Cloud

Computing
Introduction
 What is Cloud Computing?
• Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand
network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources
(e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services)
[Mell_2009], [Berkely_2009].
• It can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management
effort.
• It provides high level abstraction of computation and storage model.
• It has some essential characteristics, service models, and
deployment models.

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 Essential Characteristics
• On-Demand Self Service:
• A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, automatically
without requiring human interaction with each service’s provider.
• Heterogeneous Access:
• Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard
mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client
platforms.

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 Essential Characteristics (cont.)
• Resource Pooling:
• The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers
using a multi-tenant model.
• Different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned
according to consumer demand.
• Measured Service:
• Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resources used by
leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to
the type of service.
• It will provide analyzable and predictable computing platform.

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Service Models
• Cloud Software as a Service (SaaS):
• The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s applications
running on a cloud infrastructure.
• The applications are accessible from various client devices such as a web
browser (e.g., web-based email).
• The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage,…
• Examples: Caspio, Google Apps, Salesforce, Nivio, Learn.com.

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Service Models (cont.)
• Cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS):
• The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud
infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using
programming languages and tools supported by the provider.
• The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure.
• Consumer has control over the deployed applications and possibly
application hosting environment configurations.
• Examples: Windows Azure, Google App.

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Service Models (cont.)
• Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):
• The capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage,
networks, and other fundamental computing resources.
• The consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can
include operating systems and applications.
• The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed
applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components
(e.g., host firewalls).
• Examples: Amazon EC2, GoGrid, iland, Rackspace Cloud Servers,
ReliaCloud.

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Service Models (cont.)

Service Model at a glance: Picture From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cloud_Computing_Stack.svg

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Deployment Models
l Private Cloud:
- The cloud is operated solely for an organization. It may be
managed by the organization or a third party and may exist on
premise or off premise.

l Community Cloud:
- The cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and
supports a specific community that has shared concerns.
- It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may
exist on premise or off premise
l Public Cloud:
- The cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public
or a large industry group and it is owned by an organization
selling cloud services.

l Hybrid cloud:
- The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more
clouds (private, community, or public).
Advantages of Cloud Computing

l Cloud computing do not need high quality equipment for user, and
it is very easy to use.
l Provides dependable and secure data storage center.
l Reduce run time and response time.
l Cloud is a large resource pool that you can buy on-demand service.
l Scale of cloud can extend dynamically providing nearly infinite
possibility for users to use internet.
Infrastructure as a Service
(IaaS)
Amazon EC2
What is Infrastructure as a Service ?
• A category of cloud services which provides capability to provision
processing, storage, intra-cloud network connectivity services, and
other fundamental computing resources of the cloud infrastructure.
Source- [ITU –Cloud Focus Group]

Diagram Source: Wikipedia

Highlights of IaaS

• On demand computing resources

• Eliminate the need of far ahead planning
• No up-front commitment
• Start small and grow as required
• No contract, Only credit card!
• Pay for what you use
• No maintenance
• Measured service
• Scalability
• Reliability
What is EC2 ?

l Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) is a web service that provides

resizeable computing capacity that one uses to build and host
different software systems.
l Designed to make web-scale computing easier for developers.
l A user can create, launch, and terminate server instances as needed,
paying by the hour for active servers, hence the term "elastic".
l Provides scalable, pay as-you-go compute capacity
l Elastic - scales in both direction
EC2 Infrastructure Concepts
EC2 Concepts
• AMI & Instance
• Region & Zones
• Storage
• Networking and Security
• Monitoring
• Auto Scaling
• Load Balancer
Amazon Machine Images (AMI)

l Is an immutable representation of a set of disks that contain an operating

system, user applications and/or data.
l From an AMI, one can launch multiple instances, which are running copies of
the AMI.
AMI and Instance
• Amazon Machine Image (AMI) is a template for software
configuration (Operating System, Application Server, and
Applications)
• Instance is a AMI running on virtual servers in the cloud
• Each instance type offers different compute and memory
facilities

Diagram Source: http://docs.aws.amazon.com

Region and Zones

• Amazon have data centers in different region across the

globe
• An instance can be launched in different regions depending
on the need.
• Closer to specific customer
• To meet legal or other requirements
• Each region has set of zones
• Zones are isolated from failure in other zones
• Inexpensive, low latency connectivity between zones in same region
Storage
• Amazon EC2 provides three type of storage option
• Amazon EBS
• Amazon S3
• Instance Storage

