Digital Image Fundamentals

1. What are the elements of visual perception in digital image processing?

2. Explain the human visual system and its importance in image perception.
3. Define adjacency and list its types.
4. Explain the concept of connectivity in images.
5. What are distance measures in digital images? Name and explain their
types.
6. What is the significance of image sampling?
7. Define quantization and explain how it affects image quality.
8. How does the sampling rate influence image resolution?
9. Describe Nyquist rate and its role in sampling.
10.Explain gray-level representation in digital images.
11.Define pixel and explain its role in digital images.
12.What are the types of image formats based on pixel values?
13.How does neighborhood play a role in image processing?
14.Compare and contrast 4-connectivity and 8-connectivity.
15.Explain the term 'region' in the context of digital images.
16.What is meant by the term "image resolution"?
17.How does aliasing occur during image sampling?
18.Explain how brightness and contrast affect visual perception.
19.Discuss the role of intensity transformations in image fundamentals.
20.What are the applications of distance measures in image processing?
21.Differentiate between Euclidean distance and city block distance.
22.Define the term "digital image."
23.How is sampling performed in 2D images?
24.What is the difference between continuous-tone and discrete-tone
images?
 25.Explain how quantization levels affect image storage.
26.What is the significance of histogram representation in image analysis?
27.How do human eyes perceive colors differently from brightness?
28.Explain the relationship between spatial resolution and sampling density.
29.What is the role of bit depth in determining image quality?
30.How do regions of interest (ROI) influence digital image analysis?

Image Enhancements and Filtering

1. Define image enhancement and its significance in digital image
processing.
2. Explain gray-level transformation techniques.
3. What is histogram equalization? Provide an example.
4. How is histogram specification different from histogram equalization?
5. Describe image acquisition in digital image processing.
6. What is a pixel neighborhood, and why is it important?
7. Explain linear smoothing filters and their uses.
8. What are order-statistics filters? Give examples.
9. Explain the concept of image sharpening in the pixel domain.
10.How do first derivative filters enhance images?
11.Discuss the role of second derivative filters in image sharpening.
12.What is the 2D discrete Fourier transform (DFT)?
13.Explain the inverse DFT and its role in image reconstruction.
14.What are low-pass filters? How do they affect images?
15.What are high-pass filters? Provide examples of their applications.
16.Explain how frequency domain filtering differs from spatial domain
filtering.
17.Describe the effect of Gaussian smoothing on an image.
 18.What is the median filter, and where is it used?
19.Compare average and weighted average filters.
20.Explain the Laplacian filter in detail.
21.How does a Sobel filter enhance edges?
22.What is meant by unsharp masking?
23.How do frequency domain filters help in noise reduction?
24.Discuss the significance of Butterworth filters in image processing.
25.What are bandpass and band-reject filters? Provide examples.
26.How does high-frequency emphasis improve image details?
27.Define edge enhancement and its techniques.
28.What is a box filter? How does it work?
29.Explain the role of image enhancement in medical imaging.
30.What are the limitations of pixel-domain filtering techniques?

Colour Image Processing

1. What are the commonly used color models in digital image processing?
2. Explain the RGB color model and its applications.
3. Describe the YUV color model and where it is used.
4. What is the HSI color model? How is it different from RGB?
5. Explain color transformations with examples.
6. Define color complements and their role in image enhancement.
7. How does color slicing help in image processing?
8. Explain the process of tone correction in color images.
9. What is color correction, and why is it necessary?
10.Describe the process of smoothing color images.
11.How is sharpening performed on color images?
 12.What is meant by color segmentation?
13.Explain the significance of color-based edge detection.
14.Compare additive and subtractive color mixing.
15.How do color histograms aid in image analysis?
16.Describe the role of chrominance and luminance in YUV.
17.What are the limitations of RGB in certain applications?
18.Explain the concept of pseudocoloring in image processing.
19.How are color gradients calculated in image processing?
20.What is a color map, and how is it used?
21.Describe color quantization techniques.
22.What is the significance of gamma correction in color processing?
23.How is false coloring used in scientific image analysis?
24.Explain the significance of alpha blending in color images.
25.What is a hue, and how does it influence color perception?
26.Discuss the role of saturation in defining image colors.
27.What is a colormap transformation? Provide an example.
28.Explain color matching functions in digital image processing.
29.How do real-world lighting conditions affect color models?
30.Discuss the applications of color processing in remote sensing.

Fundamentals of Video Coding

1. What is inter-frame redundancy, and how is it reduced in video coding?
2. Explain the process of motion estimation in video coding.
3. What is full-search motion estimation? Describe its advantages and
disadvantages.
4. Discuss fast search strategies for motion estimation.
5. What is forward motion prediction in video coding?
6. Explain backward motion prediction and its applications.
7. Differentiate between forward and backward motion prediction.
8. Describe frame classification in video coding. What are I, P, and B
frames?
9. How does an I-frame differ from a P-frame?
10.What are B-frames, and how are they used in video compression?
11.Explain the video sequence hierarchy in detail.
12.What is a Group of Pictures (GOP), and why is it important?
13.What are slices in video coding? How are they structured?
14.Define macro-blocks and explain their role in video compression.
15.What is a block in the context of video coding? How is it related to a
macro-block?
16.List the elements of a video encoder.
17.Explain the components of a video decoder.
18.How does a video encoder handle motion compensation?
19.Discuss the MPEG video coding standard and its significance.
20.What are the key features of the H.26x video coding standards?
21.Compare MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 standards.
22.Explain the concept of intra-coding and its role in video compression.
23.What is inter-coding, and how does it achieve better compression?
24.How is temporal redundancy exploited in video coding?
25.Describe the process of motion vector estimation in video encoding.
26.What is quantization in video compression, and how does it affect
quality?
27.Discuss the role of entropy coding in video compression.
28.What are reference frames, and how are they used in video coding?
 29.How does predictive coding differ from transform coding in video
compression?
30.Describe the role of the rate-distortion tradeoff in video compression.

