Study Guide for MHR Pre-Calculus 12 Name:______________________________

PreCalc 12 1.1 Translations

Date: _______________________

• determining the effects of h and k in y − k = f ( x − h)

y = f (x − h) + k
on the graph of y = f(x)
• sketching the graph of y − k = f ( x − h) for given
values of h and k, given the graph of y = f(x)
• writing the equation of a function whose graph is a
vertical and/or horizontal translation of the graph
of y = f(x)

A transformation of a function alters the equation and any

combination of the location, shape, and orientation of the graph.

Points on the original graph correspond to points on the transformed,

or image, graph. The relationship between these sets of points can be
called a mapping.

Mapping notation can be used to show a relationship between

the coordinates of a set of points, (x, y), and the coordinates of a
corresponding set of points, (x, y + 3), for example, as
(x, y) → (x, y + 3).

One type of transformation is a translation. A translation can move

the graph of a function up, down, left, or right. A translation occurs
when the location of a graph changes but not its shape or orientation.

Chp 1 – Transformations page 1 1.1 Translations

 f(
x
−
iii) y = (x − 5)
2
a) Graph the functions: i)
h
on the same set of coordinate axes.
)
+
y=x +2
( )
2 2
y= x−5
k
g

x
 2
b) Describe (in words) how the graph of y − 2 = x compares to the graph of y = x2 . .
__________________________________________________________________
Mapping Notation:
2
2

c) Describe (in words) how the graph of y = (x − 5) compares to the graph of y = x

__________________________________________________________________
Mapping Notation:

# page 9
1
Describe (in words) how the graph of y + 1 = x2 compares to the graph of y = x 2.

_________________________________________________________________________ Mapping Notation:

Describe (in words) how the graph of y = (x + 3) compares to the graph of y = x2 .
2

_________________________________________________________________________ Mapping Notation:

Chp 1 – Transformations page 2 1.1 Translations

Sketch the graphs of : i) y = x and ii) y = x − 4 + 3
y

Describe (in words) how the graph y = x − 4 + 3 compares to the graph of y = x .

of
____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________
y
Mapping Notation:

page 9 #2
( )
Sketch the graph of y = x + 5 2 − 2

Chp 1 – Transformations page 3 1.1 Translations

 a) Describe the translation that has been applied to the graph f (x to obtain the graph
of of g (x). )
b) Determine the equation of the translated function in the form y − k = f (x − h).

Solution: a)

f (x) → g (x ) image points

A ( , )→ A ( , )
B( , )→ B ( , )
C( , )→ C ( , )
D( , )→ D ( , )
E ( , )→ E ( , )
(x , y) → ( , )

Chp 1 – Transformations page 4 1.1 Translations

 #3 page 11

a) Describe the translation that has been applied to the graph of ()

f x to obtain the graph
of g (x).
b) Determine the equation of the translated function in the form y − k = f (x − h).

Solution:

a)

Chp 1 – Transformations page 5 1.1 Translations

 Assignment → pages 12-15 #1de, 3cd, 5bd, 6-9, 11, 15, 16 Extension # 17, C2

Chp 1 – Transformations page 6 1.1 Translations

PreCalc 12 1.2a Reflections
PART 1 Date: _______________________

• Developing an understanding of the effects of reflections

on the graphs of functions and their related equations

A. Consider the graph of the function y = f (x) shown.

1) Use the x-axis as a mirror line, or line

of reflection, and plot the image points
A , B , C , D and E .

2) Complete the table below

Original Points Image Points

A ( , )→ (A , )
B( , )→ B ( , )
C( , )→ C ( , )
D( , )→ D ( , )
E ( , )→ E ( , )
(x , y) → ( , )

3) How are the coordinates of the original points and their corresponding image

points related? ___________________________________________________

4) We say the graph of y = f (x) has been reflected in the ___-axis. This changes the
_____________ of each original ____-value.

5) What is the equation of the transformed function?

