Lect2_Planning History

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PLANNING
HISTORY
Evolution of Township
MODEL I : Earlier Concept Township
• Design planning is more focused to maximize land
use.
• Compact design, maximum and maximize the entire
space available land. Residential blocks (320 feet)
• Block designs looks like ruler and grid. Follow the
planning guidelines required- such as markets, police
stations, 10% open space or less and etc
• Topography and slope factor given less attention
and emphasis. Preferred to land leveling
Evolution of Township
MODEL II : Garden Concept Township
• The layout concept focussed on organic and
curvilinear design layout. The long block of houses
and grid iron was not favorable layout anymore.
• Department of Irrigation and Drainage (JPS)
introduced the Urban Storm Water Management
(MASMA) and design open space and recreation
planning is integrated into the layout design.
Recreation area features start emphasized as a way
of life.
• Design more by topography. High land – low density,
Low land – high density
Evolution of Township
MODEL III : Theme Concept Township
• Too rapid development of urbanization, resulting in
each new city introducing the theme of urban
development.
• Gated and guarded started getting overwhelming
demand due to safety factors, as well as the
development of stratified property
• Design and planning over the cluster groups.
• The layout produced to grid iron but with stronger
theme to provide high number of units at the same
time. Still maintaining open spaces + recreational
area as the main attraction and planning in
accordance with the current proposed site
topography.
Evolution of Township
MODEL IV : Sustainable Livable Concept Township
• The layout based on people’s need and promote
sustainable township – GREEN, LOW CARBON, SMART
CITY
• Not for urban development only but to maintain
ecological balance. Environmental awareness
started to emerge. Emphasis on the development of
societies and defend social values.
THE GREEK PLANNING
The Greeks developed theories on town planning and applied
to their city state and colonial towns.

Most Greek settlement were based on a grid layout, but they


took account the particular features of the site I.e. creating
amphitheaters in the hillsides.

The major rethinking of grid layout came from Hippodamus (a


surveyor) as Aristotle writes in the 5th century B.C. as
“Hippodamus discovered the divisioning of cities” and laid out
the Anthenian port city of Pireus.
THE GREEK PLANNING
The Greek settlement centred on the Agora (market place),
and surrounded by the main public buildings such as Stoa
(town hall).

Greek build the magnificent streets and buildings but also took
into account the need of sanitation, drainage and water
supply.

The Parthenon (a temple) on the top of Acropolis (a hill in the


centre of the city) has inspired many travelers and considered
perfect harmony of proportion.
Greek Urban Planning
THE ROMAN PLANNING
The town planning concept of Roman were highly influential
on the work of subsequent centuries.

Roman towns is more organised and standardised than the


Greek.

Based on simple grid iron with a square in the centre (forum)


and several other standard amenities provided around the
town such as baths, latrines, an arena, etc.

There was element of zoning based on the social rank


differences and occupation of the residents such as retail and
artisan areas.
THE ROMAN PLANNING
Provision of fresh water, efficient sewerage and drainage and
good road are greatest engineering achievement during the
era for town development.

The Roman towns was an important colonizing tool in the


empire (act as a garrison and military centre in order subdue
the local population) with the defensive wall.
Rome
Roman Road System Pompei
MEDIEVAL DEVELOPMENT
(10 – 14 CENTURY)
TH TH
• Generally not much town
development occur during
this period of time.
• Mostly town growth
organically or based on
roman town planning.
• Town was planned with
defensive purpose (castle
with defensive walls).
• The Church was the main
administrative arm of the
state.

City form prior to Industrial


Revolution
Medieval Urban Planning
The Renaissance
(15th – 17th century)
Toward the end of the middle ages in Europe the sway of the
church began to become less dominant (merchants and
businessman took control).

Rebirth (Renaissance) of interest in the ideas and culture of


classic civilisation of the Greek and Roman from architecture
to town planning.

The works of arts was translated into town planning rather than
land use planning, in order to meet aspiration of the rising
merchant classes.

Most of the cities was planned on the human scale and


emphasized on urban design elements.
Renaissance Urban Planning
Copenhagen, Denmark

Amsterdam, Netherland
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
(18 – 19 CENTURY)
TH TH
• Industrialization leads to urbanization by creating economic
growth and job opportunities that draw people to cities.
• The urbanization process typically begins when a factory or
multiple factories are established within a region, thus
creating a high demand for factory labor.
• Other businesses such as building manufacturers, retailers
and service providers then follow the factories in order to
meet the product demands of the workers.
• This creates even more jobs and demands for housing, thus
establishing an urban area.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
(18 – 19 CENTURY)
TH TH
The Industrial Revolution
(started in Britain) was a major
turning point in the
development of modern
society and town planning.

Due to uncontrolled urban


development and influx of
immigrant from countryside
cause a lot of problems to the
existing towns (lack of
adequate sanitation and
standard of
accommodation). In 1848,
cholera epidemic had killed
54,000 people in England.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
(18 – 19 CENTURY)
TH TH
The 19th century Philanthropists/businessman planned and
build their own town in order to solve the overcrowding and
diseases problems such as:

1. Robert Owen - New Lanark (1820)


2. James Silk Buckingham - Victoria (1849)
3. Sir Titus Salt - Saltaire (1853)
4. George Cadbury - Bourneville (1879)
5. William Lever - Port Sunlight (1888)
ROBERT OWEN (1771-1858)
Agriculture village -800-1200 residents catering social,
educational & employment needs.

Plan submitted to parliamentary committee looking at


problem of working class in 1817, and in 1820- country of new
lanark build 1000 strong communities living near their
employment, communal place for older children, central
heating and private loading for families with children under 3,
being agriculturally based but include industry on the outskirts.