Video Segmentation
1. What is video segmentation, and why is it important?
2. Define temporal segmentation in video analysis.
3. What is shot boundary detection?
4. Explain the concept of hard-cuts in temporal segmentation.
5. What are soft-cuts, and how are they identified?
6. Differentiate between hard-cuts and soft-cuts in video segmentation.
7. What is spatial segmentation in video processing?
8. How does motion-based spatial segmentation work?
9. Describe the challenges in motion-based spatial segmentation.
10.Explain the concept of video object detection.
11.How is video object tracking achieved?
12.Discuss the role of optical flow in video object tracking.
13.What is background subtraction, and how is it used in video
segmentation?
14.Explain the significance of keyframes in video segmentation.
15.How is temporal redundancy exploited in video segmentation?
16.What are some common techniques for detecting shot boundaries?
17.Describe histogram-based methods for shot boundary detection.
18.What is the role of machine learning in video segmentation?
19.How are edge detection techniques used in video segmentation?
20.Explain the importance of feature extraction in video object detection.
21.What is the difference between global motion and local motion in video
analysis?
22.How does frame differencing aid in motion-based segmentation?
23.What are the challenges in tracking moving objects in videos?
24.Discuss the role of Kalman filters in video object tracking.
25.Explain the significance of region-based segmentation in video
processing.
26.What is the purpose of a bounding box in object tracking?
27.How is tracking by detection different from other tracking methods?
28.What is the role of deep learning in video object detection and tracking?
29.How are keyframe selection techniques applied in temporal
segmentation?
30.Describe the applications of video segmentation in real-world scenarios,
such as surveillance or video summarization.
Day 1: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancements
Morning (4 Hours)
1. Digital Image Fundamentals (2 Hours)
o Review the basics: visual perception, sampling, quantization.
o Focus on adjacency, connectivity, and distance measures.
o Practice questions on sampling, quantization, and spatial
relationships.
2. Short Break (15 Minutes)
3. Neighborhood and Relationships (2 Hours)
o Study relationships like 4-connectivity, 8-connectivity, and their
applications.
o Understand distance metrics like Euclidean and city-block
distances.
Afternoon (4 Hours)
4. Image Enhancements (2 Hours)
o Focus on gray-level transformations, histogram equalization, and
specifications.
o Practice applying transformations on sample data.
5. Short Break (15 Minutes)
6. Filters in Image Processing (2 Hours)
o Study pixel-domain smoothing filters and sharpening filters.
o Understand the role of 2D DFT and its inverse.
Evening (2–3 Hours)
7. Frequency Domain Filters
o Focus on low-pass and high-pass filters.
o Revise the day's content and attempt relevant questions.
Day 2: Color Image Processing and Video Fundamentals
Morning (4 Hours)
1. Color Image Processing (2 Hours)
o Study color models (RGB, YUV, HSI) and transformations (color
complements, slicing).
o Understand tone and color correction techniques.
2. Short Break (15 Minutes)
3. Color Segmentation (2 Hours)
o Learn color smoothing, sharpening, and segmentation techniques.
o Practice questions on different color models and transformations.
Afternoon (4 Hours)
4. Fundamentals of Video Coding (2 Hours)
o Study inter-frame redundancy, motion estimation techniques (full
and fast search).
o Understand frame classification (I, P, B) and their roles.
5. Short Break (15 Minutes)
6. Video Sequence Hierarchy (2 Hours)
o Learn about Group of Pictures (GOP), frames, slices, macro-
blocks, and blocks.
o Study the elements of a video encoder and decoder.
Evening (2–3 Hours)
7. Video Coding Standards
o Focus on MPEG and H.26x standards.
o Revise Day 2 content and attempt questions.

Day 3: Video Segmentation and Revision

Morning (4 Hours)
 1. Video Segmentation (2 Hours)
o Study temporal segmentation: shot boundary detection, hard-cuts,
and soft-cuts.
o Focus on spatial segmentation: motion-based segmentation.
2. Short Break (15 Minutes)
3. Video Object Detection and Tracking (2 Hours)
o Understand object detection, tracking techniques, and challenges.
o Study applications like background subtraction and motion-based
tracking.
Afternoon (4 Hours)
4. Wavelets and Multi-Resolution Image Processing (2 Hours)
o Learn Fourier transform principles, time-frequency localization,
and wavelet transforms.
o Study multi-resolution analysis and subband filter banks.
5. Short Break (15 Minutes)
6. Image Compression (2 Hours)
o Study redundancy (inter-pixel and psycho-visual), lossless and
lossy compression.
o Focus on JPEG and JPEG-2000 standards.
Evening (2–3 Hours)
7. Final Revision
o Revise all key concepts briefly.
o Focus on weak areas and unanswered questions.
o Practice diagrams and numerical examples where applicable.