Chp 1 – Transformations page 7 1.2a Reflections

B. Consider the graph of the function y = f (x) shown.

1) Use the y-axis as a mirror line, or line

of reflection, and plot the image points
A , B , C , D and E .

2) Complete the table below

Original Points Image Points

(
A −4, 3 )→ A ( , )
B( −3, 1 ) → B ( , )
C(−1, 1)→ C ( , )
D(1,2)→ D ( , )
E ( 2 ,2)→ E ( , )
( x , y) → ( , )

3) How are the coordinates of the original points and their corresponding image
points related? ___________________________________________________

4) We say the graph of y = f (x) has been reflected in the ___-axis. This changes the
_____________ of each original ____-value.

5) What is the equation of the transformed function?

Chp 1 – Transformations page 8 1.2a Reflections

SUMMARY:
Equation of
Reflection Verbal
Mapping Transformed
Descriptio
in n
Function
Functio x-axis ( )
n x,y →
()
y=f x y-axis ( )
x,y →
 ()
• When the output of a function y = f x is multiplied by -1, the
result, y = __________, is a reflection of the graph in the _____-axis.

()
• When the input of a function y = f x is multiplied by -1, the
result, y = __________, is a reflection of the graph in the _____-axis.

a) Given the graph of y = f (x), graph the

function y = − f (x)

b) How is the graph of y = − f (x) related

to the graph of y = f (x)? ___________
__________________________________

Chp 1 – Transformations page 9 1.2a Reflections

c) Given the graph of y = f (x), graph the
function y = f (−x)

d) How is the graph of y = f (−x) related

to the graph of y = f (x)? ___________
__________________________________

** Any point that that remains unchanged after a transformation is applied to it

is called an invariant point.

Write down all the invariant points when y = f (x is transformed to y = − f (x).

)

Write down all the invariant points when ()

y = f x is transformed to y = f (−x).

#1 page 20

a)Given the graph of y = f ( ), graph the

x
function y = − f x()

b) State any invariant points.

Chp 1 – Transformations page 10 1.2a Reflections

c) Given the graph of y = f (x), graph the

function y = f (−x)

d) State any invariant points.

→ pages 28-31 # 1, 3, 4, 5cd, 14b, 15ab Extension # 16

Assignment

Page 28 # 3, 4 Graphs
3a) b) c)

4 a) b) c)

Chp 1 – Transformations page 11 1.2a Reflections

PreCalc 12 1.2b Stretches (Expansions & Compressions)
PART 2 Date: _______________________

• Developing an understanding of the effects of stretches on

the graphs of functions and their related equations

• First . . . complete the activity “B. Graph Vertical and Horizontal Stretches” # 6
on grid paper.

* A stretch, unlike a translation or a reflection, changes the shape of the graph.

However, like translations, stretches do not change the orientation of the graph.

() ()
a) g x = 2 f x

Chp 1 – Transformations page 12 1.2b Stretches (Expansions & Compressions)

 () ()
b) g x = 1 f x
2

Consider transforming the graph of y = x to become y = 2x replace x with 2 x

y= x y = 2x
x y x y
16 8
9 4.5
4 2
1 0.5
0 0

Mapping (transformation of points): (x, y)→

Chp 1 – Transformations page 13 1.2b Stretches (Expansions & Compressions)

 1
Describe how the graph of y = x can be obtained from the graph of y = x .
2

SUMMARY:

Equation of
Stretch Verbal
Mapping Transformed
about Description
Function
x-axis ( )
Functio x,y →
n
()
y=f x y-axis ( )
x,y →

()
• When the output of a function y = f x is multiplied by a non-zero
constant a, the result, y = ___________, or ________________is a vertical
stretch of the graph about the _____-axis by a factor of a .
If a < 0, then the graph is also reflected in the _____-axis.

