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Python Machine
Learning Blueprints
Python Machine Learning
Blueprints
Copyright © 2016 Packt Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced,

stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by
any means, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in
critical articles or reviews.

Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to

ensure the accuracy of the information presented. However, the
information contained in this book is sold without warranty,
either express or implied. Neither the author, nor Packt
Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for
any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or
indirectly by this book.

Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark

information about all of the companies and products mentioned
in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt
Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.

First published: July 2016

Production reference: 1270716

Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.

Livery Place
35 Livery Street

Birmingham B3 2PB, UK.

ISBN 978-1-78439-475-2

www.packtpub.com
Credits

Author Copy Editor

Alexander T. Combs Priyanka Ravi

Reviewer Project Coordinator

Kushal Khandelwal Suzanne Coutinho

Commissioning Editor Proofreader

Kartikey Pandey Safis Editing

Acquisition Editor
Indexer
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Manish Nainani

Content Development Editor Production Coordinator

Merint Thomas Mathew Melwyn Dsa

Technical Editor Cover Work

Abhishek R. Kotian Melwyn Dsa

About the Author
Alexander T. Combs is an experienced data scientist,
strategist, and developer with a background in financial data
extraction, natural language processing and generation, and
quantitative and statistical modeling. He is currently a full-time
lead instructor for a data science immersive program in New
York City.

Writing a book is truly a massive undertaking that would not be

possible without the support of others. I would like to thank my
family for their love and encouragement and Jocelyn for her
patience and understanding. I owe all of you tremendously.
About the Reviewer
Kushal Khandelwal is a data scientist and a full-stack
developer. His interests include building scalable machine
learning and image processing software applications. He is
adept at coding in Python and contributes actively to various
open source projects. He is currently serving as the Head of
technology at Truce.in, a farmer-centric start-up where he
is building scalable web applications to assist farmers.
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Preface
Machine learning is rapidly becoming a fixture in our data-
driven world. It is relied upon in fields as diverse as robotics
and medicine to retail and publishing. In this book, you will
learn how to build real-world machine learning applications step
by step.

Working through easy-to-understand projects, you will learn

how to process various types of data and how and when to
apply different machine learning techniques such as supervised
or unsupervised learning.

Each of the projects in this book provides educational as well as

practical value. For example, you'll learn how to use clustering
techniques to find bargain airfares and how to use linear
regression to find a cheap apartment. This book will teach you
how to use machine learning to collect, analyze, and act on
massive quantities of data in an approachable, no-nonsense
manner.
What this book covers
Chapter 1, The Python Machine Learning Ecosystem, delves into
Python, which has a deep and active developer community, and
many of these developers come from the scientific community
as well. This has provided Python with a rich array of libraries
for scientific computing. In this chapter, we will discuss the
features of these key libraries and how to prepare your
environment to best utilize them.

Chapter 2, Build an App to Find Underpriced Apartments,

guides us to build our first machine learning application, and we
begin with a minimal but practical example: building an
application to identify underpriced apartments. By the end of
this chapter, we will create an application that will make finding
the right apartment a bit easier.

Chapter 3, Build an App to Find Cheap Airfares, demonstrates

how to build an application that continually monitors fare
pricing. Once an anomalous price appears, our app will
generate an alert that we can quickly act on.

Chapter 4, Forecast the IPO Market using Logistic Regression,

shows how we can use machine learning to decide which IPOs
are worth a closer look and which ones we may want to skip.

Chapter 5, Create a Custom Newsfeed, covers how to build a

system that understands your taste in news and will send you a
personally tailored newsletter each day.

Chapter 6, Predict whether Your Content Will Go Viral, examines

some of the most shared content and attempts to find the
common elements that differentiate it from the content that
people are less willing to share.

Chapter 7, Forecast the Stock Market with Machine Learning,

discusses how to build and test a trading strategy. There are
countless pitfalls to avoid when trying to devise your own
system, and it is quite nearly an impossible task. However, it
can be a lot of fun, and sometimes, it can even be profitable.

Chapter 8, Build an Image Similarity Engine, helps you

construct an advanced, image-based, deep learning application.
We will also cover deep learning algorithms to understand why
they are so important and why there is such a hype
surrounding them.

Chapter 9, Build a Chatbot, demonstrates how to construct a

chatbot from scratch. Along the way, you'll learn more about
the history of the field and its future prospects.

