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SQL_Notes

Sql

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22 views

SQL_Notes

Sql

Uploaded by

prabhuyoube
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SQL - Comprehensive Notes

SQL (Structured Query Language) - Comprehensive Notes

1. Introduction to SQL

- SQL is a standard language used for storing, manipulating, and retrieving data in databases.

- Works with RDBMS (Relational Database Management Systems).

2. Features of SQL

- Simple and easy to learn.

- Supports Data Definition, Manipulation, and Control.

- Provides high-performance query processing.

3. Types of SQL Commands

- Data Definition Language (DDL): Defines structure of the database.

- CREATE: Creates database objects like tables.

- ALTER: Modifies existing database objects.

- DROP: Deletes database objects.

- TRUNCATE: Removes all rows from a table.

- Data Manipulation Language (DML): Manipulates data in tables.

- SELECT: Retrieves data.

- INSERT: Adds new rows.

- UPDATE: Modifies existing rows.

- DELETE: Removes rows.


- Data Control Language (DCL): Controls user access.

- GRANT: Provides privileges to users.

- REVOKE: Removes privileges.

- Transaction Control Language (TCL): Manages transactions.

- COMMIT: Saves changes permanently.

- ROLLBACK: Reverts changes.

- SAVEPOINT: Sets points for partial rollbacks.

4. SQL Constraints

- PRIMARY KEY: Ensures unique values for a column.

- FOREIGN KEY: Links two tables.

- UNIQUE: Ensures all values in a column are different.

- NOT NULL: Ensures a column cannot have NULL values.

- CHECK: Ensures values meet specific criteria.

- DEFAULT: Sets default values for a column.

5. SQL Joins

- Combines data from two or more tables.

- INNER JOIN: Matches rows from both tables.

- LEFT JOIN: Retrieves all rows from the left table and matching rows from the right.

- RIGHT JOIN: Retrieves all rows from the right table and matching rows from the left.

- FULL OUTER JOIN: Retrieves all rows from both tables.

6. Aggregate Functions

- Performs calculations on a set of values.

- COUNT(): Counts rows.


- SUM(): Calculates the sum of values.

- AVG(): Calculates average value.

- MAX(): Retrieves the maximum value.

- MIN(): Retrieves the minimum value.

7. SQL Clauses

- WHERE: Filters records.

- GROUP BY: Groups data for aggregation.

- HAVING: Filters aggregated data.

- ORDER BY: Sorts data in ascending or descending order.

- LIMIT: Restricts the number of rows returned.

8. Subqueries

- A query inside another query.

- Types: Single-row, Multi-row, and Correlated Subqueries.

9. SQL Indexing

- Improves performance by reducing query execution time.

- Types: Clustered, Non-clustered, Unique, Composite.

10. Transactions in SQL

- Properties (ACID):

- Atomicity: Ensures all operations in a transaction succeed or none do.

- Consistency: Maintains database integrity.

- Isolation: Prevents transactions from interfering.

- Durability: Ensures committed changes are permanent.


11. Views in SQL

- Virtual tables created by a query.

- Advantages: Simplifies complex queries, improves security.

12. Stored Procedures and Functions

- Stored Procedure: A reusable SQL code block.

- Function: Returns a single value, used in SQL statements.

13. SQL and NoSQL

- SQL: Structured query language for relational databases.

- NoSQL: Non-relational databases for unstructured data.

14. Advanced SQL Topics

- Triggers: Executes automatically in response to events.

- Cursors: Allows row-by-row processing of query results.

- Window Functions: Operates over a set of rows related to the current row.

15. Popular SQL Databases

- MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, SQLite.

Conclusion

SQL is a powerful language for managing relational databases. Its simplicity and versatility make it

an essential skill for database professionals.

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