METU/SFL Fall 2024

DBE
301 GROUP
FURTHER PRACTICE 5

LANGUAGE
TASK 1. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs.

Technology has changed what, where, when, how and with whom we communicate. In the
past, people could only communicate quickly and easily with people near them.
Communication (1)_________________ (change) forever when the first electronic
message (2) _________________ (send) by telegraph in 1837. Communication technology
has developed quickly since then. Today, billions of people around the world (3)
_________________ (connect) by telephones, cellular phones, fax machines and the
Internet. It is possible to make instant contact with almost anyone, anywhere, at any time.
For businesses, this means that work (4) _________________ (do) more quickly. For
students, this means that information (5) _________________ (find) and (6)
_________________ (share) more easily.

There are many advantages to communication technology, but are there disadvantages,
too? Many people think that a price (7) _________________ (pay) for all of the
advantages of communication technology. They worry that fewer letters
(8)_________________ (write) because of e-mail. They also worry that less in-person
contact (9)_________________ (make) between people because of telephones, cellular
phones and the Internet.

TASK 2. Below is a short biography of Lionel Messi. Fill in the blanks with the correct
forms of the verbs. Be careful, you may need to use negative forms.
Barcelona’s Lionel Messi, who is a little man – only 169
centimeters high – is a football giant. This is his story.

Born on June 24, 1987 in Rosario, Argentina, into a poor

family, Messi (1)_________________________(start) to
play football at the age of five at a local football club
called Grandoli. At that time, his father, Jorge,
(2)__________________________(coach) this local club. Lionel was smaller than most
of the boys on his team, but he was the shining star. When he was 11 years old, Messi
(3)_______________________(take) to a doctor because he was still very short for his
age. According to the doctor, Messi was short for his age because he
(4)______________________(have) a hormone problem, and he would not grow
properly without medication. His parents couldn’t do anything about this problem
because they (5)______________________(have) enough money to buy the medicine.
Later, however, Messi got lucky at the age of 13 by becoming a young and talented
football player. It happened in this way: he (6)__________________________(discover)
by Barcelona Football Club (FC) while a group of coaches
(7)__________________________(watch) his local team. Soon, he was in the team. The
team agreed to cover Messi’s medical bills, so by the end of 2000, the family’s new
home was in Spain, and Messi’s new team was Barcelona FC.

With his great style, Messi quickly became a world-famous football star. Today, football
fans all around the world (8)___________________(think) that he is the present-day
Maradona. Every football season, Messi (9)___________________(give) an award for
his success. He is a football idol and a role-model for young people at the same time.
Currently, he (10)___________________(work) as a Goodwill Ambassador for UNICEF,
fighting for children’s rights around the world.

TASK 3. Below is a text on stunt artist Michelle Yeoh. Fill each gap with the correct form
of the verb in brackets.
Every year, people all around the world (1)_______________________(enjoy) action
movies, especially ones with famous actors and actresses. Such movies
(2)_______________________(watch) with excitement by millions of people. However,
these people (3)_______________________(pay) attention to the stunt artists that play in
these movies. Instead, they focus on the stars and their performances.

A stunt artist is an actor or an actress who performs

dangerous actions in movies, often as a professional
career. One such artist is Michelle Yeoh. Born in 1962
in Malaysia, Yeoh
(4)______________________(start) ballet dancing at
the age of four. After she (5)__________ (move) to
England with her parents, she
(6)_______________________(accept) by the Royal
Academy of Dance in London at the age of 15.
 Unfortunately, while she (7)_______________________(train) to become a prima
ballerina, she suffered a major spinal injury. However, this
(8)_______________________(stop) her from completing her Bachelor of Arts degree in
Creative Arts.

In 1983, when she (9)_______________________(have) the experience of what it was like to be

famous as Miss Malaysia, Yeoh found herself acting with famous stars like Jackie Chan and Chow
Yun-Fat. While she (10)_______________________(work) with these great actors, she decided
to become a stunt woman herself – and succeeded as a result of her hard work in world-famous
movies like Tomorrow Never Dies and Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon. Currently, she
(11)_______________________(play) the role of Yu Shu Lien in Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon
II: The Green Destiny, which (12)______________ (release) in 2014. The film is expected to
become another blockbuster.

TASK 4. Read the following text and fill in each blank with ONE WORD ONLY. Contractions
such as “isn’t” count as ONE WORD.

