT
T
-
-III
III

S
S
O
O
L
L
I
I
D
8. A Square Pyramid of base side 40mm and axis 65mm long. All edges of base are D S
equally inclined to H.P. Its axis is parallel to & 50mm away from both H.P and V.P. S
Draw its Projections?
2
2
0
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
2
2
3
3

 “REMEMBER THAT FAILURE IS AN EVENT, NOT A PERSON.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

9. Draw the projections of a pentagonal prism, base 25 mm side and axis 50 mm long,
resting on one of its rectangular faces on the H.P. with the axis inclined at 450 to the V.P.

As the axis is to be inclined with the VP, in the first view it must be kept perpendicular to U
the VP i.e. true shape of the base will be drawn in the FV with one side on XY line. U N
N
I
IT
T
-
-III
III

S
S
O
O
L
L
I
I
D
D
S
S
2
2
0
0
2
10. Draw the projections of a cone, base 45 mm diameter and axis 50 mm long, when it is 2
2
resting on the ground on a point on its base circle with (a) the axis making an angle 2
of 300 with the HP and 450 with the VP (b) the axis making an angle of 300 with the
HP and its top view making 450 with the VP? 2
Steps 2
(1) Draw the TV & FV of the cone assuming its base on the HP 0
0
(2) To incline axis at 300 with the HP, incline the base at 600 with HP and draw the 2
FV and then the TV. 2
(3) For part (a), to find β, draw a line at 450 with XY in the TV, of 50 mm length. 3
Draw the locus of the end of axis. Then cut an arc of length equal to TV of the axis 3
when it is inclined at 300 with HP. Then redraw the TV, keeping the axis at new
position. Then draw the new FV
(4) For part (b), draw a line at 450 with XY in the TV. Then redraw the TV, keeping
the axis at new position. Again draw the FV.
 “REMEMBER THAT FAILURE IS AN EVENT, NOT A PERSON.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

U
U
N
N
I
IT
T
-
-III
III
11. A hexagonal pyramid base 25 mm side and axis 55 mm long has one of its slant edge
on the ground. A plane containing that edge and the axis is perpendicular to the H.P. S
and inclined at 450 to the V.P. Draw its projections when the apex is nearer to the V.P. S
than the base. O
O
Steps: L
The inclination of the axis is given indirectly in this problem. When the slant edge of a L
pyramid rests on the HP its axis is inclined with the HP so while deciding first view the I
axis of the solid must be kept perpendicular to HP i.e. true shape of the base will be I D
seen in the TV. Secondly when drawing hexagon in the TV we have to keep the D
corners at the extreme ends. S
S
The vertical plane containing the slant edge on the HP and the axis is seen in the TV as
o1d1 for drawing auxiliary FV draw an auxiliary plane X1Y1 at 450 from d1o1 extended. 2
Then draw projectors from each point i.e. a1 to f1 perpendicular to X1Y1 and mark the 2
points measuring their distances in the FV from old XY line. 0
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
2
2
3
3

 “REMEMBER THAT FAILURE IS AN EVENT, NOT A PERSON.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

12. A cube of 50 mm long edges is so placed on HP on one corner that a body diagonal is
parallel to HP and perpendicular to VP Draw it’s projections.
Solution Steps:
1. Assuming standing on HP, begin with TV, a square with all sides equally inclined U
to XY. Project FV and name all points of FV & TV. U
N
2. Draw a body-diagonal joining c’ with 1’( This can become // to xy) N
3. From 3’ drop a perpendicular on this and name it p’ I
4. Draw 2nd Fv in which 3’p’ line is vertical means c’-1’ diagonal must be IT
horizontal. T
5. Now as usual project TV. -
6. In final TV draw same diagonal is perpendicular to VP as said in problem. -III
Then as usual project final FV. III

S
S
O
O
L
L
I
I
D
D
S
S
2
2
0
0
2
2
2
13. A tetrahedron of 50 mm long edges is resting on one edge on HP while one triangular 2
0
face containing this edge is vertical and 45 inclined to VP. Draw projections.

Important: Tetrahedron is a special type of triangular pyramid in which base sides & 2
2
slant edges are equal in length. Solid of four faces. Like cube it is also described by one 0
dimension only. Axis length generally not given. 0
Solution Steps 2
As it is resting assume it standing on HP. 2
Begin with TV, an equilateral triangle as side case as shown: First project base
3
3
points of FV on xy, name those & axis line. From a’ with TL of edge, 50 mm, cut on
axis line & mark o’ (as axis is not known, o’ is finalized by slant edge length) Then
complete FV.
In 2nd Fv make face o’b’c’ vertical as said in problem. And like all previous problems
solve completely.
 “REMEMBER THAT FAILURE IS AN EVENT, NOT A PERSON.”