()
• When the input of a function y = f x is multiplied by a non-zero
constant b, the result, y = ___________, is a horizontal stretch of the graph
1
about the _____-axis by a factor of b .
If b < 0, then the graph is also reflected in the _____-axis.

Chp 1 – Transformations page 14 1.2b Stretches (Expansions & Compressions)

a) g (x )= f (2x)

1
()
b) g x = f x
2

Chp 1 – Transformations page 15 1.2b Stretches (Expansions & Compressions)

a) b)

#4 page 27

Chp 1 – Transformations page 16 1.2b Stretches (Expansions & Compressions)

 Assignment
pages 28-31 # 2a, 5ab, 6, 7, 9, 10, C2, C3, C4 Extension # 13, 14, 16

Chp 1 – Transformations page 17 1.2b Stretches (Expansions & Compressions)

PreCalc 12 1.3 Combining Transformations
Date: _______________________

• sketching the graph of a transformed function by

applying translations, reflections, and stretches
• writing the equation of a function that has been
transformed from the function y = f (x)
Complete the following learning activities (Parts 1, 2, 3, and 4):

Part 1 – Translation then Expansion/Compression in the Same Direction

Sketch the graph of y = x on the grid below. Then, perform the following transformations on the
function in the following order:
First . . . a) Translate 4 units to the right.
1
Second . . . b) Using the function in part a, compress horizontally by a factor of 2.
Write the equation of the transformed function, and sketch its graph on the same grid below.
y

Equation of the transformed function:

Track the point (0, 0) on the original function through the two transformations.
(0, 0) →(, )→ (
compress horizontally by a factor of 1 2 ,)
translate 4 units to the right

Chp 1 – Transformations page 18 1.3 Combining Transformations

Part 2 – Expansion/Compression then Translation in the Same Direction

As in Part 1, sketch the graph of y=x on the grid below. This time, however, perform the same
transformations but in the reverse order.
1
First . . . a) Compress horizontally by a factor of
Second . . . b) Using the function in part a, translate 4 units to the right.

Write the equation of the transformed function, and sketch its graph on the same grid
below. y

Equation of the transformed function:

Track the point (0, 0) on the original function through the two transformations to its final image.

(0, 0) compress horizontally by a factor of 1 2 → ( , ) translate 4 units to the right → ( , )

Compare the final graphs after the transformations in Parts 1 and 2.

Compare the final images of the point (0, 0) after the transformations in Parts 1 and 2.

What can you conclude about the order of applying a horizontal translation and a horizontal compression
or expansion?

Chp 1 – Transformations page 19 1.3 Combining Transformations

Part 3 – Translation then Expansion/Compression in Different Directions

Sketch the graph of y = x on the grid below. Then, perform the following transformations on the
function in the following order:

First . . . a) Translate 4 units down.

1
Second . . . b) Using the function in part a, compress horizontally by a factor of .
2
Write the equation of the transformed function, and sketch its graph on the same grid
below. y

Equation of the transformed function:

Track the point (0, 0) on the original function through the two transformations to its final image.
compress horizontally by a factor of 1 2→
(0, 0) translate 4 units down→ ( , ) ( , )

Chp 1 – Transformations page 20 1.3 Combining Transformations

Part 4 – Expansion/Compression then Translation in Different Directions

As in Part 3, sketch the graph of y= x on the grid below. This time, however, perform the same
transformations in the reverse order.

1
First . . . a) Compress horizontally by a factor of .
2
Second . . . b) Using the function in part a, translate 4 units down.

Write the equation of the newly transformed function, and sketch its graph on the same grid below.
y

Equation of the transformed function:

Track the point (0, 0) on the original function through the two transformations to its final image.
compress horizontally by a factor of 1 2 translate 4 units down
(0,0)→ (, )→(,)
Compare the final graphs after the transformations in Parts 3 and 4.

Compare the final images of the point (0, 0) after the transformations in Parts 3 and 4.

What can you conclude about the order of applying a vertical translation and a horizontal compression or
expansion?

