SPORTS

MANAGEMENT
- Scientific theory of management by was developed by Fredrick taylor.
 Features of Management

• Management is Goal-Oriented

• Management integrates Human, Physical and Financial Resources

• Management is Continuous

• Management is all Pervasive

• Management is a Group Activity

 Management Functions

According to Henry Fayol, “To manage is to forecast and plan, to

organize, to command, & to control”. Whereas

Luther Gullick has given a keyword ’POSDCORB’ where P stands for

Planning, O for Organizing, S for Staffing, D for Directing, Co for Co-
ordination, R for Reporting & B for Budgeting.

But the most widely accepted are functions of management given by

KOONTZ and O’DONNEL i.e. Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing and
Controlling.
 Management theories

Management theories are the set of general rules that guide the
managers to manage an organization.

Management theories (also known as "Transactional theories") focus

on the role of supervision, organization, and group performance.
Theories are an explanation to assist employees to effectively relate
to the business goals and implement effective means to achieve the
same.
1. The Classical theory of management
a) Scientific Management
b) Bureaucratic Management
c) Administrative Management

2. Neo-Classical Theory
a) Behavioral Science Approach

3. The Modern Management Theories

a) Quantitative Approach
b) System Approach
c) Contingency Approach
 Scientific Management
• Need for developing a scientific way of performing each job.

• Training & preparing workers to perform that particular job

• Piece-Rate Incentive System – maximum pieces produced
incentives received accordingly.

• Time-and-Motion study – jobs are broken down into various

small tasks or motions & unnecessary motions are removed to
find out the best way of doing a job.

• Frank Gilbreth (1868-1924) is the “Father of Motion Study”.

• Horizontal axis – time, work scheduled & work completed.

• Vertical axis – individuals & machines assigned.
 Bureaucratic Management

Weber believed that bureaucracy was the most efficient way to

set up and manage an organization, and absolutely necessary
for larger companies to achieve maximum productivity with
many employees and tasks. Overall, Weber's ideal bureaucracy
favors efficiency, uniformity and a clear distribution of power.

Major characteristics of Weber’s Ideal Bureaucracy

• Work specialization & division of labour

• Abstract rules & regulations
• Impersonality of managers
• Hierarchy of organization structure
 Administrative Management
This theory focuses on principles that could be used by managers to
coordinate the internal activities of organizations.

Henry Fayol, also known as the ‘father of modern management theory’ gave a new
perception of the concept of management.

Operations of an organization could be divided into 6 activities.

• Technical – producing & manufacturing products.

• Commercial – buying, selling & exchange.
•Financial – search for & optimal use of capital.
• Security – protecting employees & property.
• Accounting – recording & taking stack of costs, profits & liabilities, maintaining
balance sheets & compiling statistics.
• Managerial – planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating & controlling.
 Fourteen Principles of Management By Henri Fayol

1. Division of Work 11. Equity

2. Authority and Responsibility 12. Stability
3. Discipline 13. Initiative
4. Unity of Command 14. Esprit de Corps
5. Unity of Direction
6. Subordination of Individual Interest
7. Remuneration
8. Centralization
9. Scalar Chain
10. Order
 Neo-Classical Theory

Neoclassical theory has made significant contribution to an understanding

of human behavior at work and in organization. It has generated
awareness of the overwhelming role of human factor in industry.

This approach has given new ideas and techniques for better
understanding of human behavior.

The basic features of neoclassical approach are:

(i)The business organization is a social system.

(ii) Human factor is the most important element in the social system.

(iii) It revealed the importance of social and psychological factors in

determining worker productivity and satisfaction.
 Systems Approach

The system approach is to look upon management as a system or as “an

organized whole” made up of subsystems integrated into a unity or orderly
totality.

System approach is based on the generalization that everything is inter-

related and inter-dependent.

A system is composed of related and dependent element which, when in

interaction, forms a unitary whole.

A system is simply an assemblage or combination of things or parts forming

a complex whole.
 Contingency or Situational Approach

A contingency approach is an approach, where behavior of one sub-

unit is dependent on its environment and relationship to other units
or sub-units that have some control over the sequences desired by
that sub- unit.”

Contingency approach is an improvement over the systems approach.

 Management Theories

What do we mean by Management Theories?

Management theories are the set of general rules that guide the
managers to manage an organization. Theories are an explanation to
assist employees to effectively relate to the business goals and implement
effective means to achieve the same.

General Management Theories:

There are four general management theories.

1.Frederick Taylor – Theory of Scientific Management (1890-1940)

2.Henri Fayol – Administrative Management Theory.