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U
U
N
N
I
IT
T
-
-III
III

S
S
O
O
L
L
14. A square pyramid, 40 mm base sides and axis 60 mm long, has a triangular face on I
the ground and the vertical plane containing the axis makes an angle of 450 with the I
D
VP. Draw its projections. Take apex nearer to VP? D
S
S
2
2
0
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
2
2
3
3

15. A pentagonal pyramid base 25 mm side and axis 50 mm long has one of its triangular
faces in the VP and the edge of the base contained by that face makes an angle of
300 with the HP. Draw its projections.
 “REMEMBER THAT FAILURE IS AN EVENT, NOT A PERSON.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

Step 1. Here the inclination of the axis is given indirectly. As one triangular face of the
pyramid is in the VP its axis will be inclined with the VP. So for drawing the first view
keep the axis perpendicular to the VP. So the true shape of the base will be seen in the
FV. Secondly when drawing true shape of the base in the FV, one edge of the base U
(which is to be inclined with the HP) must be kept perpendicular to the HP. U
N
Step 2. In the TV side aeo represents a triangular face. So for drawing the TV in the
second stage, keep that face on XY so that the triangular face will lie on the VP and
N
I
reproduce the TV. Then draw the new FV with help of TV. IT
Step 3. Now the edge of the base a1’e1’ which is perpendicular to the HP must be in
clined at 300 to the HP. That is incline the FV till a1’e1’ is inclined at 300 with the HP. T
-
Then draw the TV. -III
III

S
S
O
O
L
L
I
I
D
D
S
S
2
2
16. A cone 40 mm diameter and 50 mm axis is resting on one generator on HP which 0
makes 300 inclinations with VP Draw its projections. 0
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
2
2
3
3

 “REMEMBER THAT FAILURE IS AN EVENT, NOT A PERSON.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

17. A cylinder 40 mm diameter and 50 mm axis is resting on one point of a base circle on
VP while its axis makes 450 with VP and FV of the axis 350 with HP. Draw projections.
Solution Steps:
Resting on VP on one point of base, means inclined to VP: U
1. Assume it standing on VP U
N
2. Its FV will show True Shape of base & top (circle)
3. Draw 40mm dia. Circle as FV & taking 50 mm axis project TV. (Rectangle) N
I
4. Name all points as shown in illustration. IT
5. Draw 2nd TV making axis 450 to xy and project it’s FV above xy.
6. Make visible lines dark and hidden dotted, as per the procedure. T
-
7. Then construct remaining inclination with Hp (FV of axis i.e. center line of view to -III
xy as shown) & project final TV.
III

S
S
O
O
L
L
I
I
D
D
S
S
2
2
0
0
2
2
2
18. A square pyramid 30 mm base side and 50 mm long axis is resting on its apex on HP, 2
such that it’s one slant edge is vertical and a triangular face through it is perpendicular
to VP. Draw its projections.
Solution Steps:
2
2
1. Assume it standing on Hp but as said on apex. (Inverted) 0
2. Its TV will show True Shape of base (square) 0
3. Draw a corner case square of 30 mm sides as TV (as shown) showing all slant edges 2
dotted, as those will not be visible from top. 2
4. Taking 50 mm axis project FV. ( a triangle)
3
5. Name all points as shown in illustration.
3
6. Draw 2nd Fv keeping o’a’ slant edge vertical & project it’s TV
7. Make visible lines dark and hidden dotted, as per the procedure.
8. Then redrew 2nd TV as final TV keeping a1o1d1 triangular face perpendicular to VP. i.e.
xy. Then as usual project final Fv.

 “REMEMBER THAT FAILURE IS AN EVENT, NOT A PERSON.”

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U
U
N
N
I
IT
T
-
-III
III

S
S
O
O
L
L
I
I
D
D
S
S
2
2
0
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
2
2
3
3

19. A pentagonal pyramid 30 mm base sides & 60 mm long axis is freely suspended from
one corner of base so that a plane containing its axis remains parallel to VP. Draw its
three views.
 “REMEMBER THAT FAILURE IS AN EVENT, NOT A PERSON.”