Hetty Robinson learned all about money as a child. She earned money by reading the
newspapers to her rich father. Her father died (1) ___________________ Hetty was 30 years
old, and she inherited $1 million.
Hetty made her money on the New York stock exchange. She was a genius. People called her
“the Richest Witch of Wall Street” because she made money quite easily. She was one of the
richest women in the world. However, she was different (2) ___________________ other rich
people. She was very mean. She counted every cent, and she spent very little. At the age of 33,
she married a millionaire, Edward Green, and they had two children. After some time, Green
lost all his money, (3) ___________ Hetty left him. She didn’t own a house as she
(4)_____________ want to pay property taxes. She lived in cheap hotels, and so did her
children.
Her meanness showed itself in many ways. She spent almost nothing on clothes and wore the
same black dress every day. She washed only the bottom part of (5) ___________________ and
said she didn’t have any money for soap. Other business people had their own offices, but Hetty
used a desk in the bank as her office because she didn’t want to pay any rent. She sat in the
bank and ate her sandwiches while she bought stocks and shares. When the bank complained
(6)___________________ this, she just moved all her money to another bank.
However, Hetty’s family paid the price for her meanness. Her son, Ned, hurt his knee in an
accident. Hetty didn’t want to pay for a doctor. She took him to a hospital for poor people. The
 doctor knew that Hetty was wealthy and asked for money, (7) ___________________ Hetty
didn’t pay any money. She took her son away. His leg didn’t get better, and two years later, doctors
removed it.
In the end, Ned got his revenge. At the age of 81, Hetty (8) ___________________ an argument
with a shop assistant about the price of a bottle of milk. She got very angry, so she had a heart
attack and died. She left half of her money to her son. Ned spent it all on parties, holidays and
expensive jewellery.

NOUN CLAUSES
TASK 1
1. Do you like working with people? This is important if you want to be a teacher.
________________________________________________________________
2. Will all the members of the club join the meeting? It is still not certain.
________________________________________________________________
3. Will Harry marry Helen? It is none of your business.
________________________________________________________________
4. Was Sherlock Holmes really a wise person? It is stated in his biography.
________________________________________________________________
5. What can an individual do to stop crime? This was the main focus of the seminar.
________________________________________________________________
6. Atatürk read thousands of books on military, scientific, philosophical, historical, and cultural
topics. This played a major role in the strategies he used to establish the Republic of Turkey.
________________________________________________________________

TASK 2. Read the text, and fill in the blanks with noun clauses using the statements/questions
given below the text. The statements are NOT in the correct order.

People’s understanding of criminology has likely been shaped by the fast and exciting world of
pop culture. Shows like Criminal Minds and NCIS have often portrayed the criminologist as a gun-
holding, crime-fighting protagonist. Do you know (1)________________________ ?
Actually, the field of criminology remains incredibly diverse in reality, but all criminologists
investigate the factors that cause criminal behavior. (2) ________________________ is also
investigated by criminologists. To provide a glimpse into the mysterious world of criminology,
here are some more details.
Reality vs. Fiction
First of all, (3) ______________________________________ is a question of interest. Obviously,
certain perceptions exist about criminology, and it can often be confused with forensics. If you
wish to pursue a career in criminology, you should know
(4)________________________________ . However, working on topics varying from terrorism
and cybercrime to national drug policy makes the job endlessly fascinating.
Qualifications
A criminologist may come from one of many different fields, so he or she is defined more by the
subject matter rather than the required expertise. Therefore, it is difficult to exactly state
(5) ___________________________________
Because criminology is a varied combination of topics ranging from sociology to law and politics,
it is better for a criminologist to have many skill sets. Additionally, work experience is also an
important factor. Therefore, when hiring a criminologist, (6) _____________________________
is an important point authorities would like to know.
Challenges
(7_________________________________ is a well-known fact. The challenges facing
criminologists are similar to the challenges facing most researchers in academic disciplines: time
and funding. Within criminology, a fine balance exists between doing research we are passionate
about and research that society needs.
The impact of technology on criminology
To better understand the effect of technology on criminology, we first need to know
(8) ________________________. Actually, the practice of criminology started in Europe in the
late 1700s. The number of offenses including murders, assaults, and robberies was high in those
years and afterwards. Today, such crimes are on the decline. With the rise of the digital age,
cyber offenses are on a steady increase. In the future, technology-facilitated offending will impact
the role of criminologists and the topics they study.
1. It is not as exciting as it is portrayed.
2. What qualities does he or she need in order to be one?
3. What do they do in real life?
4. Is a career in criminology really exciting?
5. When did criminology begin?
6. The life of a committed researcher is not easy.
7. Have the candidates worked in the field of criminology before?
8. How can crime be prevented within the wider society?

RELATIVE CLAUSES
A. Combine the sentences by using a relative pronoun.
1. We are studying sentences. They contain relative clauses.
_________________________________________________________________________
2. The students are from China. They sit in the front row.
_________________________________________________________________________
3. The girl is happy. She won the race.
_________________________________________________________________________
4. The house is across the Street. It is going to be rented soon.
 _________________________________________________________________________
5. I liked the woman. I met her at the party last night.
_________________________________________________________________________
6. I liked the composition. You wrote it.
_________________________________________________________________________
7. The man is standing over there. Ann brought him to the party.
_________________________________________________________________________
8. The sunglasses were under the sofa. I was looking for them.
_________________________________________________________________________

B. Choose all the possible options for each sentence.

1. Tell me about the people ___________ you visited when you were in Oxford.

a. who b. that c. which d. she e. whom f. Ø

1. Do you want to see the pictures _____________ photographers took?
a. who b. that c. which d. she e. whom f. Ø
2. The children _________ solve puzzles improve their problem-solving skills.
a. who b. that c. which d. she e. whom f. Ø
3. The apartment __________ we wanted to rent is no longer available.
a. who b. that c. which d. she e. whom f. Ø
4. This artist uses colors very effectively in his paintings__________ depict nature.
a. who b. that c. which d. she e. whom f. Ø

C. Read the following paragraph about tourism. Find and correct the mistakes that result from
the incorrect use of the relative clauses. There might be an unnecessary word or a word that is
missing. There are 7 mistakes.