Considered excellent working and living conditions, cheap


but unsubsidized shop and an adult education centre. He
successful in increase output and make profit
James Silk Buckingham (1849)
Victoria, (1849) by James Silk Buckingham “ national evils and
practical remedies” – development specially planned, social
integrated called as Victoria – referred to the queen.

to be built in open country side, a mile square with population


of 10,000 housed in numerous building arranged on a
quadrangular basis, larger in the centre and smaller toward
outskirts.

Surrounded by 10,000 acres of agriculture land and owned


and managed by public company (residents as stakeholders).
Tobacco, alcohol and weapons of war were not allowed. But
the scheme never been carried out due to lack of financial
support.
Plan of Victoria Perspective of Victoria
Patrick Geddes (1854 – 1932)
Patrick Geddes (1854 – 1932) , a
Scottish City Planner, established
an understanding of Conurbation.

Write book title Cities in Evolution


(1915) study relationship between
humans and their environment.

Conurbation – Waves of
population inflow into large cities,
followed by overcrowding and
slum formation, then wave of
backflow. The whole process
resulting in amorphous sprawl,
waste and unnecessary
obsolesces.

Concerned with the relationship


between people and cities and
how they affect one another.
MODERN TOWN PLANNING (20TH
CENTURY)

Ebenezer Howard Tony Garnier’s Clerence Stein

Le Corbusier

Don Arturo Soria Y. Clarence A. Perry Henry Wright


Mata
THE GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT
Founded by Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928) in his book “A
Peaceful Path to Social Reform” (1898).

Set out plan for satellite town called Garden City which his
portrayed on a grand scale.

Comprise of 6,000 acres, 32,000 inhabitants, a central area of


1,000 acres, individual plot 20 feet by 130 feet and gross
density of 30 persons per acre.

6 Boulevard each 120 feet wide extending radially from the


centre and forming 6 wards.
THE GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT
The city would be self sufficient in term of employment,
commerce and agricultural production.

Howard Three Magnet demonstrating the respective


advantages and disadvantages of both town and country.

The first town planned based on Garden City principles is


Letchworth (1903) design by the Raymond Unwin and Barry
Parker. In 1919, second Garden City Welwyn was planned.
Garden City by E. Howard
Letchworth, The First Garden City (1904)
Letchworth, The First Garden City (1904)
Linear City
Don Arturo Soria Y. Mata suggested the idea of Linear City in
1882

Proposed that the logic of linear utility lines should be the basis
of all city layout.

Housing and buildings set alongside linear utility systems


supplying water, communications and electricity

Madrid and Stalingrad are outstanding example of a planned


linear city.
Tony Garnier’s Cite Industrielle
(1904)
Tony Garnier (1869-1948), an Architect mainly working in the
city of Lyon.

Separation of city’s part anticipated modern zoning.

Decided the most suitable location for various items/things


and laid out areas accordingly.

Located complementary urban facilities together.


Tony Garnier’s Cite Industrielle
(1904)
Hospital on a high hill,
cemeteries has fine natural
vistas, smelting factories and
mines are at respectful
distances.

Grid plan for residential area


with 100 by 500 foot blocks.

Short cross streets


accommodate major
circulation diverting through
traffic from the long
residential streets.
Tony Garnier’s Cite Industrielle (1904)
Neighborhood Planning
Neighborhood Unit Defined
Not some sociological phenomenon

Physical Environment :
• A school within easy walking distance from home
• A shopping centre within easy walking distance from
home
• Convenient transportation to and from work
• Well equipped playground located near the home
Neighborhood Planning
Clarence A. Perry Definition of A Neighborhood Unit

Set forth in the Regional Survey of New York and its environs.

Area required to support an elementary school with an


enrolment of between 1,000 and 1,200 pupils (mean
population between 5,000 to 6,000).

Developed as a low density dwelling district with population


density of 10 families/acre, occupying about 160 ac.
Clarence A. Perry Neighborhood Unit
Neighborhood Unit
Clarence Stein’s Definition of
Neighborhood Unit (1942)

• The elementary school at


the centre within a ½ mile
radius of all residents in the
neighborhood.
• A small shopping centre
located near the school
• Residential streets are
suggested as cul-de-sac to
eliminate through traffic
• Provision of park space.
Radburn, New Jersey (1930)
Design by Clerence Stein and Henry Wright

Creating series of superblocks each around an open green


and interconnected.

Within green, pathways to schools, shopping and other


centres greenways are pedestrian ways.

Crossing a street is eliminated by bridging over or passing


under.
Radburn, New Jersey (1930)
Automobile circulation didn’t
interfere with or endanger
pedestrians.

Auto access to houses by Cul-de-


sac.

Main circulation street free of


parked cars to allow unhindered
flow of through traffic.

One of the most important designs


ever conceived for modern
residential community

Idea applicable not only to new


town but also large city areas.
Radburn, New Jersey
LE CORBUSIER (1877-1965)
Introduced high rise approach to town planning
Comprehensive redevelopment
Stressed the idea of “mass produced dwelling units”.
Believed in the important of landuse zoning (vertical and
Horizontal).
Centrality of transport
Responsible for designing a new state capital of Punjab,
Chandigargh in 1930’s with objectives to increase density,
improve circulation and provide more natural light and air.
Architecture and town planning in tune with modern
technology and administrative organisation.
DISCUSSION
• With sketches, choose any two (2) of the following founder of
new urban planning idea and discuss the concepts
established by them.
• Clarence Stein and Henry Wright
• Tony Garnier
• Le Corbusier
• Clarence Perry
• Don Aturo Soria Y.Mata
• Ebenezer Howard
ALL THE BEST!

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