3.Max Weber - Bureaucratic Theory of Management(1930-1950)

4.Elton Mayo – Behavioral Theory of Management (Hawthorne Effect).

 THEORIES OF MANAGEMENT IN FIGURE –

Scientific Management Theory (worker specific)

1) Classical theory Bureaucratic Management

Administrative view (Whole organization specific)

Hawthorne Experiment

2) Behavioral theory

Interpersonal perspective (Human approach)

System perspective

3) New theory

Contingency theory

I. CLASSICALAPPROACH (1900 – 1930)

It is a formal system of organization clearly defines hierarchy levelsand

roles in order to maintain efficiency and effectiveness.

1. Henri fayol’s administrative management theory:

Fayol, and others like him, are responsible for building the foundations of
modern management theory. His practical list of principles helped early 20thcentury
managers learn how to organize and interact with their employees in a productive
way.
 Henri Fayol known as the Father Of Management laid down the 14 principles
ofManagement.-

1. Division of Work – When employees are specialized, output can increase because
theybecome increasingly skilled and efficient.
2. Authority – Managers must have the authority to give orders, but they must also
keep inmind that with authority comes responsibility.
3. Discipline – Discipline must be upheld in organizations, but methods for doing so
canvary.
4. Unity of Command – Employees should have only one direct supervisor.
5. Unity of Direction – Teams with the same objective should be working under the
direction of one manager, using one plan. This will ensure that action is properly
coordinated.
6. Subordination of Individual Interests to the General Interest – The interests of
one employee should not be allowed to become more important than those of the
group. This includes managers.
7. Remuneration(payment for work done) – Employee satisfaction depends on fair
remuneration for everyone. This includes financial and non-financial compensation.
8. Centralization – This principle refers to how close employees are to the decision-
makingprocess. It is important to aim for an appropriate balance.
9. Scalar Chain – Employees should be aware of where they stand in the organization's
hierarchy, or chain of command.
10. Order – The workplace facilities must be clean, tidy and safe for employees.
Everything should have its place.
11. Equity – Managers should be fair to staff at all times, both maintaining discipline as
necessary and acting with kindness where appropriate.
12. Stability of Tenure of Personnel – Managers should strive to minimize employee
turnover. Personnel planning should be a priority.
13. Initiative – Employees should be given the necessary level of freedom to create and
carry out plans.
14. Esprit de Corps – Organizations should strive to promote team spirit and unity. It is a
feeling of pride and mutual loyality shared by the members of a group.

2). Frederick taylor’s theory of scientific management:

Taylor’s theory of scientific management aimed at, improving economic

efficiency, especially labor productivity. Taylor had a simple view about, what
motivated people at work, - money. He felt that, workers should get a, fair
day'spay for a fair day's work, and that pay, should be linked to the amount
 produced. Therefore he introduced the, DIFFERENTIAL PIECE RATE
SYSTEM, of paying wages to the workers.

Four Principles of Scientific Management are:

1) Time and motion study
2)Teach, train and develop the workman with improved methods of doing
work.
3) Interest of employer & employeesshould be fully harmonized so as to
secure mutually understandingrelations between them.
4) Establish fair levels of performance and pay a premium for higher
performance.

. 3. MAX WEBER’S BUREAUCRATIC THEORY OF MANAGEMENT:

Weber made a distinction between authority and power. Weber believed that
power educes obedience through force or the threat of force which induces
individuals to adhere to regulations. According to Max Weber, there are three
types of power in an organization:-

1.Traditional Power
2.Charismatic Power
3. Bureaucratic Power or Legal Power.

4. Elton mayo’s behavioral theory of management:

Elton Mayo's experiments showed an increase in worker productivity was

produced by the psychological stimulus of being singled out, involved, and made to
feel important. Hawthorne Effect, can be summarized as “Employees will respond
positively to any novel change in work environment like better illumination, clean
work stations, relocating workstations etc. Employees are more productive because
they know they are being studied.

a) Hawthorne effect – Focused on behavioral in work place. According to

them human element is most important.
Elton mayo explained, “A happy worker is a good worker”.
Man is a measure of all the things, satisfy them”.

5. Interpersonal Relationships theory-

 Human relation approach is explained by Harold koontz called as “human
relations”, “Leadership”, or behavioral sciences”. This approach explains and
concentrates on the “people” part of management and rests on the principle that
where people work together as groups in order to accomplish objectives, “people
should understand people”.

6. SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT THEORY(Ludwing Ven)

Systems management offers an alternative approach to the planning and

management of organizations. The systems management theory proposes that
businesses, like the human body, consists of multiple components that work
harmoniously so that the larger system can function optimally. According to the
theory, the success of an organization depends on several key elements: synergy,
interdependence, and interrelations between various subsystems.

7. CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT THEORY

The main concept behind the contingency management theory is that no one
management approach suits every organization. There are several external and internal
factors that will ultimately affect the chosen management approach. The contingency
theory identifies three variables that are likely to influence an organization’s structure:
the size of an organization, technology being employed, and style of leadership.

Fred Fiedler is the theorist behind the contingency management theory.

8. Decision making and leadership approach–

Davis (1951) considered as “the function of working leadership anywhere. This is
the work of planning, organizing and controlling action of the organization to achieve the
organizational objectives.
 LEADERSHIP STYLES –

Authoritarian or Autocratic

- TRADITIONAL Democratic or equalitarian Style

Laissez faire

1. Supportive Leadership: Leaders are more attentive towards the welfare and individual needs of the
subordinates.
2. Directive Leadership: Leaders establish the standards of performance for the subordinates and
expect them to adhere to the rules and regulations. They provide complete guidance to the
subordinates.
3. Participative or Democratic Leadership: Leaders invite opinions and suggestions from the
subordinates while making decisions.
4. Autocratic or Authoritative Leadership: Leaders have the complete hold over the subordinates
and do not entertain opinions, suggestions, questions and complains. They take all the decisions
solely without the participation of subordinates.
5. Charismatic Leadership: Charismatic Leader has an extraordinary and powerful personality and
acts as a role model for his followers who follow him blindly.
6. Laissez-faire or Delegative Leadership: Leaders are lenient and assign authority and responsibility
to the subordinates. The subordinates are free to work as they like to and take their own decisions
with the minimal interference of the management. Laissez-faire is one of the least effective styles of
leadership.
7. Transformational Leadership: Transformational Leaders initiates a revolutionary change in the
behaviour, perception and attitude of the subordinates. They motivate and inspire the subordinates to
develop their own skills to perform better and ultimately accomplish the vision of the organisation.
8. Transactional Leadership: Transactional Leaders believe in motivating subordinates through
rewards and incentives and discouraging them through punishments.
9. Bureaucratic Leadership: Bureaucratic leaders use their position to exercise power and strict
control over the subordinates. The subordinates have to be in complete discipline and are promoted
on the basis of their capability to comply with the rules and regulations of the organization.

MODERN MANAGEMENT STYLE

i) Scientific Management (By Taylor)

ii) Process Approach/Administrative Approach (By Henry Fayol)
iii) The Hawthorne Effect (By Elton Mayo)
iv) Management by objectives (By peter Drucker)
v) Bureaucratic Management
vi) Technocratic Management
MANAGEMENT STYLE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION – Eclectic Management

Finance Management

Introduction
Finances are the nuts and bolts of running a sport club. You need money to run a sport
club and therefore you need to budget for your expenses, live within your means, and keep records to
account for it all. The purpose of this chapter is to teach you to administer your club’s finance as easy
as possible.

BUDGETING

Budgeting financial resources is a process that a club’s leaders ask club managers to
accomplish. Budgeting is an administrative activity required in any size of club, whether an
emerging or competitive sport club. The bigger the club, the more complex budgeting will
become. Whatever the case, budgeting is an effective method of control and evaluation.

Definition: Budgeting

“A management plan estimating anticipated income and expenses for a period of time”

Elements of a budget

Sport club managers needs to develop an operational budget that details various
expenses expected in operating a club. Basic elements within such a budget include the
following:

1. Fixed costs
 A cost that will not fluctuate over the course of a budgetary cycle
 E xa mp le
 Rent or mortgage on a property
 Insurance premiums
 Salaries
 Contracted services like lawn care service, trash removal
2. Variable costs
 A cost that will fluctuate based on usage over the course of a budgetary cycle
 E xa mp le
 Utilities such as water and electricity
 Equipment and uniform
 Office supplies
  Maintenance
 Tournaments
 Affiliation fees

3. Capital expenditures
 M a j o r one-time purchases that are outside the normal operating expenses
 E xa mp le
 A scrum machine
 Electronic score board
 Flood light

PLANNING –
Planning is the foremost function in sports as it gives a view of future course of action. To be
effective, a plan should be specific, logical, flexible and complete in all aspects and should assist in
controlling future events. A plan must comprehend all the other functions of management like
organising, staffing, directing and controlling in order to achieve the predetermined goals. In sports
and sports events, planning plays important role to make the event run smoothly, effectively and
remain free from conflict. Effective planning must clearly define aims, goals and objectives of the
event. It should also explain the procedure or method to achieve the target in simple and easy to
understand language. A sports plan should be prepared in a professional manner incorporating the
elements of commitment, enjoyment and voluntary effort.