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IMPORTANT:
When a solid is freely suspended from a corner, then line joining point of contact & C.G.
remains vertical. (Here axis shows inclination with HP.) So in all such cases, assume solid
standing on HP initially.) U
Solution Steps: U
N
In all suspended cases axis shows inclination with HP.
1. Hence assuming it standing on HP draw TV - a regular pentagon,
N
I
corner case. IT
2. Project FV & locate CG position on axis – ( ¼ H from base.) and name
g’ and Join it with corner d’ T
-
3. As 2nd FV, redraw first keeping line g’d’ vertical. -III
4. As usual project corresponding TV and then Side View looking from.
III

S
S
O
O
L
L
I
I
D
D
S
S
2
2
0
0
2
2
2
2
2
20. A cube of 50 mm long edges is so placed on HP on one corner that a body diagonal 2
through this corner is perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP. Draw its three views.
0
0
2
Solution Steps: 2
1. Assuming it standing on HP begin with TV, a square of corner case. 3
2. Project corresponding FV & name all points as usual in both views. 3
3. Join a’1’ as body diagonal and draw 2nd FV making it vertical (I’ on xy)
4. Project its TV drawing dark and dotted lines as per the procedure.
5. With standard method construct Left-hand side view.

 “REMEMBER THAT FAILURE IS AN EVENT, NOT A PERSON.”

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(Draw a 450 inclined Line in TV region (below xy).

Project horizontally all points of TV on this line and reflect vertically upward, above xy.
After this, draw horizontal lines, from all points of FV, to meet these lines. Name points of U
intersections and join properly. U
N
For dark & dotted lines locate observer on left side of FV as shown.
N
I
IT
T
-
-III
III

S
S
O
O
L
L
I
I
D
D
S
21. A right circular cone, 40 mm base diameter and 60 mm long axis is resting on HP on S
one point of base circle such that its axis makes 450 inclinations with HP and 400
inclinations with VP. Draw its projections. 2
2
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3
3

 “REMEMBER THAT FAILURE IS AN EVENT, NOT A PERSON.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

SECTIONAL VIEWS OF RIGHT REGULAR SOLIDS

ONE OF ENGINEERING APPLICATIONOF PROJECTION OF SOLIDS IS SECTION OF SOLIDS .

Hidden features of an object are shown using dotted lines in their projected views. U
When there are too many hidden features, it becomes difficult to visualize the object.
In such cases one usually shows a sectioned view of the solid – the view obtained by
N
virtually cutting the solid by a plane called the section (cutting) plane and removing the I
part between the observer and the plane.
T
-
III

S
E
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T
I
O
N
S

2
0
2
2

2
0
2
3

 “THE BEST TEACHERS ARE THOSE WHO SHOW YOU WHERE TO LOOK BUT DON’T
TELL YOU WHAT TO SEE .”
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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

U
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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

U
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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

1. A hexagonal pyramid, base 25 mm side and axis 55 mm long is resting on its base
on the HP, with two edges of the base parallel to the VP. It is cut by a Horizontal
section plane intersecting the axis at a point 25 mm above the base. Draw the front
view, sectional top view.
U
N
I
T
-
III

S
E
C
T
2. A Cone base 40 mm diameter and axis 50 mm long is resting on its base on H.P. It I
is cut by a section plane perpendicular to the V.P., parallel to the H.P. and cutting O
the axis at a point 25 mm from the bottom. Draw the front view, sectional top
view. N
S

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0
2
2

2
0
2
3

PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

3. A Cube of 35mm edge of base has its base on the H.P. and its faces equally inclined
to V.P. it is cut by a Vertical Section plane perpendicular to the H.P. and passing at
a distance of 10 mm from the axis. Draw its top view & sectional front view?

PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

26. A Cone base 45 mm diameter and axis 55 mm long is resting on its base on H.P. It is
cut by a section plane perpendicular to both H.P & V.P. and 6mm away from the
axis. Draw the plan, elevation and section side view.

U
N
I
T
-
III

S
E
C
T
27. A Cone base 75 mm diameter and axis 80 mm long is resting on its base on H.P. It is
I
cut by a section plane perpendicular to the V.P., inclined at 45 0 to the H.P. and O
cutting the axis at a point 35 mm from the apex. Draw the front view, sectional top
view, sectional side view and true shape of the section. N
S

2
0
2
2

2
0
2
3

PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

28. A Square Prism of base side 40mm, axis 80mm long, has its base on the H.P. and
its face equally inclined to V.P. It is cut by a sectional plane perpendicular to V.P
inclined at 600 to the H.P and passing through a point on the axis, 55mm above
the H.P. Draw its front view, sectional top view and another top view on an AIP,
parallel to the Section Plane? U
N
I
T
-
III

U
N
I
T
-
IV

D
6. Draw the development of a cylindrical drum. Diameter is 40mm and height
60mm. E
V
E
L
O
P
M
E
N
T
S

2
0
2
2

“LIVE AS IF YOU WERE TO DIE TOMORROW. LEARN AS IF YOU WERE 2

TO LIVE FOREVER” 3

"IT IS DURING OUR DARKEST MOMENTS THAT WE MUST FOCUS TO SEE THE LIGHT."

