회로 이론

8. 회로 이론과 변환
Voltage sources 5

An ideal voltage source 4

plots a vertical line on the

Current (A)
3
VI characteristic as shown
for the ideal 6.0 V source. 2

Actual voltage sources 1

include the internal source
resistance, which can drop 0
0 2 4 6 8 10
a small voltage under load. Voltage (V)

The characteristic of a non-

ideal source is not vertical.

2
Voltage sources
A practical voltage source is drawn as an ideal source
in series with the source resistance. When the internal
resistance is zero, the source reduces to an ideal one.
RS

VS +

3
Voltage sources
If the source resistance of a 5.0 V power supply
is 0.5 W, what is the voltage across a 68 W load?
RS VOUT
Use the voltage-divider VS + 0.5 W
equation: 5.0 V RL
68 W
 RL 
VL =   VS
 RL + RS 
 68 W 
=  5 V = 4.96 V
 68 W + 0.5 W 

4
Current sources 5

An ideal current source 4

plots a horizontal line on the

Current (A)
3
VI characteristic as shown
for the ideal 4.0 A source. 2

Practical current sources 1

have internal source
resistance, which takes some 0
0 2 4 6 8 10
of the current. The Voltage (V)

characteristic of a practical
source is not horizontal.

5
Current sources
A practical current source is drawn as an ideal source
with a parallel source resistance. When the source
resistance is infinite, the current source is ideal.

IS RS

6
Current sources
If the source resistance of a 10 mA current source
is 4.7 kW, what is the current through a 100 W load?

Use the current-divider

equation: IS RS RL
 RS  10 mA 4.7 kW 100 W
IL =   IS
 RL + RS 
 4.7 kW 
= 10 mA = 9.8 mA
 100 W + 4.7 kW 

7
 Source conversions
Any voltage source with an internal resistance can be
converted to an equivalent current source and vice-
versa by applying Ohm’s law to the source. The source
resistance, RS, is the same for both.
VS
To convert a voltage source to a current source, I S =
RS
To convert a current source to a voltage source, VS = IS RS

8
 Superposition theorem (중첩 정리)
The superposition theorem is a way to determine
currents and voltages in a linear circuit that has
multiple sources by taking one source at a time and
algebraically summing the results.
R1 R3
What does the 2.7 kW 6.8 kW
I2
ammeter read for VS1 +
- VS2 +

I2? (See next slide 12 V -

+
18 V -
R2
for the method and 6.8 kW
the answer).

9
중첩 정리의 적용
1. 회로에서 한 번에 하나의 전압(또는 전류)원만 남기고 다른
전압(또는 전류)원은 각각 그들의 내부 저항으로 대체
1. 전압원 → 0Ω (short, 단락)
2. 전류원 → ∞Ω (open, 개방)
2. 회로에 오직 하나의 전원만 있는 것으로 생각하여 원하는
특정 전류를 구한다
1. 전압은 실수하기 쉬우므로 전류를 구하기 바람
3. 각 전원에 대하여 1단계와 2단계를 반복한다
4. 주어진 가지에서 실제 전류를 구하기 위해 각 개별 전원
에 의한 전류 값들을 대수적으로 더한다
1. 전류 방향이 같으면 더한다
2. 전류 방향이 반대이면 뺀다
10
What does the ammeter
R1 R3
read for I2?
2.7 kW I2 6.8 kW
VS1 +
- VS2 +
12 V +1.56 mA
18 V
Set up a table of -
R2
-

pertinent information 6.8 kW

and solve for each
quantity listed:
Source 1: RT(S1)= 6.10 kW I1= 1.97 mA I2= 0.98 mA
Source 2: RT(S2)= 8.73 kW I3= 2.06 mA I2= 0.58 mA
Both sources I2= 1.56 mA

The total current is the algebraic sum.

11
Thevenin’s theorem (테브냉 정리)
Thevenin’s theorem states that any two-terminal,
resistive circuit can be replaced with a simple
equivalent circuit when viewed from two output
terminals. The equivalent circuit is:

RTH
VTH

12
Thevenin’s theorem

VTH is defined as the open circuit voltage between the two

output terminals of a circuit. (두 출력 단자의 개방 회로
전압)
RTH is defined as the total resistance appearing between
the two output terminals when all sources have been
replaced by their internal resistances. (전원을 내부
저항으로 대체하고, 두 출력 단자 사이에서 본 저항)
RTH
VTH

13
Thevenin’s theorem

What is the Thevenin voltage for the circuit? 8.76 V

What is the Thevenin resistance for the circuit? 7.30 kW

Output terminals
R1
Remember, the
VS 10 kW load resistor
12 V R2 RL has no affect on
27 kW 68 kW the Thevenin
parameters.

14
Thevenin’s theorem

Thevenin’s theorem is useful for solving the Wheatstone bridge.

One way to Thevenize the bridge is to create two Thevenin
circuits - from A to ground and from B to ground.
The resistance between point R1 R2
V
A and ground is R1||R3 and the S +
RL
resistance from B to ground is A B
-
R2||R4. The voltage on each R3 R4
side of the bridge is found
using the voltage divider rule.

15
Thevenin’s theorem

For the bridge shown, R1||R3 = 165 W and

R2||R4 = 179 W. The voltage from A to ground
(with no load) is 7.5 V and from B to ground
(with no load) is 6.87 V .
R1 R2
VS 330 W 390 W
+15 V + RL
A B
- 150 W
R3 R4
330 W 330 W

The Thevenin circuits for each of the

bridge are shown on the following slide.

16
Thevenin’s theorem

RTH A RL B RTH'
VTH 165 W 150 W 179 W VTH'
7.5 V 6.87 V

Putting the load on the Thevenin circuits and

applying the superposition theorem allows you to
calculate the load current. The load current is: 1.27 mA

17
Norton’s theorem (노튼 정리)
Norton’s theorem states that any two-terminal, resistive
circuit can be replaced with a simple equivalent circuit
when viewed from two output terminals. The
equivalent circuit is:

IN RN

18
Norton’s theorem
IN is defined as the output current when the output
terminals are shorted. (두 출력 단자 사이의 단락 회로
전류)
RN is defined as the total resistance appearing between
the two output terminals when all sources have been
replaced by their internal resistances. (전원을 내부
저항으로 대체하고, 두 출력 단자 사이에서 본 저항)

IN RN

19
Norton’s theorem

What is the Norton current for the circuit? 17.9 mA

What is the Norton resistance for the circuit? 359 W

R1 Output terminals

VS + 560 W
10 V R2 RL
1.0 kW
820 W

The Norton circuit (without the load) is:

IN RN
17.9 mA 359 W
20
 Maximum power transfer
The maximum power is transferred from a source to a load when
the load resistance is equal to the internal source resistance.
RS

VS +
RL

The maximum power transfer theorem assumes the source

voltage and resistance are fixed.

21
Maximum power transfer

What is the power delivered to the matching load?

RS
The voltage to the 50 W
VS +
load is 5.0 V. The RL
10 V
power delivered is 50 W
V 2 ( 5.0 V )
2

PL = = = 0.5 W
RL 50 W

22
D-to-Y and Y-to-D conversion

The D-to-Y and Y-to-D conversion formulas allow a

three terminal resistive network to be replaced with
an equivalent network. RC

R1 R2
RA R3 RB

23
연습과 과제
❑예제
❖ 8-7
❖ 8-10
❖ 8-13
❑연습
❖ 8장 문제 9번, 16번(b)

❑과제
❑8장 본문 정독
❑8장 문제
❖ 13, 14, 18, 28, 31, 33

24