According to Koontz and O’ Donnell, “Planning is an intellectual process, conscious

determination of course of action, the basing of decision on purpose, facts and considered estimates.”

McFarland has defined Planning as “a concept of executive action that embodies the skills
Of anticipating, influencing and controlling the nature and direction of change.”

Peter Drucker defined as “planning is the continuous process of making present

entrepreneurial decisions systematically and with best possible knowledge their futurity, organizing
systematically the efforts needed to carry out these decisions and measuring the results of these
decisions against the expectation through organised systematic feedback.”

Thus, planning is an intellectual activity, which involves selection of the most viable
processes from among the alternatives. It is a systematic attempt to anticipate the future course of
action and decide the most suitable one.
Objectives of Planning

 Goal oriented: Planning is a goal-oriented activity, i.e., it gives direction and vision to the
conducting of sports events. Without determining the goal, a plan cannot be executed. for
example,Will the event be Intramural or Extramural?, where (venue)?, when (time)? and how
many events (as per interest, feasibility, infrastructure, number of participants) etc.

 Policy: Development of a policy is very important to set boundaries for overall conduct of the
event. This will serve as a guide and assist in decision making.

 Economy: Planning helps in cost reduction, as it increases coordination and financial control.
Budget should be prepared in quantitative terms, covering all aspects of the sports events
which are to be conducted.

 Defining the course of action: Good planning fixes the procedure. Procedure describes the
steps to be taken to accomplish a task keeping in view the policies and predetermined
objectives. It helps in standardizing the work of committees, heads or individuals.

 Rules and regulations: Guidelines comprising rules and regulations of games or tournament
should be prepared and published well in advance to keep the scope for subjectivity and bias
in judgement very low. It makes the process independent and self-sustainable.

 Strategy: It provides the way through which an organisation can successfully achieve its
goals, i.e., successfully conduct the event. To achieve long term goals the organisation must
draw a strategic plan and rigorously follow the same.

Formation of Committees

To organise any sports event, various committees are formed for its systematic and smooth
conduct.

Formation of committees should be based on three levels of management – top, middle and
lower levels. Depending upon the level or area of the sports event, people are chosen to appropriate
committees. For example, for an intramural event, members of the governing body or the Principal
will remain the top level of management, whereas in an extramural event, the Director/Deputy
Director/Supervisor of the state/ zone may be at the top level of management.

They prepare polices or aims and objectives of the sports event. Middle level of management
consists of department heads, physical education teachers etc, to execute policies and achieve aims
and objectives. The Lower level of management consists of teachers, administrators, finance officers
etc. They implement the orders and directives of the top level.

SEQUENCE OF AN ORGANIZATION –

International sports federation

National Sports Association

Sports State Association

District Sports Association

Sports Club

There is no fixed number of committees to be constituted to organise a sports event; it

depends on the number of participants, level of event, area of specialization, dedication of volunteers
etc.

Different other committees -

1. Logistics Committee

This committee has a wider scope of work ranging from transportation, boarding and lodging
to refreshment, decoration and conducting ceremonies that form a part of the event. This committee
may have various sub-committees as per requirement. The Logistics Committee looks after the
Opening Ceremony, hires photographer/ videographer, makes arrangements for the Victory
Ceremony and the Closing Ceremony including arrangement of refreshment, decoration, reception,
entertainment, light and sound, Medical aspect etc.

2. Technical Committee

This committee covers the technical aspect of the events like requisitions to procure sports
equipment, conducting matches on time through selected officials (referees, umpires, judges,
timekeepers etc.) for their respective games/sports.
 3. Finance Committee

The role of the Finance Committee is primarily to provide financial oversight for the event. It
is involved in all aspects related to the finances of the sports event like planning, accounting,
decision-making etc. Finalization of sponsorship, keeping an eye on inflow and outflow of finances,
purchase of equipment and other items required for conducting the event, settling payments of
officials are key areas of focus of the committee. It is the backbone of the sports
tournament.