Chp 1 – Transformations page 21 1.3 Combining Transformations

 What do you think would happen if the graph of y = x were transformed by reflecting in

the y-axis and a horizontal translation?

Would the order of the transformations matter? _____________________

What do you think would happen if the graph of y = x were transformed by reflecting in

the x-axis and a vertical translation?

Would the order of the transformations matter? _____________________

Multiple transformations can be applied to a function using the general transformation model
))
y − k = af (b(x − h)) or y = af (b(x −h +k.

To accurately sketch the graph of a function of the form y − k = af (b(x − h)), the
__________________ and ________________________ (values of a and b) should occur
before the ______________________ (h-value and k-value).

Page 34
y
10
()
Given the graph of y = f x , graph:
a) y = 3 f (2x)

x
-10 10
Chp 1 – Transformations page 22 1.3 Combining Transformations
** b) y = f (3 x + 6) Hint: try writing it in the ‘standard’ form first

#1 page 35
() 1
c y=2f x −3 ** d) y=f x−2
2
) y y
10

x
-10 10

Chp 1 – Transformations page 23 1.3 Combining Transformations

 Page 36

** Use your own graph paper for this example **

Corresponding equation for g(x) is ___________________________

#2 page 37

** Use your own graph paper for this question **

Corresponding equation for g(x) is ___________________________

Chp 1 – Transformations page 24 1.3 Combining Transformations

 Page 37

#2 page 38

Assignment → pages 38-43 # 2, 4, 5, 6, 8-10, 15, C2, C3 Extension # 16,

17
You will need your own graph paper

Chp 1 – Transformations page 25 1.3 Combining Transformations

PreCalc 12 1.4 Inverse of a Relation
Date: _______________________

• sketching the graph of the inverse of a relation

• determining if a relation and its inverse are functions

• determining the equation of an inverse

Introductory Activity: Complete from pages 44-45 in your textbook.

Answer # 1-3 below.

y
1
1. ()
f x = x−5
4

Key Points on Image Points on

the graph of f(x) the graph of g(x)

2. c)
3. a)
b)
c)
Chp 1 – Transformations page 26
1.4 Inverses
The inverse of a relation (or function) is found by ______________________ the x-coordinates
and y-coordinates of the ordered pairs of the relation or function.

Mapping notation: (x, y)→ ( , ). This means that the graphs of a relation (or function) and its
inverse are _____________________ of each other in the line y = x.

−1
When the inverse of f is itself a function, it is denoted as f and

read as “f inverse”

a)

Chp 1 – Transformations page 27 1.4 Inverses

b) Relation D =
R=
Inverse Relation D =
R=

c) horizontal line test

Page 47
Complete this question in your notebook (use graph paper!)
#1

y
10

a) use graph

b) use graph
-10 x
10

c)

-10
Page 48
Complete this question in your notebook (use graph paper!)
#2

Chp 1 – Transformations page 28 1.4 Inverses

a) b)

a) b)
y y
10 10

-10 x -10 x
10 10

-10 -10

Page Complete this question in your notebook (use graph paper!)

#3 50

Assignment → pages 51-55 # 2, 3, 4, 5bdf, 6, 8bc, 11, 12bde, 14bd,

15bd, pick one of 16-18, 20, C1, C2
Extension # 21

Chp 1 – Transformations page 29 1.4 Inverses

Answers for ‘Your Turn’ Problems
ANSWERS
1.1 Translations

1.2a Reflections

Chp 2 – Radical Functions page 30 ANSWERS to ‘Your Turn’ Problems

1.2b Stretches (Expansions & Compressions)

Chp 2 – Radical Functions page 31 ANSWERS to ‘Your Turn’ Problems

1.3 Combining Transformations

Chp 2 – Radical Functions page 32 ANSWERS to ‘Your Turn’ Problems

1.4 Inverses

Chp 2 – Radical Functions page 33 ANSWERS to ‘Your Turn’ Problems