Tourism today is an industry has grown so much in recent years. In many countries, it provides
the greatest single contribution to the revenue, but is it always a good thing? Mass tourism
brings with it a whole set of problems. First, it means that a country’s economy may rely on an
industry which it is completely seasonal, so the huge numbers of people work in tourism during
the season have no income during the rest of the year. Some can find jobs in other sectors, but
others may turn to a government is already receiving lower revenues for support. Second, it is
true that tourists destroy the sights they flock to. They take pieces from a coral reef or an ancient
monument that shouldn’t be destroyed it. Although tourism has some harmful effects, people who they
depend on only tourism to earn their livelihood look forward to the peak season for tourism. Therefore, it
is necessary for a country aims to make its citizens happy.

PART D. Fill in the blanks with ‘who/that’ or ‘which/that’.

 1. I have a class _____________________ begins at 8:00 a.m.
2. The river ____ _______________ flows through the town is polluted.
3. I liked the people ___ __________________ sat next to us at the soccer game.
4. A computer is a giant brain ____ ___________________ can help us work fast.
5. Many people prefer cars ___ __________________ are cheap and economical.
6. Many young people ___ _________________ don’t have enough money to buy a house
live in small flats.

PART E. Combine the sentences by using a relative pronoun.

1. Professor Donaldson gives hard tests. I’m taking his course.

___________________________________________________
2. I helped the people. Their car had broken down.
___________________________________________________
3. There is a shop nearby. You can buy groceries there.
___________________________________________________
4. She took me to Zara. She buys all her clothes there.
___________________________________________________
5. We cannot sleep because of our neighbor. His dog barks all night.
___________________________________________________
6. They'll meet us at Quick China. It is across the street from the library.
___________________________________________________
7. I would like to introduce you to Orhan Pamuk. He received the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature.
___________________________________________________
8. The government is planning to increase taxes. This will certainly lead to a public outcry.
___________________________________________________

PART F. Read the texts below and find the statements which best complete the missing parts
and change them into defining relative clauses using who, which or that. Omit the relative
pronoun where possible. Be careful! The sentences are NOT in the correct order.
Travelling abroad is not something difficult for young people any longer. Eurorail and Interail are
two travel cards (1)
____________________________________________________________________, mainly by train.
**************
 One year after the flood, many old buildings in Caerwan, our historic town, have a completely
new face. A sports centre has been built in place of the old mill. Many of the important old
buildings, such as the castle and the town hall, have been repaired and are now more beautiful
than ever, but the 18th century school that was damaged badly during the flood had to be pulled
down. In its place there is a lovely new park (2)
__________________________________________. Do not take our word for it; come and see
Caerwen for yourself.
**************
Astronauts have to be physically and mentally ready for the stress of a space mission. During the
preparation stage, they are given intensive training, including years of classroom study on
various technical subjects (3)
_____________________________________________________________. They also work in a
model spaceship. After this intensive training, astronauts become familiar with all equipment (4)
________ ____________________________________________________.
**************
The Moon is the only planet (5) ____________________________________________ ____.
However, it is still completely foreign to us. It has almost no colour but has huge areas of white
rock. The light areas on the Moon are referred to as ‘highlands’. The surface of the Moon is
covered with craters and mountains. These are the dark areas (6)
______________________________________________________. The craters are large holes
(7) __________________________________________________________. There are at least
30,000 craters on the Moon of different sizes. The largest one is 25,600 kilometres across.
a) These let people aged 20 or under travel in Europe.
b) They include physics, chemistry and quantum physics
c) It has got beautiful gardens and playgrounds for children
d) We see these areas on the Moon’s surface.
e) Man has visited it.
f) They have to use this equipment on board.
g) Meteor crashes formed these.
Focus on Grammar 4
PART G. Read the text, and insert the sentences below the text into the blanks using relative
pronouns. (You may need to form DEFINING or NON-DEFINING relative clauses.) Add commas if
necessary. The sentences are NOT in the CORRECT order.