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

DEVELOPMENT OF LATERAL SURFACES OF SECTIONED SOLIDS U
7. A hexagonal prism, edge of base 20mm and axis 50mm long, rests with its base on HP N
such that one of its rectangular faces is parallel to VP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular I
to VP, inclined at 45° to HP and passing through the right corner of the top face of the
prism. (i) Draw the STV. (ii) Develop the lateral surfaces of the truncated prism. T
-
IV

D
E
V
E
L
O
P
8. A pentagonal prism, side of base 25mm and altitude 50mm, rests on its base on the M
HP such that an edge of the base is parallel to VP and nearer to the observer. It is cut by E
a plane inclined at 45° to HP, perpendicular to VP and passing through the centre of the
axis. (i)Draw the development of the truncated prism. N
T
S

2
0
2
2

2
3

"IT IS DURING OUR DARKEST MOMENTS THAT WE MUST FOCUS TO SEE THE LIGHT."

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27. A pentagonal pyramid of side of base 24mm and axis 60mm long stands on its base
on HP with a side of base parallel to VP and nearer to it. A square cut out of 15mm side U
is drilled through it such that its axis is parallel to HP and perpendicular to VP. Axis of N
cut out meets the axis of the pyramid 15mm from base. Faces of the cut out are equally
I
inclined to HP. Develop the lateral surfaces.
T
-
IV

D
E
V
E
L
O
P
EXERCISE-II M
28. A Hexagonal prism of base side 25 mm and 70 mm height stands with its corner on the E
ground. Its axis is inclined at 600 to H.P? It is cut by a Horizontal section Plane which divides
the prism into two equal halves. Draw the S.T.V? N
29. A Cone of base diameter 50 mm and 60 mm axis stands with its base on the ground. Draw T
the Projections, development of the cone and show on it, the shortest path traced by a point,
S
starting from a point on the circumference of the base of the cone, moving around it and
reaching the same point.
30. A Cylinder of base diameter 50 mm and 65 mm height stands with its base on the ground. Its 2
axis is inclined at 300 to the H.P. It is cut by a S.P 300 to VP & Perpendicular to H.P passing
through a point P on the axis 25 mm from the top end. Draw the T.S? 0
31. A Hexagonal Prism having a face parallel to V.P? Draw the Development? 2
32. Draw the Development of Cylinder? 2
33. Draw the Development of a hexagonal Pyramid if base edge parallel to the V.P?
34. Draw the Development of Square Pyramid of base edge 20 mm, equally inclined to
V.P? 2
35. A Pentagonal Pyramid, one side of the base parallel to V.P? 3
36. A Square Pyramid, side of the base 20 mm, base edge 300 to V.P?

"IT IS DURING OUR DARKEST MOMENTS THAT WE MUST FOCUS TO SEE THE LIGHT."

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

37. 38, 39,40 & 41 draw the Development for given figures?
U
N
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D
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2
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2
"The Greater Your Storm, the Brighter Your Rainbow"
2
3

"IT IS DURING OUR DARKEST MOMENTS THAT WE MUST FOCUS TO SEE THE LIGHT."

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8. A vertical square prism having its equally inclined to the V.P. is completely
N
penetrated by a horizontal cylinder, the axis of which is parallel to the V.P.
and 6 mm away from that of the prism. Draw the projections of the solids I
showing curves of intersection. The length of the sides of the base of the prism T
is 50 mm and the diameter of the cylinder is 40 mm. -
IV

I
N
T
E
R
S
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C
T
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O
N
S

2
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2

2
3

 “EDUCATING THE MIND WITHOUT EDUCATING THE HEART IS NO EDUCATION AT ALL.” 

2
D

2
0
2
2
”IF YOU SPEND YOUR WHOLE LIFE WAITING FOR
2
THE STORM , YOU’LL NEVER ENJOY THE 0
SUNSHINE.” 2
3

 “THE TASK OF THE MODERN EDUCATOR IS NOT TO CUT DOWN JUNGLES, BUT TO IRRIGATE DESERTS.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS TO ISOMETRIC VIEW [2D to 3D]
1. Draw the isometric view of given casting (i.e., Orthographic Projections)?
U
N
I
T
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2
D

2. Draw the isometric view of given casting (i.e., Orthographic Projections)? 3

2
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2

2
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3

“YOU EDUCATE A MAN ; YOU EDUCATE A MAN . YOU EDUCATE A WOMAN; YOU
EDUCATE A GENERATION .”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN

3. Draw the isometric view of given casting (i.e., Orthographic Projections)?

U
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I
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O
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R
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2
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2
0
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3

“A CHILD EDUCATED ONLY AT SCHOOL IS AN UNEDUCATED CHILD.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

U
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I
S
O
M
E
T
R
I
C

2
0
2
2

2
0
2
3

“A CHILD EDUCATED ONLY AT SCHOOL IS AN UNEDUCATED CHILD.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

1) Draw the isometric projection of a rectangle of 100mm and 70mm sides if its plane
is (a) Vertical and (b) Horizontal. U
N
I
T
-
V

I
S
O
2) Draw the isometric projection of a Square of 40mm sides if its plane is (a) Vertical
and (b) Horizontal. M
E
T
R
I
C

2
0
2
3) Figure shows the projection of a pentagonal plane. Draw the isometric drawing of
2
the plane when the surface is parallel to H.P.

2
0
2
3

“A CHILD EDUCATED ONLY AT SCHOOL IS AN UNEDUCATED CHILD.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

4) Figure shows the orthographic view of a hexagonal plane of side 30mm. Draw the
isometric drawing (view) of the plane keeping it (a) horizontal and (b) vertical. U
N
I
T
-
V

I
S
5) Draw the isometric view of a circular plane of diameter 60mm whose surface is
O
(a) Horizontal, (b) Vertical.
M
E
T
R
I
C

2
0
2
2

2
0
2
3

“A CHILD EDUCATED ONLY AT SCHOOL IS AN UNEDUCATED CHILD.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

6) Draw the isometric projection of a circular plane of diameter 60mm whose surface is
(a) Horizontal and (b) Vertical. Use Four-centre method? U
N
I
T
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V

I
S
O
M
E
T
7) Draw the isometric view of square prism with a side of base 30mm and axis 50mm
long when the axis is (a) vertical and (b) horizontal. R
I
C

2
0
2
2

2
0
2
3

“A CHILD EDUCATED ONLY AT SCHOOL IS AN UNEDUCATED CHILD.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

8) Draw the isometric view of a pentagonal prism of base 50mm side, axis 90 mm long
and resting on its base with a vertical face perpendicular to V.P. U
N
I
T
-
V

I
S
O
M
E
T
9) A hexagonal prism of base of side 30mm and height 60mm is resting on its base on R
H.P. Draw the isometric drawing of the prism.
I
C

2
0
2
2

2
0
2
3

“A CHILD EDUCATED ONLY AT SCHOOL IS AN UNEDUCATED CHILD.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

10) Make the isometric drawing of a cylinder of base diameter 20mm and axis 35mm
long. U
N
I
T
-
V

I
S
O
M
E
T
R
11) A pentagonal pyramid of side of base 30mm and height 70mm is resting with its base
on H.P. Draw the isometric drawing of the pyramid. I
C

2
0
2
2

2
0
2
3

“A CHILD EDUCATED ONLY AT SCHOOL IS AN UNEDUCATED CHILD.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

12) Draw the isometric drawing of a cone of base diameter 30mm and axis 50mm
long. U
N
I
T
-
V

I
S
O
M
E
T
13) The projection of the frustum of the cone. Draw its isometric view.
R
Top Diameter = 40 mm, Bottom diameter = 60 mm & Height = 70mm
I
C

2
0
2
2

2
0
2
3

“A CHILD EDUCATED ONLY AT SCHOOL IS AN UNEDUCATED CHILD.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

14) Draw the Isometric View of the Hexagonal Pyramid?
U
Top edge = 30 mm, Bottom edge = 50 mm & Height = 60mm
N
I
T
-
V

I
S
O
M
E
T
R
15) Draw the isometric projection of a sphere of radius 50mm resting centrally on the
top of a square prism of base side 60mm and height 30mm, the front view of which is I
shown in below figure? C

2
0
2
2

2
0
2
3

“A CHILD EDUCATED ONLY AT SCHOOL IS AN UNEDUCATED CHILD.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

16) The front view of three solids placed one above the other, with their axes in a
straight line is shown in below figure. Draw the isometric view of the arrangement. U
N
I
T
-
V

I
S
O
M
E
17) The frustum of a square pyramid of sides 40mm, top face 20mm and height 60mm
T
rests on the center of a square block of side 60mm and height 20mm. The base edges R
of the pyramid are parallel to the top edges of the square block. Draw the isometric I
projections of the solids?
C

2
0
2
2

2
0
2
3

“A CHILD EDUCATED ONLY AT SCHOOL IS AN UNEDUCATED CHILD.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

18) The Cubes of side 60mm, 40mm and 20mm are placed centrally one above the
other in ascending order of their side. Draw the isometric projections of the solids? U
N
I
T
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V

I
S
O
M
E
T
R
19) A Rectangular slab base 100mm*80mm and height 30mm has full depth co-axial I
square hole side 40mm, such that one of its sides of the square is parallel to one of the
C
sides of the rectangle. Draw the isometric projections of the combinations of the solids?

