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Computer Aided
Software
Engineering (CASE)
Tools /lec5
Marrwa alabajee
 Contents

1 The taxonomy of CASE-Systems by their function

 Software Metrics
?What is Software Metrics
A software metric is a measurable or countable
measure of software characteristics. Software
engineering metrics can be used for a range of
things, such as evaluating software performance,
planning work items, estimating productivity.
Software metrics are related to the four functions
of management: Planning, Organization, Control,
or Improvement.

How can Software Metrics be Used?

Software development metrics can be used by
project owners, project managers, developers, and
quality assurance teams.
 Software Metrics
Categories of Software Metrics
❖ Product Metrics - Size, complexity, performance, and
quality level of the product are all factors to consider.

❖ Process Metrics - To optimize software development and

maintenance, process metrics can be used. Eliminating the
faults rate during development, and the time it takes for a
fixed operation to complete, They are used to measure the
characteristics of methods, techniques, and tools that are
used for developing software.

❖ Project Metrics - The characteristics and execution of a

project are described by project metrics. The number of
software developers, cost, scheduling, and productivity
are all examples of factors to consider.
 Metrics and management tools

Software metrics improve a manager's ability to

control and coordinate the software engineering
process and a practitioner's ability to improve the
quality of the software that is produced. Today's
metrics or measurement tools focus on process and
product characteristics.

Technically oriented tools determine technical metrics

that provide greater insight into the quality of design
or code.
 Metrics and management tools

object oriented Software metrics provides

measurements at two levels: class-level and
system-level.
Class-level metrics measure the complexity of
individual classes contained in the system. These
metrics can be very useful for predicting defect rates
and estimating cost and schedule of future
development projects. for Example class coupling.

System-level metrics deal with a collection of classes

that comprise an object-oriented system for example
number of class hierarchies .
 Metrics and management tools
Management-oriented tools capture project specific
metrics such as Size-oriented metrics or Function-oriented
metrics.
Size-oriented metrics focus on the size of the software and
are usually expressed as kilo lines of code (KLOC).Some
examples include:
Errors per KLOC, Defects per KLOC, Cost per KLOC.

Function-oriented metrics focus on how much functionality

software offers. But functionality cannot be measured
directly. So function-oriented software metrics rely on
calculating the function point (FP),it is a unit of
measurement that quantifies the business functionality
provided by the product.
Errors per FP or Defects per FP.
 Documentation tools

software Documentation is any written document that

explains how a piece of software works, why it was built,
and how it is intended to be used. Depending on the
complexity of your software, your documentation can
contain information on the general use of the product and
in-depth dives into functions and features.

The deliverable documents should be organized

graphically and should be able to incorporate text and
diagrams from the central repository. This helps in
producing up-to-date documentation.
 Documentation tools
Document production tools support nearly every aspect of
software engineering and represent a substantial
opportunity for all software developers.

Most software development organizations spend a

substantial amount of time developing documents, and in
many cases the documentation process itself is quite
inefficient.

It is not unusual for a software development organization to

spend as much as 20 or 30 percent of all software
development effort on documentation.
For this reason, documentation tools provide an important
opportunity to improve productivity.
 Documentation tools
Best Software Documentation Tools

Document360, Nuclino, GitHub, MarkdownPad

Nuclino: is a good way to organize information within

teams into workspaces. You can use Nuclino to create
beautiful software documentation for your employees or
your customers. You can bring your content to life with text,
images, videos, files, tasks, code blocks, and more.
You can collaborate in real-time so you can see the
changes your team members are making as they type,
which means there’s no risk of version conflicts. You can
type @ inside an item to link to another page.
 System software tools
System software refers to the low-level software that
manages and controls a computer’s hardware and provides
basic services to higher-level software, example
Communication software, .

with System software tools the CASE environment

must accommodate high-quality network system
software, object management services, distributed
component support, electronic mail, and other
communication capabilities.
 Quality assurance tools
quality define as “a characteristic or attribute of something.”
As an attribute of an item, quality refers to measurable
characteristics—things we are able to compare to known
standards such as length, color, electrical properties.

Nevertheless, measures of a program’s characteristics do

exist. These properties include cyclomatic complexity,
cohesion, number of function points, lines of code.

A project isn’t successful just because it’s been completed

on time and within budget. There’s another project
constraint that is critical to success: quality. Stakeholders
aren’t going to be happy if the quality of the product or
service doesn’t meet their expectations. So, how can
project managers control quality? Quality assurance
 Quality assurance tools
Quality assurance (QA) is a quality management process
that consists of establishing standards, guidelines and
procedures to prevent quality issues and maintain the
integrity of the product or service throughout its
development.

The majority of CASE tools that claim to focus on

quality assurance are actually metrics tools that audit
source code to determine compliance with language
standards.
Other tools extract technical metrics in an effort to
project the quality of the software that is being built.
 Database management tools
Database management tools

Database management software serves as a

foundation for the establishment of a CASE database
(repository) that we have called the project database.