SEAS AND OCEANS

Although humans have been traveling over the surface of seas and oceans for millennia, their
knowledge of them is mostly limited to the surface. The ocean bottom still remains the last great
unexplored region on Earth. It is only recently that serious exploration of the sea floor has begun.
Recent studies have shown many remarkable facts (1) ___________________________________
The ocean floor (2) _________________________________________________________, is not
the same everywhere. The continental shelf is the ocean floor near the edges of the continents. It
is relatively flat and shallow (about 200 meters deep), and it extends for about 50 kilometers
around the continents. The continental shelf (3) ________________________________________
is shallow; therefore, light can reach its bottom easily. The continental slope is the dividing line
between the continental shelf and the deep seas. The sea floor suddenly drops three to five
kilometers like the sides of a mountain. In this area, there are many canyons (4)
___________________________________________________. The deep-sea floors make up half
of the earth's surface. This area is not uniform, either. It is made up of various geographical
formations, such as mountains and cracks. The research ship Glomar Challenger
(5) _____________________________________________spent years drilling the deep sea floors.
Its aim was to find out if the ocean floors were moving. The evidence (6) ____________________
_________________________________showed without a doubt that the crust (the hard outer
covering) of our planet is made up of many rocky plates that move. Besides these discoveries,
which proved the theory of Plate Tectonics, the 'Glomar Challenger' found evidence that some
continental rock that was once filled with life (dinosaurs and even mammals) is now buried over a
kilometer deep in the sea.
Oceanographers have learned that the chemical composition of the seas has only slightly changed
in the last 700,000 years. This is because of the activity of life in the seas. Many of the chemical
cycles (7) ___________________________________________depend on life in the sea. Scientists
(8) _____________________________________________ want to see how long it will take
oceans and seas to renew themselves. It is a well-known fact that life on Earth depends on life in
the seas and oceans, so if we do not ensure their health, the whole ecosystem may be in danger.
1. It was collected by the ship.
2. These facts have completely changed our understanding of the formation of the earth's
surface.
3. These cycles guarantee the balance of the ecosystem on Earth.
4. Petroleum, natural gas, and minerals can be found on the continental shelf.
5. They are searching for the connection between human activities and marine pollution.
6. The discoveries of this ship changed geologists' ideas about the formation of the earth's
surface in the 1960s.
7. They are much larger than the Grand Canyon.
8. The ocean floor can be divided up into three main features: the continental shelf, the
continental slope, and the deep seas.

PASSIVE VOICE
TASK 1. The sentences below should be in the present perfect tense. Decide if they should be
active or passive. Make sure you place ‘just’ and ‘already’ correctly.
1. The host ___________ (just/ introduce) the next category.

2. The winners ___________ (just/ announce).

3. The results ____________(already/count).

4. The actor ___________ (just/thank) the audience for the award.

5. The actress ___________ (already/win) two Oscars tonight.

6. The red-carpet interviews ___________ (already/broadcast).

9. Many American movies ___________ in Hollywood.

TASK 2. Change the following into passive.

1. They have redecorated the town library.
The town library __________________________________________________.
2. Has anyone answered your questions?
________________________________________________________________?
3. They’ve cleaned the garden completely.
The garden ___________________________________________________.
4. They have reduced the price of cars.
The price of cars __________________________________________________.
5. Have the members of the football federation announced the exact time of the match?
_________________________________________ by the members of the football
federation?
TASK 3. Read the following sentences, and decide if they are Active or Passive. Write A
(active) or P (passive).

1.____ The actress has received an Oscar.

2.____ Many actors live in California.

3.____ Predictions are made about the winners.

4.____ They are giving an award now.

5.____ Spielberg was presented an Oscar.

6.____ The actress thanked all the people.

7.____ Spielberg presented an Oscar.

8.____ The movie was filmed in black and white.

9.____ Walt Disney won the most Oscars ever (26).

10.____ The actress was driven to the ceremony in a white limousine.

TASK 4- CHOCOLATE

Chocolate is a food that (1) ____________(make) from cocoa beans. It is (2) ____________
(eat) in the solid form and (3) ____________ (drink) in the liquid form.

The cocoa plant (4) ____________ (first / grow) by the Mayas, Toltecs, and Aztecs more than
3,000 years ago. They (5) ____________ (prepare) a drink from the beans and often (6)
____________ (use) the beans as currency instead of money.

Columbus first (7) ____________ (take) the beans to Spain in 1502, and Hernan Cortes later (8)
____________ (introduce) the bitter cocoa-bean drink there, too. There, it (9) ____________
(sweeten) and (10)____________ (flavour) with cinnamon and vanilla. It (11) ____________
(serve) hot. This drink (12) ____________ (remain) a Spanish secret for almost a hundred years
before it (13) ____________ (introduce) to France.

In 1657, a shop selling solid chocolate (14) ____________ (open) in London by a Frenchman,
and many shops in other European capitals (15) ____________ (follow) it. During the 1700s, the
English (16) ____________ (improve) chocolate by adding milk. Sweet eating chocolate (17)
____________ (produce) for the first time in 1847 by the English firm Fry and Sons.

HARRY POTTER

There was a time when no one knew the name Harry Potter. Now the adventures of this
extraordinary student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry (18) ____________ (read)
in over 80 languages, including Russian, Thai, and even ancient Greek.

Even at a young age, J.K. Rowling (19) ____________ (know) that she wanted to be a writer. At
school, she used to make up stories to tell her friends. After graduating from college, she
worked as a secretary, but she (20)____________ (stop/never) working on her dream. She
spent her lunch hour writing stories. Then in 1990, on a train trip to London, she got the idea for
the boy wizard, Harry Potter, and she soon created a whole cast of unique characters to help
Harry to battle the forces of darkness. She kept on working on the story while she was working
in Poland, where she (21)____________ (get / marry), had her first child and got divorced a year
later. When she returned to London, she continued writing, and in 1997, her first book, Harry
Potter and Sorcerer’s Stone (22) ____________ (publish). This first book became an unexpected
best- seller.