Check list to organising a sports event

1. Formation of Organising Committees

2. Establishment of Objectives
3. Theme of the event
4. Date of the event
5. Place of the event
6. Budget
7. Sponsorship
8. Marketing (Campaign)
9. Invitations to teams and guests
10. Conformation of teams
11.Logistics (Accommodations, Refreshments, Transportation, Medical Staff, Water, table, chairs,
flags, notice board)
12.Checking on the sponsors
Drawing Fixtures and layout of field
14. Rules and Regulations
15. Arrangement of Equipment and score sheets
16. Arrangement of Referees and Prizes
17. Direction to the stadium (Sign posts)
18. Briefing of Volunteers and staff
19. Decorations
20. Practice and warm up Area
21. Security
22. Photographers
23. Approvals License and NOCs

INTRAMURAL

The meaning of the word ‘intramural’ is “within the walls”. In context of sports, it refers to a
tournament conducted within the walls of a single institution/ school/ community. Intramural
competitions/tournament are conducted within players of one institution. The tournament may be an
event/ game /more than one games and sports conducted in one day or more or in a month or a year,
eg., Sports Day, Sports Festival, Athletics Meet, Swimming Meet, Badminton Tournament
conducted among Houses, Classes, Hostels, Residents etc. of a school/institution.
Objectives of Intramural Tournaments

Lets understand few important objective of intramural tournaments.

1. To encourage mass participation in sports in an institution.

2. To focus on all-round development of children.
3. To develop values like fair play, respect, friendship through sports.
4. To provide first opportunity to compete in a controlled environment.
5. To focus on fitness, wellness and health aspects of children.
6. To promote curricular integration through sports.
7.To help children to develop personality (first stage of leadership, control of emotions, corporation
etc.)

Significance of Intramural Tournaments

 Selection for extramural: Intramural Tournaments provide an opportunity to select a player

or team to participate in Extramural Tournaments. Players demonstrate skill and fitness in
events which becomes the base for selection of a player or team.

 Group cohesion: This is an opportunity where students from different Classes or Houses
come together in a team, share their experiences, display cooperation and coordination and
lead the team to win the game. Students from different background, and communities come
together as a group and gain self-confidence, develop social relations, tolerance in culture etc.

 Professional experience: As per the interest of students and need of institution, students
become a helping hand in conducting the tournament which gives them good experience of
officiating, in event management etc.

 Recreation: Joy and entertainment are the outcome of Intramural physical activities. The
elements of happiness and enjoyment are always there because activities are not so
competitive, which makes intramural events successful.

 Mass participation: Such activities are meant for all the students of the institution not only
for sportspersons or players.

EXTRAMURALTOURNAMENTS

The word ‘extramural’ means “outside the boundary or walls”. In Sports Extramural
Tournaments are the tournaments conducted outside or beyond the walls of the organising unit that
may be a school/college/institution. Such tournaments are conducted between two or more
players/teams of different schools/colleges/ institutions. For example, Zonal, Inter- District, State,
National or International Tournaments.
 Objectives of Extramural Tournaments

Extramural tournaments are very popular and an essential part of educational organisation,
and communities, where a common team represents a school, colleges or group and promote
participating or organising various inter institution competitions for engaging children and youth into
various types of benefits. Lets understand few important objective of intramural tournaments.

1. To achieve high performance at highest level of the tournament.

2. To develop the feeling of integration with other institutions
3. To provide opportunities for choosing a career in sports
4. To promote social, cultural, economic development through sports.

Significance of Extramural Tournaments

 Progression in performance: Extramural Tournament helps to lift the level of performance

through the athletes and sportspersons gaining experience, learning to prepare tactics and
strategies, developing fitness, psychological preparation etc.

 Psychological factors: Extramural events help to balance psychological factors like stress,
confidence, self-esteem, emotions, and promote qualities like leadership, team building, in
students.

 Level of fitness: As the level of tournament increases, gradually the level of fitness improves,
that make an individual physically as well as mentally strong to compete at higher levels.

 Socialization: Such tournaments held among different communities, regions, countries etc.
increase cross cultural exchange, inter community association etc. in which individuals get a
chance to know and understand different places, cultures, etc. which leads to closer ties.
 Methods of Teaching
Introduction
Methods and preparation of general lesson plan- Fixtures: single knock out and single league
organization of an athletic meet-hangout, Basic bail- Rules and Regulation of Badminton, Cricket,
Football, Hockey, Kabbadi and Volley ball-organization of intramural and extra mural competitions
and tournament.

Objectives
· Use the various methods in teaching physical science
· Understand and able to write a lesson plan with proper components
· Know the concept of Intramural and Extramural competition
· Describe the rules and regulations of the games

METHODS OF TEACHING PHYSICALACTIVITIES

Good teachers know what to teach, how to teach and understand the need of their wards. In
addition, they are able to communicate effectively, can plan for and organize classes efficiently and
have a deep commitment to the optimal development of the pupil.