Chapter 10, Build a Recommendation Engine, explores the

different varieties of recommendation systems. We'll see how
they're implemented commercially and how they work. We will
also implement our own recommendation engine to find GitHub
repos.
What you need for this
book
All you need is Python 3.x and a desire to build real-world
machine learning projects. You can refer to the detailed
software list provided along with the code files of this book.
Who this book is for
This book targets Python programmers, data scientists, and
architects with a good knowledge of data science and all those
who want to build complete Python-based machine learning
systems.
Conventions
In this book, you will find a number of text styles that
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<template>I feel like this whole <set name="topic">turle</
thing could be a problem. What do you like about them?</te
</category>

Any command-line input or output is written as follows:

sp = pd.read_csv(r'/Users/alexcombs/Downloads/spy.csv')

sp.sort_values('Date', inplace=True)

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that you see on the screen, for example, in menus or dialog
boxes, appear in the text like this: "Right-click on the page and
click on Inspect element."
NOTE
Warnings or important notes appear in a box like this.

TIP
Tips and tricks appear like this.
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Downloading the example
code
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Errata
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Questions
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Chapter 1. The Python
Machine Learning
Ecosystem
Machine learning is rapidly changing our world. As the
centerpiece of artificial intelligence, it is difficult to go a day
without reading how it will transform our lives. Some argue it
will lead us into a Singularity-style techno-utopia. Others
suggest we are headed towards a techno-pocalypse marked by
constant battles with job-stealing robots and drone death
squads. But while the pundits may enjoy discussing these
hyperbolic futures, the more mundane reality is that machine
learning is rapidly becoming a fixture of our daily lives. Through
subtle but progressive improvements in how we interact with
computers and the world around us, machine learning is quietly
improving our lives.

If you shop at online retailers such as Amazon.com, use

streaming music or movie services such as Spotify or Netflix, or
even just perform a Google search, you have encountered a
machine learning application. The data generated by the users
of these services is collected, aggregated, and fed into models
that improve the services by creating tailored experiences for
each user.

Now is an ideal time to dive into developing machine learning

applications, and as you will discover, Python is an ideal choice
with which to develop these applications. Python has a deep
and active developer community, and many of these developers
come from the scientific community as well. This has provided
Python with a rich array of libraries for scientific computing. In
this book, we will discuss and use a number of these libraries
from this Python scientific stack.

In the chapters that follow, we'll learn step by step how to build
a wide variety of machine learning applications. But before we
begin in earnest, we'll spend the remainder of this chapter
discussing the features of these key libraries and how to
prepare your environment to best utilize them.

We'll cover the following topics in this chapter:

The data science/machine learning workflow

Libraries for each stage of the workflow

Setting up your environment

The data science/machine

learning workflow
Building machine learning applications, while similar in many
respects to the standard engineering paradigm, differs in one
crucial way: the need to work with data as a raw material. The
success of a data project will, in large part, depend on the
quality of the data that you acquired as well as how it's
handled. And because working with data falls into the domain
of data science, it is helpful to understand the data science
workflow:
The process proceeds through these six steps in the following
order: acquisition, inspection and exploration, cleaning and
preparation, modeling, evaluation, and finally deployment.
There is often the need to circle back to prior steps, such as
when inspecting and preparing the data or when evaluating and
modeling, but the process at a high level can be described as
shown in the preceding diagram.

Let's now discuss each step in detail.

Acquisition
Data for machine learning applications can come from any
number of sources; it may be e-mailed as a CSV file, it may
come from pulling down server logs, or it may require building
a custom web scraper. The data may also come in any number
of formats. In most cases, it will be text-based data, but as
we'll see, machine learning applications may just as easily be
built utilizing images or even video files. Regardless of the
format, once the data is secured, it is crucial to understand
what's in the data—as well as what isn't.

Inspection and exploration

Once the data has been acquired, the next step is to inspect
and explore it. At this stage, the primary goal is to sanity-check
the data, and the best way to accomplish this is to look for
things that are either impossible or highly unlikely. As an
example, if the data has a unique identifier, check to see that
there is indeed only one; if the data is price-based, check
whether it is always positive; and whatever the data type,
check the most extreme cases. Do they make sense? A good
practice is to run some simple statistical tests on the data and
visualize it. Additionally, it is likely that some data is missing or
incomplete. It is critical to take note of this during this stage as
it will need to be addressed it later during the cleaning and
preparation stage. Models are only as good as the data that
goes into them, so it is crucial to get this step right.

Cleaning and preparation

When all the data is in order, the next step is to place it in a
format that is amenable to modeling. This stage encompasses a
number of processes such as filtering, aggregating, imputing,
and transforming. The type of actions that are necessary will be
highly dependent on the type of data as well as the type of
library and algorithm utilized. For example, with natural-
language-based text, the transformations required will be very
different from those required for time series data. We'll see a
number of examples of these types of transformations
throughout the book.

