VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI -590 014

NSS Report
on
“WATER CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES”
A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of Degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Submitted by NSS VOLUNTEERS

…………………………….. ………………………… ………………………….

HOD NSS Coordinator Principal
Dr. Krishna Reddy K R M.Tech, PhD Dr. Niranjan.E M.SC.Ph.D Dr.Bharath P B M.Tech.Ph.D.
Professor and Head, Asst. prof., and Head Principal of SJMIT,
Dept. of CS&E, Dept. of Chemistry, SJMIT, Chitradurga.
SJMIT, Chitradurga. SJMIT, Chitradurga

2023-2024

S.J.M VIDYAPEETHA ®
S.J.M INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Recognized by AICTE,
New Delhi and Approved by Government of Karnataka)
NAAC Accredited with ‘B++’ Grade
P.B No.73, NH4 Bypass Road, Chitradurga – 577 502
SUBMITTED BY

Sl.No USN Name Signature

1. 4SM21CS013 Arya Sudhakar Badiger

2. 4SM21CS036 Harshitha M

3. 4SM21CS063 Neha M

4. 4SM21CS086 Ruchitha B

5. 4SM21CS100 Siri M

6. 4SM21CS119 Varsha Umesh

7. 4SM21CS0124 Yashaswini C M
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter LIST OF CONTENT PAGE NO

no

1 Introduction 1

2.1 Low-Flow Fixtures 2

2.2 Rainwater Harvesting 2

2.3 Greywater Recycling 2 2

2.4 Xeriscaping 3

3 Agricultural Water Conservation Techniques 4

3.1 Drip Irrigation 4

3.2 Soil Moisture Sensors 4

3.3 Cover Cropping 4

4 Industrial Water Conservation Techniques 5

4.1 Water Recycling and Reuse 5

4.2 Efficient Cooling Systems 5

4.3 Leak Detection and Repair 5

4.4 Process Optimization 5

5 Benefits of Water Conservation 6

5.1 Environmental Protection 6

5.2 Cost Savings 6

5.3 Sustainable Water Supply 6

5.4 Energy Conservation 6

6 Importance of Water Conservation Techniques 7

Conclusion 8

References 9
Water Conservation Techniques 2023-2024

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Water conservation is the practice of using water efficiently to reduce unnecessary water usage.
With the growing global population and the increasing demand for water resources, it is essential
to adopt various techniques to conserve water. This report will explore several effective water
conservation techniques, their benefits, and their implementation in different settings.

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Water Conservation Techniques 2023-2024

CHAPTER 2

Domestic Water Conservation Techniques

2.1 Low-Flow Fixtures

Low-flow fixtures, such as toilets, showerheads, and faucets, are designed to use less water
than traditional fixtures. For example, low-flow toilets use around 1.6 gallons per flush
compared to the 3.5 to 7 gallons used by older models. Similarly, low-flow showerheads use
less than 2.5 gallons per minute, reducing water usage significantly.

2.2 Rainwater Harvesting

Rainwater harvesting involves collecting and storing rainwater from roofs and other surfaces
for later use. This water can be used for irrigation, flushing toilets, and even for drinking
purposes after proper treatment. Rainwater harvesting systems can range from simple rain
barrels to more complex systems with pumps and filtration units.

2.3 Greywater Recycling

Greywater refers to the relatively clean wastewater from baths, sinks, washing machines, and
other kitchen appliances. Greywater recycling systems treat and reuse this water for irrigation
and toilet flushing, reducing the demand for fresh water.

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Water Conservation Techniques 2023-2024

2.4 Xeriscaping

Xeriscaping is a landscaping method that involves designing gardens and landscapes to reduce
or eliminate the need for irrigation. This technique uses drought-resistant plants, mulching, and
efficient irrigation systems to minimize water usage.

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CHAPTER 3

Agricultural Water Conservation Techniques

3.1 Drip Irrigation

Drip irrigation delivers water directly to the plant roots through a network of valves, pipes,
tubing, and emitters. This method significantly reduces water wastage compared to traditional
irrigation methods, such as flood or sprinkler irrigation, by minimizing evaporation and runoff.

3.2 Soil Moisture Sensors

Soil moisture sensors measure the water content in the soil and provide data that helps farmers
make informed irrigation decisions. By using these sensors, farmers can optimize irrigation
schedules, ensuring that crops receive the right amount of water without over- irrigating.

3.3 Cover Cropping

Cover cropping involves planting specific crops, such as clover or rye, during the offseason to
cover the soil. These cover crops help retain soil moisture, reduce erosion, and improve soil
health, leading to more efficient water usage during the main growing season .

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Water Conservation Techniques 2023-2024

CHAPTER 4

Industrial Water Conservation Techniques

4.1 Water Recycling and Reuse

Industries can implement water recycling and reuse systems to treat and reuse wastewater
within their processes. This practice reduces the demand for fresh water and decreases the
volume of wastewater discharged into the environment.

4.2 Efficient Cooling Systems

Many industrial processes require cooling, which often involves significant water usage. Using
closed-loop cooling systems, air-cooled systems, or hybrid systems can greatly reduce water
consumption in industrial cooling processes.

4.3 Leak Detection and Repair

Regular maintenance and monitoring of industrial water systems can help detect and repair
leaks promptly. Addressing leaks reduces water wastage and improves overall water efficiency.

4.4 Process Optimization

Industries can optimize their processes to minimize water usage by implementing water-
efficient technologies, reengineering processes, and adopting best practices for water
management.

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Water Conservation Techniques 2023-2024

CHAPTER 5

Benefits of Water Conservation

5.1 Environmental Protection

Water conservation helps protect natural ecosystems by reducing the strain on water resources,
decreasing pollution, and maintaining habitats for aquatic and terrestrial wildlife.

5.2 Cost Savings

Implementing water conservation techniques can lead to significant cost savings for
households, businesses, and industries by reducing water bills and wastewater treatment costs.

5.3 Sustainable Water Supply

Conserving water ensures a sustainable water supply for future generations, helping to mitigate
the impacts of droughts and water scarcity.
5.4 Energy Conservation

Water conservation often leads to energy savings, as less energy is required for water treatment,
heating, and pumping. This contributes to overall energy conservation and reduces greenhouse
gas emissions.

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Water Conservation Techniques 2023-2024

CHAPTER 6

Importance of Water Conservation Techniques

• Resource Conservation: Ensures the long-term availability of water by managing its
use and replenishment.
• Economic Benefits: Reduces costs associated with water treatment and distribution,
and supports economic activities.
• Environmental Protection: Maintains the health of ecosystems by preserving water
quality and preventing over-extraction.

• Social Well-being: Provides equitable access to clean water, which is essential for
health and hygiene.

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Water Conservation Techniques 2023-2024

Conclusion
Water conservation is essential for ensuring the sustainable use of water resources in the face
of increasing demand and environmental challenges. By adopting various water conservation
techniques in domestic, agricultural, and industrial settings, we can protect our water resources,
reduce costs, and promote environmental sustainability. Implementing these techniques
requires collective effort and awareness from individuals, communities, and industries to
achieve significant water savings and secure a sustainable future.

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References
[1] Environmental Protection Agency. (2021). WaterSense® Products. Retrieved from
EPA.gov
[2] Alliance for Water Efficiency. (2020). Low-Flow Fixtures. Retrieved from A4WE.org
[3] World Health Organization. (2019). Rainwater Harvesting. Retrieved from WHO.int
[4] Rainwater Harvesting Association of America. (2021). Rainwater Harvesting

Systems. Retrieved from RHAAmerica.org

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