Rowling’s life has changed dramatically. So far, all of her seven Harry Potter books
(23)____________ (film), and she (24) ____________ (become) very rich. She earns $40 million
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

A. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in parenthesis.
1. If I have enough apples, I __________________ (bake) an apple pie this afternoon.
2. If I had enough apples, I __________________ (bake) an apple pie.
3. I will fix your bicycle if I ___________________ (find) a screwdriver of the proper size.
4. I would fix your bicycle if I __________________ (find) a screwdriver of the proper size.
5. I __________________ (go) to a movie tonight if I don’t have any homework to do.
6. I __________________ (go) to a movie tonight if I didn’t have any homework to do.
7. Sally always answers the phone if she _________________ (be) in her office.
8. Sally would answer the phone if she _________________ (be) in her office right now.

B. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in parenthesis.
1. If it is cold tomorrow, what __________________ (wear)?
2. If it’s cold, what ___________________(usually/wear)?
3. Fish can’t live without water. If you ____________(take) a fish out of water, it ___________
(die).
4. If I _____________ (visit) your hometown as a tourist one day, what _________________(do)
there?
5. If you ____________ (run) up a hill, your heart ____________ (beat) faster.

C. Answer the questions with yes or no.

1. If I had an envelope and a stamp, I would mail this letter today.
Do I have an envelope? Yes No
Do I want to mail this letter today? Yes No
Am I going to mail this letter today? Yes No
2. If I didn’t have any friends, I would feel lonely.
Am I lonely? Yes No
Do I have any friends? Yes No
3. If I have some time during the day, I will visit my grandmother.
Do I want to visit my grandmother? Yes No
Is it possible that I make some time to visit my grandmother? Yes No

D. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words in parenthesis.
1. You should tell your friend exactly what happened. If I ________________ (you), I
______________(tell) him the truth.
2. I’m almost ready to plant my garden, but I don’t have a lot of seeds. Maybe I have more than I
need. If I _______________ (have) more seeds than I need, I _____________ (give) some to
my neighbor.
3. George has only two pairs of socks. If he ________________ (have) more than two pairs of
socks, he _____________________ (have to /not) wash his socks so often.
4. What ________________________ (we/use) to look at ourselves when we comb our hair if
we ___________________ (have/not) mirrors?
5. It has been a long drought. It hasn’t rained for over a month. If it __________________
(rain/not) soon, a lot of crops ____________________ (die). If the crops _______________
(die), many people ____________________ (go) hungry this coming winter.
6. Max is at a party at his friend’s apartment, but he’s not having any fun. He wants to leave.
Max ______________________ (leave/not) if he __________________ (have) fun.
E. Make sentences by using the second conditional. Use your own words. Answers may vary.
Example:

There is gravity on the earth.

If there weren’t gravity on the earth, it would be very difficult to eat something.

1. People don’t have wings.

If _________________________________________________________________________.
2. Cars can’t fly.
If _________________________________________________________________________.
3. Children don’t get everything that they want.
If _________________________________________________________________________.
4. Guns exist.
If _________________________________________________________________________.
5. There isn’t enough food on the earth for everyone.
If _________________________________________________________________________.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE
TASK 1
Read the following two paragraphs about the Unites States and choose the correct words from
the box to fill in the blanks in a meaningful way. There are extra words in each box. Do not
change the form of the words.

immigrants sustain make up isolate plentiful diversity

naturally conducted unusual immensely
The United States is a huge country, and it attracts people from other countries. People from
different countries may go there as tourists just to visit the cities they want to see, or they
may move to the US and start to live there. When the second is considered, we can say that
millions of people from Mexico, India, China, Philippines, El Salvador, Vietnam and Cuba are
living in US today, so we can say that US is a nation of (1) __________ . Among these
countries, Mexicans are the largest group in the US, and a study that was (2) __________ in
2022 shows that Mexicans (3) __________ 11.2 % of the US population. When all those
people with various ethnic, religious and cultural backgrounds come to the US, they bring
their own cultural values, which makes US a country of cultural (4) __________ To take
some time to adapt to the new environment and feel safer, they need to stay together with
‘their own people’, so they may prefer to (5) themselves from the rest of the
population. As a result, it is not (6) __________ to see neighborhoods for
separate nations like China Town in San Francisco or Little Italy in New York. This isolation
cannot last forever, though. Quite (7) __________ , they have to start to adapt to the new
culture. Once they move into work life and make a circle of foreign friends, the process of
integration gets faster. Eventually, they get blended into the US culture. This way American
society is building into a rich and colorful patchwork quilt.