2
0
2
2

2
0
2
3

“A CHILD EDUCATED ONLY AT SCHOOL IS AN UNEDUCATED CHILD.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, PETW

20) The square pyramid of side 30mm and height 40mm rests on the center of a
cylinder block of diameter 60mm and height 20mm. Draw the isometric projections of U
the combinations of solids? N
I
T
-
V

I
S
O
M
E
T
21) A Square pyramid of side 30mm base, 50mm long axis is centrally placed on the R
top of a cube of side of base 50mm long edge. Draw the isometric projections of the I
combination of the solids?
C

2
0
2
2

2
0
2
3

“A CHILD EDUCATED ONLY AT SCHOOL IS AN UNEDUCATED CHILD.”

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PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN

(Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad)
Chowdaryguda (V), Ghatkesar (M), Medchal-Malkajgiri (D).TS-500088
Phone: 9394544566 / 6305324412
E-mail: [email protected]
JNTUH Code (6M) CSE – CIVIL – ECE – EEE – CSM – CSC – CSD EAMCET Code– PETW
I - B.Tech I & II Semesters, R22- Regulation, Academic Year 2022-2023


ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
PREVIOUS SEMESTER
QUESTION PAPERS

A.NARESH BABU

“DO ALL THE GOOD YOU CAN, FOR ALL THE PEOPLE YOU CAN, IN ALL THE WAYS YOU
CAN, AS LONG AS YOU CAN .”

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Code No: 151AD R18

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD
B.Tech I Year I Semester Examinations, July - 2021
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
(Electronics and Communication Engineering)
JJN
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 75
Answer any three questions
All questions carry equal marks
NT
---
1.a) Construct a hyperbola, when the distance of the focus from the directrix is 70 mm and
TUU
eccentricity is 4/3.
b) Construct a diagonal scale of representative fraction of 1/32 showing yards, feet and
inches and to measure up to 6 yards. [15+10]
HH
2. Construct a hypocycloid when the diameters of rolling and directing circles are 40 mm
and 140 mm respectively. Draw a tangent to it at a point. [25]
UU
3. A line PQ of 70 mm length is inclined at 300 to the horizontal plane and its end P is
Sse
10 mm above the horizontal plane and 15 mm in front of the vertical plane. When its
front view measures 50 mm, determine its inclination with the vertical plane. [25]
edd
4. A pentagonal prism of base 20 mm side and axis 50 mm long is resting on one of its
rectangular faces on the ground. Draw its projections when the axis is inclined at 600 to
the vertical plane. [25]
JJUu
5. A circular hole of 25 mm diameter is cut through a vertical cylinder of 80 mm diameter
such that the axis of the hole is horizontal and parallel to the vertical plane and 8 mm
away from the axis of the cylinder. Draw the projections of the cylinder showing the
Ll/A/
holes in it. [25]

6. Draw the a) front view b) side view from left and c) top view to the full scale for the
Auu
pictorial view shown in the figure. All dimensions are in mm. [25]
gg-
2-21
1

---ooOoo---

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U
Code No: 151AD R18
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD
8
H
B.Tech I Year I Semester Examinations, October/November - 2020
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
(Electronics and Communication Engineering)
8
U
Time: 2 hours Max. Marks: 75
Answer any three questions
SE
All questions carry equal marks
---

1.a) Construct a diagonal scale of 1cm = 2.5 km. And mark the length of 26.4 km on it.
D
b) Draw one branch each of a hyperbola and conjugate hyperbola whose transverse and
conjugate axes are 60 mm and 80 mm respectively. Also locate the foci. [10+15]
PA
2. A circle of 50 mm diameter rolls along a straight line without slipping. Draw the curve
traced out by a point P on the circumference, for one complete revolution of the circle.
Name the curve. Draw a tangent to the curve at a point on it 40 mm from the line. [25]
PE
3. ABCDE is a regular pentagonal plate of 40 mm side and has its corner A on the H.P. The
plate is inclined to the H.P such that the top view length of edges AB and AE is each
35 mm. The side CD is parallel to both the reference planes. Draw the projections of the
plate and find its inclination to the H.P. [25]
R
4. Draw the projections of a cone, base 50 mm diameter and axis 55 mm long, when it is
resting on the V.P on a point on its base circle with the axis making an angle 300 with the
S
V.P and 450 with the H.P. [25]