Given the emphasis on configuration objects, database

management tools for CASE are evolving from
relational database management systems to
object-oriented database management systems.
 Database management tools

RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System. It is a

database management system based on the relational model i.e. the
data and relationships are represented by a collection of inter-related
tables. It is a DBMS that enables the user to create, update, administer
and interact with a relational database. Its like MS SQL Server, Oracle,
MySQL, and Microsoft Access.

OODBMS stands for Object-Oriented Database Management System.

It is a DBMS where data is represented in the form of objects, as used
in object-oriented programming. OODB implements object-oriented
concepts such as classes of objects, object identity, encapsulation,
and inheritance. An object-oriented database stores complex data as
compared to relational database. Some examples of OODBMS are
Objectivity/DB.
 Software Configuration Management
Software Configuration Management (SCM) is extremely
important from the view of deployment of software
applications.

SCM controls deployment of new software versions.

Software configuration management can be integrated with
an automated solution that manages distributed
deployment.

This helps companies to bring out new releases much

more efficiently and effectively. It also reduces cost, risk
and accelerates time.
 Software Configuration Management
A current IT department of an organization has complex
applications to manage .
These applications may be deployed on many locations and
are critical systems.
Thus, these systems must be maintained with very high
efficiency and low cost and time.

The problem for IT organizations has increased

tremendously as some of the organizations may need to
rebuild and redeploy new software versions a week over
multi-platform global networks.
 Software Configuration Management
In such a situation, if rebuilding of application versions is
built or deployed manually using a spreadsheet, then it
requires copying of rebuilt software to many software
locations, which will be very time consuming and error
prone.
What about an approach where newer software versions are
automatically built and deployed into several distributed
locations through a centralized control.

Thus, an automatic deployment tool will be of great use

under the control of SCM.
 Software Configuration Management tools
Software Configuration Management (SCM) tools
Software configuration management lies at the kernel of
every CASE environment. Tools can assist in all five major
SCM tasks:

Identification.
Version control.
Change control.
Auditing.
Status accounting.
 Software Configuration Management tools
Software Configuration Management (SCM) tools

The CASE database provides a mechanism for identifying

each configuration item and relating it to other items;

the change control process can be implemented with the

aid of specialized tools; easy access to individual
configuration items facilitates the auditing process; and
CASE communication tools can greatly improve status
accounting (reporting information about changes to all who
need to know).
 Analysis and design tools
at the analysis level: The models contain a representation
of data, function, and behavior .

Analysis Tools: These tools help to gather requirements,

automatically check for any inconsistency, inaccuracy in the
diagrams, data redundancies or erroneous omissions.

at the design level: characterizations of data, architectural,

component-level, and interface design.

Design Tools: These tools help software designers to

design the block structure of the software, which may
further be broken in smaller modules using refinement
techniques and provides
detailing of each module and interconnections among
modules.
 Analysis and design tools
Several diagramming techniques are used for structured
analysis and structured design, A CASE tool should
support one or more of the structured analysis and design
technique.

The CASE tool should support effortlessly drawing analysis

and design diagrams. The CASE tool should support
drawing fairly complex diagrams and preferably through a
hierarchy of levels.

It should provide easy navigation through different levels

and through design and analysis.

The tool must support completeness and consistency

checking across the design and analysis and through all
levels of analysis hierarchy.
 Prototyping and Simulation (PRO/SIM) tools
We have already seen that prototyping is useful to
understand the requirements of complex software
products, to demonstrate a concept, to market new ideas,
and so on. The prototyping CASE tool’s requirements are
as follows:

Define user interaction.

Define the system control flow.
Store and retrieve data required by the system.
Incorporate some processing logic
 Prototyping and Simulation (PRO/SIM) tools
There are several stand alone prototyping tools. But a tool
that integrates with the data dictionary can make use of the
entries in the data dictionary, help in populating the data
dictionary and ensure the consistency between
the design data and the prototype.
A good prototyping tool should support the following
features:
- Since one of the main uses of a prototyping CASE tool is
graphical user interface (GUI) development, a
prototyping CASE tool should support the user to create
a GUI using a graphics editor. The user should be
allowed to define all data entry forms and menus.

- It should integrate with the data dictionary of a CASE

environment.
 Prototyping and Simulation (PRO/SIM) tools
- If possible, it should be able to integrate with external
user defined modules written in C or some popular high
level programming languages.

- The run time system of prototype should support mock

up run of the actual system and management of the
input and output data.

Example is Figma , Invision , Proto.io

Figma is a collaborative user interface design tool that lets
users work together to create vibrant and interactive
prototypes. Since its release in 2016, Figma has become a
popular tool both in the web design industry and in online
communities. Users can collaborate and share templates
and designs with millions of users across the globe.
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