predict exchange result isolated predict

maintain violent properly appreciate significantly

Some people in the US think that the existence of different nations is something great
because they can (8) __________ ideas with people from different cultures and broaden
their perspective of life. As their perspectives are widening, they can (9) __________ other
cultures’ food, values and traditions. For example, for such people, having a mixture of US
culture and Italian culture would make life even more beautiful. On the other hand, some
others may fear that the existence of so many cultures in the US (10) __________ in the
loss of American culture. They also argue that they feel unsafe because people from other
countries break peace. For instance, in some regions where immigrants are highly
populated, the rate of (11) __________ crimes is higher than the other parts of the US.
Although the US government implements strict laws to protect its citizens, and the laws
function (12) __________ , there are always some exceptions. Looking at the
ongoing debates over immigration among politicians, it’s hard to (13) __________ what the
future of immigration will be. We know for sure that living in harmony is the only wish for all
US citizens.
TASK 2 Choose the correct words from the box to fill in the blanks in a meaningful way. There
are three extra words in the box. Change the form of the words when it is necessary.

generate failure subject unique

reach sustainable encourage native recover

1. In recent years, the acts of bullying at schools has increased a lot. The victims of bullying
may be _____________ to verbal or physical violence from their friends, and they may feel
irritated and even depressed at times.
2. Many companies are now focusing on more ___________ industries that use fewer
resources and harm the environment less.
3. My cousin Jane started to be interested in cooking two years ago. She wanted to be a chef,
but she didn’t believe in herself and she was afraid of ___________. However, her parents
____________her to attend a professional cooking course. After that, her life has changed
completely, and now she is working as a chef in a good restaurant.
4. As a teacher, each of my students is ____________ . That is, they are special for me and
different from each other. I value each one of them equally.
5. Michael has an inborn ability to _______________ innovative ideas. I’m sure as he gets
more experienced in his job, he will ____________ his full potential in time. He may even be
the new ‘Elon Musk’ one day.

TASK 3. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word from the box. Be careful there are more words
than you need.

preventive decrease destructive diminish treated

disease found out trust cure survival

A relatively modern term, folk medicine primarily means the care of

sick people by unlicensed healers, including healers who practice
herbal and magical medicine to 1)____________ illnesses. Since the
mid-19th century, this field has become an important sub-discipline of
folklore and in recent years, it has started to interest many people in
the modern scientific medical community. Folk medicine has its roots
in systems of healing that have continued from the beginning of
culture and became a common practice long before the development
of systematic or scientific medicine. It continues to develop alongside
modern 2)_____________ drugs even today.

Evidence from some of the earliest sources shows that early medicine was based mainly on
religion and magic but also included a growing use of herbs and mineral products. It is thought
that originally all illnesses were 3)_________________ by a shaman, a witch doctor, or some
other ‘general practitioners.’ The shaman was able to exorcise (get rid of) the evil that caused
the 4)_________________. As time went on, healers became more specialized. Even the Greek
 historian Herodotus remarked on the increasing specialization of Egyptian physicians in his
works.

The healing practices of the American Indians, the Chinese, and various primitive cultures
belong to the field of ethnic medicine or anthropology. However, the basic similarities of these
systems with the early medicine of the Western world have also made them a part of the study
of folk medicine. For example, the American Indians used incantations, or songs, to help get rid
of the demons and their 5)________________ effects on the patients. Herbal medicines were
also used, sometimes with magical practices, sometimes alone. Many of the herbs used by the
American Indians such as datura, coca, cinchona, cascara, and cascara sagrada are now used as
drugs in modern scientific medicine. It has been 6)_______________________________ that
such herbs are very useful. Therefore, today more and more people
7)______________________________ them and their healing powers.

TASK 4. Use the words in the box to complete the sentences below. Each word will be used

run survive dependent shortage run surface feature ONCE.

1. The most important _________ of all games is that they are all governed by rules.

2. Many countries in the world are trying to overcome food ________, while others are trying to

fight obesity that affects a huge portion of their population.

3. Three-fourths of the earth’s __________ is covered with water.

4. The number of single-parent families that are ___________ on the state has risen

enormously in recent years.

5. The driver knew he was very lucky to ___________ the accident because it was a huge collision.

6. There is a wide __________ of opinions on the flexible ownership of assault weapons and all

these seem to be very strong.

7. Some futurologists claim that many highly successful electric cars might be the end of the cars

that __________ on fuel.

Task 5. Fill in the blanks by using the words from the box. Don’t change the form of the words.
There are extra words.
destructive invention construction faced
determined remarkable suffered replaced
It was Joseph Davidovits’ dream to be a well-known scientist to build strong and well-designed
houses for people. There were always challenges and people who disagreed with his ideas.
However, he was quite 1.____________ to design a new material that doesn’t harm the nature
and that is durable at the same time. His aim was to show that modern buildings don’t have to
have a 2. __________ effect on the environment. In fact, as a part of a research-development
unit, he contributed to an 3.___________ : Geopolymer Cement (GC). It is an alternative and
new material that doesn't depend on limestone, so it generally has a lower carbon footprint. GC
is accepted as a 4. ___________ achievement. This is because it has been widely used in a wide
variety of areas of 5. __________ work from single houses to factories and dams. At first, some
of his colleagues thought that what he found wouldn’t make a big difference, and they
underestimated him. Joseph 6. ___________ difficulties, but he kept going. In the end, their
work was really inspiring and helped progress in the area.

Task 6. Fill in the blanks by using the words from the box. Don’t change the form of the words.
There are extra words.

devote entire distinction determined publicity

advisable contradictory obey meticulous priority

1. Jane was very enthusiastic about learning foreign languages. She decided to ________ all her
free time to learning a new language so she could travel abroad the following year.