5. A cylinder of diameter 50 mm and height 75 mm is resting on the ground on its flat end.
O
It is cut by a sectional plane inclined at 300 to the axis of the cylinder and passing through
a point on the axis at height of 50 mm from the base. Draw the lateral surface of the
C
bottom part. [25]
T/
N
O
V
20

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6. Draw the front view, both the side views and top view of the following block.
(All dimensions are in mm) [25]
U
H
U
SE
D
PA
PE
R
S
---ooOoo---
O
C
T/
N
O
V
20

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Code No: 151AD R18

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD
B.Tech I Year I Semester Examinations, September/October - 2021
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
(Electronics and Communication Engineering)
JN
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 75
Answer any three questions
All questions carry equal marks
---
TU
1.a) Draw a hypocycloid of a circle of 40 mm diameter that rolls inside another circle of
200 mm diameter for one revolution. Draw tangent and Normal at any point on the curve.
b) Draw a diagonal scale of RF = 3/100, showing meters, decimeters and centimeters and to
measure up to 5 meters. Show the length of 3.69 meters on it. [12+13]
H
2. A line AB is in the first quadrant. Its ends A and B are 20 mm and 60 mm in front of VP
respectively. The distance between the end projectors is 75 mm. The line is inclined at
U
300 to the HP and its HT is 10 mm above XY. Draw the projections of AB and determine
its true length and VT. [25]
SE
3. A cone, of base 75 mm diameter and axis 100 mm long, has its base on the ground. A
section plane, parallel to one of the end generators and perpendicular to VP, cuts the cone
intersecting the axis at a point 75 mm from the base. Draw the sectional top view and true
D
shape of the section. [25]

4. A regular hexagonal pyramid side of base 30 mm and height 60 mm is resting vertically

SE
on its base on HP, such that two of its sides of the base are perpendicular to VP. It is cut
by a plane inclined at 400 to HP and perpendicular to VP. The cutting plane bisects the
axis of the pyramid. Obtain the development of the lateral surface of the truncated
pyramid. [25]
PT
5. The isometric view of an object is shown in the figure 1. Draw the front view, top view
and side view (looking in the direction of X). All dimensions are in mm. [25]
-2
02
1

Figure: 1

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6. Draw the isometric projection of the object from the views shown in figure 2. All
dimensions are in mm. [25]
JN
TU
H
U
SE
Figure: 2
D
SE
---ooOoo---
PT
-2
02
1

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Code No: 151AD

R18
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD
B.Tech I Year I Semester Examinations, July - 2021
JJN
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
(Common to CE, ME, EIE, MCT, MMT, ECM, AE, MIE, PTM, CSBS, CSE(AIML),
CSE(IOT))
NT
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 75
Answer any three questions
TUU
All questions carry equal marks
---
HH
1.a) The distance between two stations is 100 km and on a road map, it is shown by
30 cm. Draw a diagonal scale and indicate distances of 46.8 km, 71.9 km and 32.4 km on
it.
The asymptotes of a hyperbola are inclined at 1050 to each other. A point P on the curve
UU
b)
is 40 mm and 50 mm from the asymptotes respectively. Construct two branches of the
hyperbola and determine distance between its vertices, distance between its directrices,
Sse
distance between its foci and eccentricity. [10+15]
edd
2.a) Draw the projection of two points on the same reference line, point A being 20 mm above
HP and 50 mm behind VP and point B being 25 mm below HP and 40 mm behind VP.
b) A line PQ inclined at 450 to the V.P. and has a 60 mm long front view. The end P is
10 mm from both the principal planes while end Q is 45 mm above HP. Draw the
JJUu
projections of the line and determine its true length and inclinations with the principal
planes. [10+15]

3. An isosceles triangular plane ABC with a 70 mm base and altitude 80 mm has its base in
Ll/A/
the HP and inclined at 450 to the VP. The corners A and C are in the VP. Draw its
projections and determine the inclination of the plane with HP. [25]
Auu
4. A cone with base 60 mm diameter and 70 mm long axis rests on one of its generators in
the HP with its axis parallel to VP. It is cut by an AIP inclined at 600 to HP, bisecting the
gg-
axis. Draw its sectional top view and true shape of the section. [25]

5. A cylinder with base circle diameter 50 mm and 60 mm height is resting on the base in
2-21
HP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to VP and 60 degrees inclined to HP and bisecting
the axis of the solid. Draw development of lateral surface of the bottom part of the solid.
1
[25]

