CA2

Report on – HISTORY OF AI,SIMPLE REFLES AGENT

SUBJECT :– ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

SUBJECT CODE :- PEC-IT501B

SEMESTER :– 5th
SESSION :- 2023-2024
NAME :- ISHA KUMARI
ROLL NO :- 34600122058
The history of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a complex and multifaceted journey that spans
several decades. Here's an abstract overview of the key milestones and developments in
the history of AI:

Abstract:-

 Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a field of computer science and technology that aims to create
machines capable of intelligent behavior, often mimicking human cognitive functions. The
history of AI can be divided into several key phases:
 Early Theoretical Foundations (1940s-1950s): The concept of AI emerged in the mid-20th
century, with pioneers like Alan Turing and John von Neumann laying the theoretical
groundwork. Turing proposed the "Turing Test" to assess a machine's ability to exhibit
intelligent behavior.
 The Dartmouth Workshop (1956): The term "Artificial Intelligence" was coined at the
Dartmouth Workshop, where researchers gathered to discuss the possibilities of creating
machines that could think and learn like humans.
 Early Symbolic AI (1950s-1960s): AI research initially focused on symbolic reasoning and
problem-solving. Programs like the Logic Theorist and General Problem Solver
demonstrated early success in solving specific tasks.
 AI Winter (1970s-1980s): High expectations and limited computational power led to a
period known as the "AI winter," marked by reduced funding and progress. AI research
faced significant challenges, and interest waned.
 Emergence of Expert Systems (1980s): Expert systems, which encoded human knowledge
for specific domains, gained popularity. They were used in fields like medicine and finance
for decision support.
 Machine Learning Resurgence (1990s-2000s): Advances in machine learning and neural
networks rekindled interest in AI. Techniques like backpropagation and support vector
machines enabled computers to learn from data.
 Deep Learning and Big Data (2010s): Deep learning, powered by large datasets and
powerful GPUs, revolutionized AI. Neural networks with many layers (deep neural
networks) achieved remarkable results in image recognition, natural language processing,
and game playing.
 AI in Everyday Life (Present): AI technologies have become integrated into daily life, from
virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa to recommendation algorithms on social media and e-
commerce platforms. AI is also used in healthcare, autonomous vehicles, and robotics.
  Ethical and Societal Challenges (Present and Future): The rapid advancement of AI raises
ethical concerns about privacy, bias, and job displacement. Researchers and policymakers
are working to address these issues.
 Future Prospects (Beyond 2020s): The future of AI holds exciting possibilities, including
enhanced human-AI collaboration, AI-driven scientific discoveries, and addressing global
challenges like climate change and healthcare.
 This abstract provides a condensed overview of the history of AI, highlighting key
milestones and developments in the field's evolution. AI continues to shape the present and
future of technology, offering both opportunities and challenges for society.

Simple Reflex Agents:-

 Simple reflex agents ignore the rest of the percept history and act only on the basis of
the current percept. Percept history is the history of all that an agent has perceived to
date. The agent function is based on the condition-action rule. A condition-action rule is a
rule that maps a state i.e., a condition to an action. If the condition is true, then the
action is taken, else not. This agent function only succeeds when the environment is
fully observable. For simple reflex agents operating in partially observable
environments, infinite loops are often unavoidable. It may be possible to escape from
infinite loops if the agent can randomize its actions.
Problems with Simple reflex agents are :

 Very limited intelligence.

 No knowledge of non-perceptual parts of the state.
 Usually too big to generate and store.
 If there occurs any change in the environment, then the collection of rules needs to
be updated.
Conclusion:-

 Afteí taking action, the agent can leaín fíom its own expeíiences. ľhis feedback loop allows the agent to
impíove peífoímance and adapt to new situations and enviíonments.

 In conclusion, autonomous AI agents collect and analyze data, píepíocess it, make decisions basedon
machine leaíning algoíithms, take action, and íeceive feedback. Now, let us simplify the woíkingof an
autonomous AI agent by taking the example of AutoGPľ and BabyAGI, the modeín-day and most
commonly used autonomous agents.
  Reference
I. 1. Artificial Intelligence, Ritch & Knight, TMH
II. 2. Artificial Intelligence A Modern Approach, Stuart Russel Peter Norvig Pearson
III. 3. Introduction to Artificial Intelligence & Expert Systems, Patterson, PHI
IV. 4. Poole, Computational Intelligence, OUP
V. 5. Logic & Prolog Programming, Saroj Kaushik, New Age International
VI. 6. Expert Systems, Giarranto, VIKAS
VII. 7. M.C. Trivedi, Artificial Intelligence, Khanna Publishing House, New Delhi (AICTE
VIII. Recommended Textbook – 2018)