Modeling
Once the data preparation is complete, the next phase is
modeling. In this phase, an appropriate algorithm is selected
and a model is trained on the data. There are a number of best
practices to adhere to during this stage, and we will discuss
them in detail, but the basic steps involve splitting the data into
training, testing, and validation sets. This splitting up of the
data may seem illogical—especially when more data typically
yields better models—but as we'll see, doing this allows us to
get better feedback on how the model will perform in the real
world, and prevents us from the cardinal sin of modeling:
overfitting.
Other documents randomly have
different content
 The Fairy’s Party

Neighbors passing the house of the little Fairy Health, one lovely
summer day, noticed a most unusual stir and bustle. Large and small
packages were continually arriving and the neat little housemaid was
kept quite busy opening and closing the door to receive them.
The Fairy, flitting here and there among the flower beds, was
accosted by one curious neighbor and asked what it all meant.
With her hands full of flowers the Fairy paused to answer him:
“I am giving a party this afternoon,” she said, “to friends from a
distance, and we are all very busy.”
Cho-Cho, arriving about this time, was told to leave his bag in the
house and hurry back to help gather roses.
The curious neighbor departed, and Cho-Cho and the Fairy
worked for an hour, gathering flowers and vines, to make the
beautiful house more beautiful.
At last it was all finished, and the Fairy hurried upstairs to don her
party gown before the guests should arrive.
When she came down the stairs a half hour later, Cho-Cho, waiting
in the hallway, held his breath in admiration, for the little Fairy was
so lovely that words can scarce describe her. Her gown fell in graceful
lines about her slender figure—neck and arms were bare, and her
flower-like face crowned with its shining hair was radiant with joy.
Forget-me-nots were twined among her curls, and she carried a
bunch of them in her shapely hands. No jewels adorned the Fairy,
but in every way she expressed simplicity and grace.
Cho-Cho, coming forward, dropped lightly on one knee, and taking
the Fairy’s hand, raised it to his lips.
“You are wonderful,” he said.
 “You like my gown, Cho-Cho?” she questioned, and smiled upon
him, for these two were old and tried friends.
A noise from without told of the advent of a guest, and Health
went forward to greet the visitor.
It proved to be the Persian Cat, looking quite handsome in a soft-
gray hat, which he gracefully doffed to the Fairy, and he carried a
gold-headed cane.
One could well imagine him a great favorite with the ladies, for he
was indeed a finished dandy.
“You rival your flowers in beauty, Fairy,” he said, as he took her
hand.
At the noise of the garden gate closing, they looked up to behold
the Wonderful Dog and his wife coming toward them.
The Wonderful Dog had on a smart new collar, and came forward
with dignity to present his wife to the Fairy, for they had never met.
Mrs. Dog was a fluffy little thing, who seemed really to care more
about her new dress and the latest style than any other subject.
The next arrival was the little Boy from the Farm. He came timidly
toward the group, looking rather frightened, but when he spied his
old friend, Cho-Cho, all his fears vanished and he smiled with
pleasure.
They were busily chatting in the Rose Arbor, when the little
Vegetable Men came softly in and stood beside the Fairy.
She welcomed them with kindness, for these were modest little
people and felt rather strange among the handsome company.
With a whirr of wings and a flash of color, the Lovely Bird and his
brother Rumor were among them and congratulated the Fairy on the
perfect weather she was having for her Fête.
The company were all assembled now except the Red Brown
Squirrel, and the Fairy asked if anyone had seen him on the high-
road as they came hither. But no one had heard of him, although the
Persian Cat had come from that direction.
An hour slipped by. The Fairy was growing anxious and Cho-Cho
repeatedly looked at his watch.
At last he said:
 “With your permission, Fairy, I will go look for the Red Brown
Squirrel. He was my friend and I greatly fear some evil has befallen
him.”
“I, too, will go,” said the Cat, “there are many dangers upon the
high-road, and a comrade may be needed.”
“I am with you,” said the Dog. “Lead on, Cho-Cho.”
“Friends,” said the Persian Cat, “I believe I can find the Red Brown
Squirrel. Between his home and the Fairy’s garden there lives an evil
imp, called Jealousy. I passed him today as I journeyed hither and he
scowled upon me with a look of rage. He was afraid to attack me, but
the Squirrel is small and not a match for this cruel imp, and has
doubtless fallen a victim to his malice.”
“Hasten, hasten,” said Cho-Cho, and passing through the gate he
started briskly toward the Squirrel’s home.
The Cat and the Dog followed and all three were soon lost to the
view of the anxious company in the Fairy’s garden.
The friends covered the ground rapidly and were nearing the home
of the Red Brown Squirrel, when Cho-Cho’s sharp eyes spied a half-
eaten nut lying in the roadway.
There were no trees near, and they knew that it must have been
dropped by their friend.
Looking eagerly upon the ground, they discovered the tiny
footprints of the Squirrel and the larger ones of the flat-footed imp,
leading into a field of tall grass.
Here the Cat went forward, for his sharp eyes could distinguish the
footprints with great ease. Following these signs they crossed the
field and came out upon an unused road that sloped downward, until
they found themselves beside a deep river which seemed impossible
to pass.
“Get upon my back,” said the Wonderful Dog, “the River is my
comrade, it will not harm you.”
With ease and confidence he swam forward, and carried them to
safety on the further bank.
Cho-Cho and the Persian Cat stepped from the Dog’s back and
turned to thank him, when from behind a large rock, the ugly imp
darted out and sprang toward Cho-Cho, trying to push him into the
river. But the Cat, catching the imp by the neck, held him firmly, and
he was powerless to do aught but scream.
Binding him fast they went behind the great rock and found the
Red Brown Squirrel in chains.
The Cat set him free and the friendly Squirrel stood up before
them brave and unhurt.
Then they hurried back to the Fairy and were received with relief
and pleasure.
And now, the Fairy with the Wonderful Dog leads the way to the
dining-room. The Persian Cat gracefully offers his arm to little Mrs.
Dog. Cho-Cho and the Boy come hand in hand, followed by the
Lovely Bird and Mr. Beet. The Red Brown Squirrel is telling the story
of his adventure to Mr. Onion, and Rumor and Mr. Carrot bring up
the rear.
The dining-room is a mass of roses and smilax, and in the center, a
table full of all the delicious things that children like.
Mrs. Dog remarks that the decorations are lovely, and the Persian
Cat replies that the ladies are more beautiful than the flowers.
The little Fairy flits here and there among her guests, seeing, with
charming courtesy, that all their wants are well supplied, and when
at last they can eat no more, Cho-Cho rises, and with a glass of
sparkling lemonade proposes a toast:
“To our charming hostess, the Fairy Health.”
With a right good will the company drink the toast, then led by the
Persian Cat they leave the house and with laughter and jest pass by
lovely garden paths out to the fountain—and so the fun goes on,
ending at last with a dance in the dell, and joy and happiness in every
heart.
 The Macmillan Company has arranged to publish a series of
health books for the CHILD HEALTH ORGANIZATION of
America

