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Introduction to Logic

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Introduction to Logic

Irving M. Copi Carl Cohen


Kenneth McMahon
Fourteenth Edition
Pearson Education Limited
Edinburgh Gate
Harlow
Essex CM20 2JE
England and Associated Companies throughout the world

Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk

© Pearson Education Limited 2014

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the
prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom
issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.

All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark
in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such
trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this
book by such owners.

ISBN 10: 1-292-02482-8


ISBN 13: 978-1-292-02482-0

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data


A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Printed in the United States of America


P E A R S O N C U S T O M L I B R A R Y

Table of Contents

1 .BasicLogicalConcepts
�I�r�v�i�n�g�M�.C�o�p�i�/C�a�r�l�C�o�h�e�n�/K�e�n�n�e�t�h�M�c�M�a�h�o�n �1
2 .AnalyzingArguments
�I�r�v�i�n�g�M�.C�o�p�i�/C�a�r�l�C�o�h�e�n�/K�e�n�n�e�t�h�M�c�M�a�h�o�n �35
3 .LanguageandDefinitions
�I�r�v�i�n�g�M�.C�o�p�i�/C�a�r�l�C�o�h�e�n�/K�e�n�n�e�t�h�M�c�M�a�h�o�n �67
4 .Fallacies
�I�r�v�i�n�g�M�.C�o�p�i�/C�a�r�l�C�o�h�e�n�/K�e�n�n�e�t�h�M�c�M�a�h�o�n �109
5 .CategoricalPropositions
�I�r�v�i�n�g�M�.C�o�p�i�/C�a�r�l�C�o�h�e�n�/K�e�n�n�e�t�h�M�c�M�a�h�o�n �167
6 .CategoricalSyllogisms
�I�r�v�i�n�g�M�.C�o�p�i�/C�a�r�l�C�o�h�e�n�/K�e�n�n�e�t�h�M�c�M�a�h�o�n �21
7 .SyllogismsinOrdinaryLanguage
�I�r�v�i�n�g�M�.C�o�p�i�/C�a�r�l�C�o�h�e�n�/K�e�n�n�e�t�h�M�c�M�a�h�o�n �25
8 .SymbolicLogic
�I�r�v�i�n�g�M�.C�o�p�i�/C�a�r�l�C�o�h�e�n�/K�e�n�n�e�t�h�M�c�M�a�h�o�n �305
9 .MethodsofDeduction
�I�r�v�i�n�g�M�.C�o�p�i�/C�a�r�l�C�o�h�e�n�/K�e�n�n�e�t�h�M�c�M�a�h�o�n �365
10 .QuantificationTheory
�I�r�v�i�n�g�M�.C�o�p�i�/C�a�r�l�C�o�h�e�n�/K�e�n�n�e�t�h�M�c�M�a�h�o�n �43
1 . Analogical Reasoning
�I�r�v�i�n�g�M�.C�o�p�i�/C�a�r�l�C�o�h�e�n�/K�e�n�n�e�t�h�M�c�M�a�h�o�n �485
12 .CausalReasoning
�I�r�v�i�n�g�M�.C�o�p�i�/C�a�r�l�C�o�h�e�n�/K�e�n�n�e�t�h�M�c�M�a�h�o�n �513
13 . Science andHypothesis
�I�r�v�i�n�g�M�.C�o�p�i�/C�a�r�l�C�o�h�e�n�/K�e�n�n�e�t�h�M�c�M�a�h�o�n �59

I
14 .Probability
�I�r�v�i�n�g�M�.C�o�p�i�/C�a�r�l�C�o�h�e�n�/K�e�n�n�e�t�h�M�c�M�a�h�o�n �587
AVeryBriefHistoryofLogic
�I�r�v�i�n�g�M�.C�o�p�i�/C�a�r�l�C�o�h�e�n�/K�e�n�n�e�t�h�M�c�M�a�h�o�n �615
Glossary
�I�r�v�i�n�g�M�.C�o�p�i�/C�a�r�l�C�o�h�e�n�/K�e�n�n�e�t�h�M�c�M�a�h�o�n �617
Index �631

II
This asset is
intentionally omitted
from this text. It may
be accessed at
www.mcescher.com.
(Waterfall by
M.C. Escher)
EXERCISES

EXAMPLE

SOLUTION
Premise:
Conclusion:
Oxford English Dictionary
EXERCISES

EXAMPLE

SOLUTION
True Conclusion False Conclusion
EXERCISES

1.

2.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.
This asset is
intentionally omitted
from this text. It may
be accessed at
www.mcescher.com.
(Waterfall by
M.C. Escher)
Biography
EXERCISES
~
~
~

1 2

3
1.
2.

1.
2.

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