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Introduction to Computer BSCS Assignment

Introduction to Computer BSCS Assignment

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nabeel03136990328
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6 views

Introduction to Computer BSCS Assignment

Introduction to Computer BSCS Assignment

Uploaded by

nabeel03136990328
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment of ICT

Name: Nabeel Ahmad


Roll no. 28
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Introduction to History of Computer

The history of computers reflects humanity's journey to develop machines that simplify
complex tasks. From early calculation tools to advanced digital systems, computers
have transformed how we live, work, and communicate. This brief overview traces the
evolution of computers through key milestones.

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Early Developments

Before electronic computers, humans relied on mechanical devices for calculations. The
abacus, created around 2400 BCE, was one of the earliest tools for arithmetic. In the
17th century, Blaise Pascal designed the Pascaline, a mechanical calculator. Later,
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz improved this concept with a machine capable of
multiplication and division.
In the 19th century, Charles Babbage
proposed the Analytical Engine, a programmable mechanical computer. Although
incomplete, this invention laid the foundation for modern computers. Ada Lovelace,
working with Babbage, created algorithms for the machine, earning recognition as the
first computer programmer.

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Generations of Computers

1.1 First Generation (1940-1956)

The first electronic computers used vacuum tubes for processing and magnetic drums
for memory. They were large, consumed a lot of power, and required significant
maintenance. Notable examples include ENIAC and UNIVAC, which were primarily
used for scientific calculations and business applications.
1.2 Second Generation (1956-1963)

The invention of the transistor revolutionized computing by replacing vacuum tubes.


Transistor-based computers were smaller, faster, and more efficient. High-level
programming languages like FORTRAN and COBOL emerged, making computers more
accessible to developers.

1.3 Third Generation (1964-1971)

With the development of integrated circuits (ICs), multiple transistors could be placed on
a single silicon chip. This innovation further reduced the size and cost of computers.
Interactive devices like keyboards and monitors became standard, improving user
interaction.

1.4 Fourth Generation (1971-Present)

The introduction of microprocessors—a single chip integrating an entire computer's


central processing unit—marked this era. Intel's 4004 microprocessor in 1971 led to the
development of personal computers (PCs). Companies like Apple and IBM popularized
PCs for home and office use.

1.5 Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond)


Modern computers integrate artificial intelligence (AI), quantum computing, and cloud
technology. AI applications in voice recognition, automation, and machine learning are
redefining the role of computers in everyday life. Quantum computing promises
unprecedented processing power for solving complex problems.

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Impact of Computers on Society

 The evolution of computers has profoundly influenced society:\

 Education: Computers enable online learning, simulations, and access to


vast information.

 Healthcare: Advanced diagnostics, robotic surgeries, and telemedicine


rely on computing power.

 Business: Automation, e-commerce, and big data analytics streamline


operations.

 Communication: Social media, video conferencing, and email have


transformed global connectivity.

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