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6. Draw the orthographic projections of front view, top view and right side view in the first
angle projection of the following solid as shown in figure. (All dimensions are in mm).
[25]
JJN
NT
TUU
HH
UU
Sse
edd
JJUu
Ll/A/
Auu
---ooOoo---
gg-
2-21
1

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R18
U
Code No: 151AD
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD
H
B.Tech I Year I Semester Examinations, October/November - 2020
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
(Common to CE, ME, EIE, MCT, MMT, AE, MIE, PTM)
U
Time: 2 hours Max. Marks: 75
Answer any three questions
SE
All questions carry equal marks
---

1.a) Construct a diagonal scale of RF = (1/50), to read meters, decimeters and centimeters.
D
Mark a distance of 4.35 km on it.
b) Draw an ellipse whose major and minor diameters are 150 mm and 100 mm
respectively. [10+15]
PA
2.a) Draw a diagonal scale of 1:2.5 showing centimeters and millimeters and long enough to
measure up to 20 centimeters. Show a distance of 13.4 cm on it.
b) Construct a parabola whose focus is at a distance of 40 mm from the directrix. Draw a
tangent and normal to the parabola at a point 50 mm away from the principal axis.
PE
[10+15]

3. A line PQ 65 mm long has its end P, 15 mm above the HP and 15 mm in front of the VP.
It is inclined at 550 to the HP and 350 to the VP. Draw its projections, and find its true
R
length. [25]
S
4. A regular hexagon of side 20 mm has one of its sides inclined at 300 to VP. Its surface
makes an angle of 600 with the ground. Draw its projections. [25]
O
5. Draw the projections of a square pyramid of base edges 30 mm and axis 54 mm, resting
on its base on FIP with one base edge parallel to VP and axis perpendicular to the HP.
C
[25]
T/
N
O
V
20

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6. Draw the front view, top view and left side view of the object shown in figure. All
U
dimensions are in mm. [25]
H
U
SE
D
PA
PE
R
---ooOoo---
S
O
C
T/
N
O
V
20

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Code No: 151AD R18

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD
B.Tech I Year I Semester Examinations, September/October - 2021
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
JN
(Common to CE, ME, EIE, MCT, MMT, ECM, AE, MIE, CSBS, CSE(AI&ML),
CSE(IOT))
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 75
TU
Answer any three questions
All questions carry equal marks
---
H
1.a) A circle of diameter 40mm is rolling on a straight line without slipping. Draw the path
traced out by a point on the circle for its one complete rotation.
b) Construct a scale of 1:5 to show decimetres and centimeters and long enough to measure
U
up to 1m. Show a distance of 6.3 dm on it. [12+13]

2.a) A line PQ, inclined at 450 to the V.P., has a 60 mm long front view. The end P is 10 mm
SE
from both the principal planes while the end Q is 45 mm above the H.P. Draw the
projections of the line and determine its true length and inclinations with the principal
planes.
b) A square lamina with a 40 mm side has its surface parallel to and 30 mm in front of the
D
V.P. Draw the projections when one of its sides is inclined at 300 to the H.P. [12+13]

3. A hollow cylinder, with a 60 mm outside diameter, a 65 mm axis and 8 mm thickness, is

SE
resting on its base on the H.P. An A.I.P. inclined at 300 to the H.P., and passing through a
point on the axis 12 mm from its top end, cuts the cylinder. Draw its sectional top view,
sectional side view and true shape of the section. [25]
PT
4. A vertical cylinder, 45 mm in diameter and 60 mm in length is completely
penetrated by a horizontal cylinder 45 mm in diameter and 70 mm in length. The
axis of the horizontal cylinder is parallel to the VP, 45 mm above the base of the
vertical cylinder and 10 mm in front of the axis of the vertical cylinder. Draw their
-2
projections showing the curves of intersection. [25]

5. A cone of base circle diameter 40 and height 60 is resting on the ground on its base. It is
02
cut by a section plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at an angle of 300 to HP. Section
plane is passing through the axis a point 20 mm from the base of the cone. Draw the
development of lateral surface of top part of the solid. [25]
1

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6. Draw the elevation, top view and side view of the object shown in figure. All
dimensions are in mm. [25]
JN
TU
H
U
SE
D
SE
PT
-2
02
---ooOoo---
1

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THANK YOU ONE AND ALL

A.NARESH BABU

“DO ALL THE GOOD YOU CAN, FOR ALL THE PEOPLE YOU CAN, IN ALL THE WAYS YOU
CAN, AS LONG AS YOU CAN .”

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