2. Brian’s team was made up of 6 members and all of them were very ambitious. The ________
team worked hard on the project, so they stayed late to make sure everything was perfect.

3. David attaches a lot of importance to professionalism. He is very ________ about his work,
so he always checks every detail to make sure nothing is missed.

4. Despite the challenges, she was ________ to finish the race and cross the finish line. No
difficulty was big enough to lead her to give up the race.

6. The movie received a lot of ________ before its release. All those interviews and
advertisements on TV worked well and contributed to this result.

7. It is a good idea to wear proper hiking shoes to ensure safety. It's also ___________ to wear
warm clothes when hiking in the mountains, especially in winter.

8. His statements about the project were________: He first said it was ready, then mentioned
there were still problems to solve.
 9. Finishing this report is my ________ today because it’s due by the end of the afternoon. I
cannot focus on anything else before I submit this work.

10. It's important to ________ the traffic signals to stay safe while driving. If you don’t follow
them, you might end up with serious damage or injuries.

WRITING SECTION

PART A.
I. Read the paragraphs below and choose the best sentence for each blank.

1. My favourite actor is American actor Leonardo DiCaprio because he is very talented and dedicated.
DiCaprio has acted in a lot of movies since his childhood, and his acting has always been very good.
According to many cinema experts, he has never performed badly. His acting style is realistic and
impressive. DiCaprio has won 34 awards, including two Golden Globes. He even won an Oscar for the best
actor in 2016 for his role in The Revenant. DiCaprio is also a dedicated environmental activist. He does a lot
of things to protect the environment.
______________________________________________________________________________.
Instead, he uses ordinary airlines. This way, he doesn’t create extra air pollution. Another example is on his
island in Belize. He bought this island to save its waters, coast and forest. He has built an eco-friendly system
on the island. DiCaprio is both a great actor and a dedicated person, so I admire him a lot.

a) For example, he doesn’t use private jet planes

b) For example, he has acted very well in difficult roles
c) For example, he has spent a lot of money to protect wildlife

2. “Bollywood”, that is, the popular Indian film industry, uses music and dance quite often in films. In
general, Bollywood films are like musicals. The audience expects to hear music. Songs are sung by singers
and recorded before the film is shown to the public. Actors in the film only move their lips and look like real
singers. Also, the main characters usually dance to the music. The success of a film often depends on the
quality of these musical elements.
_________________________________________________________________________.

a) In Bollywood films, it is possible to see various styles of dancing

b) The use of songs and dance is common in Bollywood films
c) The songs in these films can be in Hindu, Urdu or English
II. Read the paragraphs below and write down the number of the two sentences in the paragraph that do
NOT support the topic sentence.
1. Canadian Native American actor Adam Beach is a hardworking actor. 2. He worked hard to learn acting by
taking drama classes at a young age. 3. In his teens, he was busy with many roles in films and TV shows, and
he had drama education at the same time. 4. He continued to take classes for years to improve himself
further. 5.He left school for a role at the Manitoba Theater for Young People. 6. Beach works very hard for
his roles in films and TV series. 7. He reads a lot about the role, and the place and time of the story. 8. He
even studies foreign languages for the role. 9. For example, he learned the Navajo language for his role in
the film Windtalkers. 10. His film Smoke Signals received the American Indian Movie Award in 1998. 11.
Beach has played in more than 60 movies and TV series, and has always worked hard for each of these.
The irrelevant sentences are ______ and _________

2. Large forests are important to us in many ways. (2) They give us wood for building and heating. (3) They
are a home for many kinds of plants and animals. (4) For many city people, forests are important because
they are a place to go for a vacation. (5) However, some people prefer to go to the seaside for a holiday. (6)
There is one more reason why forests are important for everyone. (7) The leaves on trees help clean the air.
(8) Dirty air is a serious problem in many parts of the world, and without forests this problem can get worse.
(9) As a result, dirty air causes many health problems in children and old people.
The irrelevant sentences are: ________ and ________

III. Read the following paragraph and find the THREE irrelevant sentences.
(1) Psychologists say that there are three main reasons for violence at sporting events. (2) Violence is a
common problem in today’s society. (3) One reason is alcohol consumption before or during the event. (4)
Drinking alcohol can increase a person’s risk of developing certain diseases. (5) When people drink large
amounts of alcohol, they tend to have negative types of behavior. (6) For example, quiet people may
become loud, and normally calm people may become violent or aggressive. (7) Another reason is crowd
psychology. (8) People in a large crowd such as at a football match tend to act similarly to other people
around them. (9) For instance, a sports fan may participate in destructive behavior if the people who are
near him are doing so. (10) If a person destroys a part of the stadium, he may be punished. (11) The final
reason for violence at sports events is troublemakers, or provocateurs. (12) Troublemakers try to make the
people around them angry so that they become violent. (13) In brief, according to psychologists, violence at
sports events has three important reasons.
The irrelevant sentences are _______, _______ and _______.