Health in
Education
Education in
Health

The Child Health Organization has undertaken a nation-

wide campaign to raise the health standard of the school child.
The following books are now ready:
Rosy Cheeks and Strong Heart
Rhymes of Cho-Cho’s Grandma
Cho-Cho and the Health Fairy
Child Health Alphabet

Price list furnished upon application

Order from any of the following addresses of
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
New York
64 Fifth
Avenue

Chicago
25th St. &
Prairie Ave.
 San Francisco
609 Mission
Street

Boston
Huntington
Chambers

Dallas
330 S. Harwood
Street
Literature published separately by the CHILD HEALTH
ORGANIZATION of America
Weight Card—Tags—Posters
Health in Play—My Health Book
Standards of Nutrition and Growth
The Demonstration and Its Application
The Nutrition Class
Alphabet Cards. A to Z
Health Plays for School Children
Four Plays Dramatizing “Cho-Cho and Health Fairy”
Stories
Happy’s Calendar
Milk, the Master Carpenter
Cho-Cho’s Health Game

Price list furnished upon application

Order from the CHILD HEALTH ORGANIZATION of America
Penn Terminal Building, 370 Seventh Avenue, New York City

THE U. S. BUREAU OF EDUCATION

has arranged for the sale of the following Reprints:
Class Room Weight Record
Right Height and Weight for Boys
Right Height and Weight for Girls
Wanted! Teachers to Enlist for Health Service
Diet for the School Child
 Summer Health and Play School
Teaching Health
Child Health Program for Parent-Teacher Associations and
Women’s Clubs
Further Steps in Teaching Health
The Lunch Hour at School
Suggestions for a Program for Health Teaching in the
Elementary Schools
Your Opportunity in the Schools
Health Training for Teachers
Orders for these should be sent to: The Superintendent of
Documents, Government Printing
Office, Washington, D. C. (Remittance must accompany all
orders.)

CHILD HEALTH ORGANIZATION of America

Board of Trustees
Dr. L. Emmett Holt, President
Dr. Thomas D. Wood, Vice-President
Dr. Frederick Peterson, Secretary
James G. Berrien, Treasurer
Mrs. John Collier
Clinton H. Crane
Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill
Dr. Royal S. Haynes
Dr. Victor G. Heiser
Owen R. Lovejoy
Mrs. Frederick Peterson
Dr. Bernard Sachs
Mrs. Frank A. Vanderlip
Dr. Philip Van Ingen
Allan Wardwell
Miss Florence Wardwell
Dr. Herbert B. Wilcox
Dr. C.-E. A. Winslow
 STAFF

Sally Lucas Jean, Director

Associate Directors: Marie L. Rose Anne L. Whitney Anne

Raymond, Field Representative
Assistants: Grace T. Hallock Margaret C. Carey Alice F.
Loomis
Advisory Directors: J. Mace Andress Lucy Oppen Mabel
Bragg
 TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect
retained.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHO-CHO AND THE
HEALTH FAIRY ***

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