TEACHING METHODS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Teaching methods may generally be classified into two areas: methods that are teacher
centered and methods that are student-centered. However, the organization of classes for optimum
learning is managerial in nature.

The following are few methods of teaching of physical education:

1. Command Method:
In this method, learning-process is completely dominated by the teacher. The teacher’s role is all
pervasive and student’s role is limited to obedience only. This method is useful in teaching drill,
marching, set drills such dumbbells, hoops, wands, poles, mass drills, control of general assemblies,
rallies and parades.

2. Lecture Method
Class room corollary of the command style is known as the lecture style. But it allows adequate
opportunities to the pupils to ask/probe questions. Inspection of teacher continues to have full control
of the class-room atmosphere.

3. Demonstration Method
Demonstration method is based on the theory of learning by imitation. A perfect demonstration of an
activity or skill catalyzes mental processes and serves as a model for its practice.
4. Discussion Method
Discussion method is the most democratic style of teaching, which is useful for the interpretation of
rules and regulations of games, tactics and techniques of performance, game strategies and
officiating.

5. Reciprocal Method
In this method, one student acts as the performer while another student evaluates his/her performance
as the teacher.

6. Individual Programme Method

In this method, there is an opportunity for self-motivated learning and decision-making over a more
prolonged period of time. The chief objective of individual programme style is to make the pupils
self-reliant in monitoring and assessing their own performance. Each student is required to learn a
separate unit of subject matter with self-directed efforts.

7. Guided Discovery Method

This style uses the process of inquiry to lead the students to the discovery of desired end product. In
this method, the teacher makes certain statements on few stimulating questions so as to present a
clear background of the subject and to bring students to a common point of understanding.

8. Inductive Method
This method is a combination of other teaching methods, where the task method is followed by
presentation (demonstration, explanation and lecture) and co-operative method (movement and
discussion)

9. Deductive Method
In deductive method too, the other methods of teaching are arranged in a particular sequence, in
which, presentation method is on the priority (demonstration, explanation, and lecture) followed by
co-operative method (movement practice and discussion) and task method (observation, assignment,
project etc.)

10. Whole Method

In this method, the technique/skill are taught through demonstration and explanation and is practiced
as a whole, where the learners are introduced with the movement/technique as a whole. It aims at the
perception of the skill as a whole in terms of developing rough coordination i.e. the learner is able to
do the complete movement but may be with several errors and mistakes.

11. Part Method

In this method the technique/skill are taught, demonstrated, explained and practiced by part. This
method start with the acquisition of fine co-operation i.e., the learner is able to do the movement
nearly perfectly under normal conditions, but he/she is unable to do so under changed or difficult
conditions. This method is characterized by high training volume, increased amount of movement
correction and erratic progress in motor learning. The skill to be learnt is divided in different parts
and each is taught/learnt separately. Learning by this method results in the mastery on each part but
lacks a joint/combined effort for performing the complete skill.
12. Part-Whole method
In this method, the skill to be learnt is divided in different parts, each part is taught and learnt
separately and afterwards all these parts are combined gradually to learn the skill completely.

18. Whole-Part-Whole Method

In this method, the technique/skill is introduced by demonstrating and explaining it as a
whole to the students in order to create and develop a rough image about the technique/skill
and learnt by the students in the same manner. Then the skill is divided into different parts
and each part is taught and learnt separately i.e. part by part. Here, the skill perceived as a
whole, is practiced in different parts of difficult situations and are corrected at each level for
perfection and detailed learning. Once again, the skill is performed as a whole with the
purpose of achieving fine co-ordination, mastery of the technique and stabilization of
movement execution under different and difficult situations. This method of teaching of
physical activities is considered the best among all particularly for learning the most difficult
technique/skill.

LESSON PLAN
Definition of Planning
According to L. Urwick, “planning is fundamentally a mental predisposition to things in
an orderly way, to thing before acting and to act in the light of facts rather than to guesses”.
According to Koontz and O’Donnell, “Planning is an intellectual process, the conscious
determination of course of action, the basing of decisions on purpose, facts and considered
estimates”.