PART B. Choose the best topic sentence for each group of supporting sentences.
1. _______________________________________________________. Some learners like to work in pairs
or groups whereas others prefer to work alone. Some learners learn more effectively from people while
others learn better from books. Some of them remember what they have heard more easily than what they
have read. Some learners seem to learn faster than others. To sum up, each learner in a class has his or her
own method of learning.
a) Individual differences of learners may result from different factors
b) There are several differences and similarities among students in a class
c) A class is composed of learners who learn in different ways
2. _______________________________________________________. It was the major method used until
modern techniques such as heat sterilization and addition of antiseptics were introduced. Today, drying is
still widely used in the preservation of fruit, vegetables and some herbs. It has two major variations known
as smoking and salting, which are widely used for preserving meat and fish. In brief, drying is an old but
useful food preservation method that is still used in today's world.
a) Drying is used in many fields of industry today
b) Drying has always been a common method of food preservation
c) As an old food preservation technique, drying has several advantages

3. _________________________________________________________. The first one is that e-mail allows

you to send a single message to many people at the same time. For example, if you want to inform your
friends, you don’t need to write each of them separately. Another advantage of communicating by e-mail is
that e-mail messages always look the same, no matter who has sent them. This means the quality of your
letter paper or handwriting is not important. The last and most important advantage of communicating
through e-mail is that it takes very little time to send and receive messages. From your computer, you can
contact people who are far away within minutes. In brief, today, you can get the maximum benefit of
technology by communicating through e-mail.
a) There are three tips for effective email communication
b) Email is widely used for business communications
c) Communicating through e-mail has several advantages

PART C. Write a topic sentence for each paragraph. Remember to include both a topic and a controlling idea.
e.g. Living up to an old age is possible by doing sports and having a healthy diet. You can live longer by
doing sports because doing sports makes your muscles and bones stronger. For example, exercising four
times a week makes you a healthier person. You live longer if you are healthy. Also, doing sports increases
the level of serotonin in the body. Serotonin is the happiness hormone so it decreases stress, which is
known to cause illness. You can also live longer if you have a healthy diet. A healthy diet means eating fruit
and vegetables, which contain vitamins. Vitamins are necessary to prevent illnesses. In addition, eating lots
of fruit and vegetables reduces blood pressure and cholesterol levels. As a result, you are healthier and can
live longer. In short, exercising and following a healthy diet are the two ways which can increase your life
expectancy.
1. ________________________________________________________________________ . San Francisco is
warm all year round. The city is neither too cold in winter nor too hot in summer. For example, the average
temperature is about 150C in winter and 250C in summer. In addition, it is usually sunny. Especially in
summer, the city rarely experiences rainfall. San Francisco’s beautiful weather makes it possible for tourists
to visit the city’s many tourist attractions. Some of the tourist attractions that are frequently visited are the
Museum of Modern Arts, Chinatown, and the Golden Gate Bridge. To sum up, because of its weather and
tourist attractions, a large number of tourists visit San Francisco every year.

2. ________________________________________________________________________ . In European
universities, students are not required to attend classes. For instance, in Germany attendance is not
compulsory and professors usually do not know the names of the students enrolled in their courses. In the
United States, however, students are required to attend all classes and may be penalized if they miss
classes. Furthermore, in the European system, there is usually just one comprehensive examination at the
end of the students’ entire four or five years of study. In the American system, on the other hand, there are
usually numerous quizzes, tests, and homework assignments, and there is almost always a final
examination in each course at the end of the semester.

PART D. Read the paragraphs below and choose the best supporting sentence.
1. The job of a language teacher isn’t always enjoyable or easy. Firstly,
_______________________________ ________________________________________________ . They
often have to work at night or at weekends in order to prepare lessons. In addition, they have to grade
students’ exam papers and read their essays and paragraphs, which take a lot of time. Secondly, the job
isn’t well-paid. They work very hard every day, but all they get is a minimum salary compared with other
professions. Therefore, language teachers try to earn extra money in their limited spare time. To sum up,
being a language teacher is a difficult job.
a) language teachers have to work long hours
b) some schools provide special labs for language teachers
c) language teachers, like other teachers, educate young minds

2. For centuries, languages have been disappearing for two main reasons. The first cause is natural
disasters, which often devastate populations. In Indonesia, for example, an earthquake destroyed the island
Malaku along with its inhabitants, as well as the local language spoken there. Another cause is migration
from rural communities to urban centers. ____________________________________. In conclusion,
languages come and go, and thousands have done exactly that without leaving any trace.
a) Therefore, migration from rural to urban areas should be regulated.
b) There are around 3,000 living languages that are in danger of disappearing.
c) When country people move to the cities, they pick up the new language spoken there.

PART E. WRITING TASK

What are TWO differences between city life and country (rural) life?

In a paragraph of about 180 words, explain TWO differences between city life and country (rural) life?

In your response, make sure:

 you write TWO differences
 you have a topic sentence, supporting sentences that give additional details, and a concluding
sentence
 all your ideas are relevant to the topic
 you use linkers and transition words where necessary (and, or, so, but, because, moreover,
etc.)
Pay attention to:
- the content
- the organization
- the accuracy and range of grammar and vocabulary.
Use correct punctuation and spelling.