ELEMENTS OF GOOD LESSON PLAN

1. A good lesson plan is usually a written statement.
2. In a good lesson plan, objectives are clearly stated.
3. The lesson plan is built on the perceptive background of the class.
4. The material for instruction or subject matter is selected in an organized manner.
5. A good lesson plan indicates well selected and directed learning activities of students.
6. The plan indicated teaching techniques to be used by the teacher.
7.The plan indicates all apparatus that can be used for the particular period. i.e. charts
diagrams, audio visual aids etc.
8. A good lesson plan provides an outline or summary of the whole lesson plan
9.A good lesson plan includes certain evaluation exercise, which may be in the form of
recapitulatory questions or problems to be solved.
10. In a good lesson plan, time allotment for each unit is clearly indicated.
11.A good lesson plan has the option for self criticism so the improvement for a future
reference may be noted.
PARTS OF GENERAL LESSON OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
General lesson of physical education is divided into the following parts:
1. Assembly & roll call
2. Warming up exercises
3. Formal activities
4. Special activities
5. Recreative activities
6. Assembly & dismissal

Assembly & Roll Call

It is very essential for the success of physical activities that student must be disciplined
and physical education must be made a regular activity. Hence students must be ordered to
gather in the school grounds. Attendance should be taken after the students have gathered.
Absentees must be noted and called next day or in the next period to explain absence.

Warming up Exercise
A certain amount of warming up is essential before indulging in any vigorous activity.
The warming up shall consist of a few informal activities like running, hopping, jumping,
skipping, imitation of the animals, locomotives etc. which are to be stated in a slower rhythm and
finished with a faster rhythm. About 1/8 of the total time of the period may conveniently be
devoted to warming up. It must be particularly note that the entire class is fully engaged in
warming up.

Formal Activities
Formal activities form an important part in a lesson because of their high physiological
values. They develop and maintain body control, body suppleness, good posture and graceful
carriage of the body. These activities are done to commands. They include calisthenics (Free
Arm exercises) ¼ of the total time of the periods is to be utilized for the formal activities.

Special Activities
The special activities may be conducted after the formal activities. It is not imperative to
include special activities in every general lesson; it included, about 1/6 of the total time may be
utilized. They include Asanas, Light apparatus, Dands, Baithaks, Lezium, Suryanamaskars, etc.

Recreative Activities
These consist of a variety of minor games, lead-up games, story plays, simple stunts and
combats, relays, etc., No lesson is complete without recreatives activities because they not only
develop the natural skills but also provide fun, pleasure and enjoyment to the participants.
Therefore ½ of the total time must essentially be devoted for these activities.

Assembly & Dismissal

As part of the class management assembly and dismissal of the student at the end of the
lesson plan form the regular class routine. At the end recreative activities, all equipment are
gathered and kept in the proper place after which the students assemble for orderly dismissal.
 TOURNAMENT

In sports, an individual generally supports a particular

team or player to win the game. Winning helps that team or
player reach the next round, and after a specified number of
matches, a player or a team wins the Championship.

Thus, Tournament is a series of games or matches

played among players or teams to determine the winner.

There are various types of tournament formats based on

advancement or elimination criteria of players or teams. Study
the three tournament formats listed below.

 Knock – Out Tournament: In a Knock-Out

Tournament a player or team continues to play matches
until it is defeated.

 League or Round Robin: In League or Round Robin

Tournament, a player or team will play the matches
that are allotted before the start of the tournament.
Fixed number of matches are given to players and
teams, and losing one or all can put them out of the
tournament. There is no provision of seeding for
extraordinary teams and players.

 Combination: They are the combination of Knock-Out

and League format. Depending upon the need and
importance of the tournament, Combination
Tournaments can be Knockout- League, League-
Knockout, Knockout-League-Knockout etc. These
tournaments are conducted when there are (a) a large
number of participants, (b) participants are spread in
different areas, (c) venues are in different zones/places
etc. In this format some of the demerits of Knockout
and League Tournaments can be eliminated.

VARIOUS TERMS –

 Bye - means a team is not required to participate in the

primary round due to allotment of draws. It should be
given to any participating team through random lottery
system.

 Seeding - is a process in which teams will be placed in

such a manner that good teams that have a ranking or
previous year’s position etc. do not meet another team
at an early stage of the tournament. This procedure is
generally implemented to reduce the chance of
elimination of good teams at an early stage. Procedure
of allotting seeding is the same as given for byes.
 TOURNAMENT

Tournament is a series of games or matches played

among players or teams to determine the winner. It
provides an opportunity to demonstrate skills, evaluate
one’s performance and motivate players to perform well,
attract people towards sports to make sports popular and
provide healthy entertainment.

“A contest of skill in which players compete in a series of

games”
“A series of games or contests that make up a single unit
of competition of a professional tour or the
championship play-offs of a league or conference”

“A competition for teams or single players in which a

series of games is played, and the winners of each game
play against each other until only one winner is left”

TYPES OF
TOURNAMENT

Knock-out League Combination

Knock – Out Tournament: In a Knock-Out
Tournament a player or team continues to play
matches until it is defeated. In this type of format,
players or teams have to consistently give their best
performance to avoid elimination. Such a tournament
saves cost and time and makes each match intensive
because of fear of elimination. Since fixtures are
drawn on the basis of lots, there is the possibility of a
match between two good teams or players even in
the early stages. In this system a good team can be
eliminated even at the earliest stage due to getting
defeated by chance or by accident.

League or Round Robin: In League or Round Robin

Tournament, a player or team will play the matches
that are allotted before the start of the tournament.
Fixed numbers of matches are given to players and
teams, and losing one or all can put them out of the
tournament. Players or teams will get equal chance to
play with each other. Thus, the true winner emerges
from this format and ranking can be prepared for all
participating players or teams. However, this format
involves more money, time and facilities as compared
to the Knock-Out Tournament and there is no
provision of seeding for extraordinary teams and
players.

Combination: They are the combination of Knock-

Out and League format. Depending upon the need
and importance of the tournament, Combination
Tournaments can be Knockout- League, League-
Knockout, Knockout-League-Knockout etc. These
tournaments are conducted when there are

(a) A large number of participants,

(b) Participants are spread in different areas,

(c) Venues are in different zones/places etc.

In this format some of the demerits of Knockout and
League Tournaments can be eliminated.
Fixtures, Byes and Seeding
We have learned about three types of
tournaments, Now we will study how we
can draw the fixtures. In sports, the term
fixtures refers to the programme listing
which team (Team A) will play whom
(Team B), where (venue), and when (time).
“Fixture is a process of arrangement the team
in systematic order in various groups for
competitive fights”

Bye - means a team is not required to

participate in the primary round due to
allotment of draws. It should be given to any
participating team through random lottery
system.
Seeding - is a process in which teams will be
placed in such a manner that good teams that
have a ranking or previous year’s position
etc. do not meet another team at an early
stage of the tournament. This procedure is
generally implemented to reduce the chance
of elimination of good teams at an early
stage.
KNOCK-OUT FIXTURE

 Total Number of Matches= Number of teams – 1

 Division of teams in different pools: If the total
number of participating teams are even in
numbers the Formula will be: N/2 {here N
represents total number of teams participating in
tournament}

If total number of participating teams is odd in

numbers then Formula will be:

 (N+1)/2 (For upper half)

 (N-1)/2 (For lower half)

 How to give Bye: We can determine the byes by

finding the difference between the number of
teams participating in the Tournament and next
power of 2 of participating Teams in the
Tournament. For example, if total number of
Teams is 12, then next power of 2 will be 16.
 Allotment of Byes: First bye will be given to last
team of Lower Half, Second bye will be given to
first team of Upper Half, Third bye will be given to
last team of Upper Half, and Fourth bye will be
given to first team of Lower Half. Same pattern
will be followed after fourth bye till the remaining
byes have been given.
Procedure to Draw League or Round Robin Fixture
In League or Round Robin Tournament each team has to
play once with all the remaining teams of the tournament.
Determine the number of matches

by applying following formula:

Number of teams = n

Total number of matches = n(n-1)/2

Here is two types of methods to fix the team in league
tournament namely Cyclic Method and Stair Case Method
Cyclic Method
In Cyclic Method, one team will be fixed in position
and the other will be placed in rotation to complete
the cycle.
Even number of teams in tournament does not require
giving of any bye to any team and to find out number
of rounds, formula will be number of teams – 1.
If the total number of teams will be even then no any
bye will be given and fixture will be this:
Total number of teams = 6, total number of rounds = 5

If the total number of teams will be odd then one bye will be given to
all the teams and the formed fixture will be like this:
 Staircase Method
In Staircase Method, one team will be fixed on the
highest step, and that team will play with all the
teams of the tournament and in next step down, the
next team will be fixed to play with other remaining
teams and so on.

Determining the winner/merit in League

Tournament.
In League or Round Robin Tournament winner/merit
will be decided on the basis of points awarded to the
teams. Example Winner = 5, Draw =3, Loser = 0.
Points tally may be as follows:

Tournament organisers must decide the rule for

the tie before tournament begins.

FIFA World cup is world largest event in term of viewership in the

world. In Football World Cup League-Knockout combination fixtures
are drawn. Starting rounds are based on League system, there are
eight groups from A to H, and each group consists of four teams. Every
team in the group has to play with the other three teams in the group.
Top two teams from each group qualify for pre-quarterfinals based on
the points table and then the knockout round starts till the finals.