Diagram Source: http://docs.aws.amazon.com

Elastic Block Store(EBS) volume

l An EBS volume is a read/write disk that can be created by an AMI and

mounted by an instance.
l Volumes are suited for applications that require a database, a file
system, or access to raw block-level storage.
Amazon S3

l S3 = Simple storage Service

l A SOA – Service Oriented Architecture which provides online storage
using web services.
l Allows read, write and delete permissions on objects.
l Uses REST and SOAP protocols for messaging.
Amazon SimpleDB

l Amazon SimpleDB is a highly available, flexible, and scalable non-

relational data store that offloads the work of database
administration.
l Creates and manages multiple geographically distributed replicas of
your data automatically to enable high availability and data
durability.
l The service charges you only for the resources actually consumed in
storing your data and serving your requests.
Networking and Security

• Instances can be launched on one of the two platforms

• EC2-Classic
• EC2-VPC
l Each instance launched is assigned two addresses a private address
and a public IP address.
l A replacement instance has a different public IP address.
• Instance IP address is dynamic.
• new IP address is assigned every time instance is launched
l Amazon EC2 offers Elastic IP addresses (static IP addresses) for
dynamic cloud computing.
• Remap the Elastic IP to new instance to mask failure
• Separate pool for EC2-Classic and VPC
• Security Groups to access control to instance
Monitoring, Auto Scaling, and Load Balancing

• Monitor statistics of instances and EBS

• CloudWatch
• Automatically scales amazon EC2 capacity up and down
based on rules
• Add and remove compute resource based on demand
• Suitable for businesses experiencing variability in usage
• Distribute incoming traffic across multiple instances
• Elastic Load Balancing
How to access EC2

• AWS Console
• http://console.aws.amazon.com
• Command Line Tools
• Programmatic Interface
• EC2 APIs
• AWS SDK
AWS Management Console
References

l Mobile cloud computing: Big Picture by M. Reza Rahimi

l http://aws.amazon.com/ec2, http://docs.aws.amazon.com
l Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud – User Guide, API Version 2011-02-
28.
• Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing - Michael
Armbrust et.al 2009
• International telecommunication union – Focus Group Cloud Technical
Report
 Cloud Computing for Mobile
and Pervasive Applications

Sensory Based Applications Location Based

Services (LBS)

Mobile Music: 52.5%

Mobile Video:25.2%
Mobile Gaming: 19.3%

Augmented Reality

Mobile Social
Networks and
Crowdsourcing
Multimedia and
Data Streaming

Due to limited resources on mobile devices,

we need outside resources to empower mobile apps.

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Mobile Cloud Computing
Ecosystem
Public Cloud Providers

Local and Private Wired and Wireless Content and Service

Cloud Providers Network Providers Providers

Devices, Users
and Apps

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2-Tier Cloud Architecture

Tier 1: Public Cloud

(+) Scalable and Elastic
(-) Price, Delay

Tier 2: Local Cloud

(+) Low Delay, Low Power,
(-) Not Scalable and Elastic RTT:
3G Access ~290ms
Point

Wi-Fi Access
Point

RTT:
~80ms

IBM: by 2017 61% of

enterprise is likely to be on
a tiered cloud

60
Mobile Cloud Computing
Ecosystem

Public Cloud Providers

Local and Private Wired and Wireless Content and Service

Cloud Providers Network Providers Providers

Devices, Users
and Apps

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How can we Optimally and Fairly assign services to mobile users using a 2-tier
cloud architecture (knowing user mobility pattern) considering power
consumed on mobile device, delay users experience and price as the main
criteria for optimization.

Mobility-Aware
Modeling Mobile
Service Allocation
Apps
Algorithms

Middleware
Scalability Architecture and
System Design

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Modeling Mobile Applications
as Workflows
• .Model apps as consisting of a series of logical steps
known as a Service with different composition patterns:

S1 S2 S3 S1

SEQ LOOP
S3 S3
1 P1
S1 S4 S1 S4
S2 S2
1 P2
𝑷𝟏 + 𝑷𝟐 = 𝟏, 𝑷𝟏 , 𝑷𝟐 ∈ {𝟎, 𝟏}
AND: CONCURRENT FUNCTIONS XOR: CONDITIONAL FUNCTIONS

S3 S6
0 Par1
Start End
S1 S4 S5 S8

1 S2 Par2 S7

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Modeling Mobile Applications as Workflows

t1 t2 t3 t4 tN

l1
W1

l2 Wk+1 Wj+1
Wj

l3 Wk

ln Location-Time Workflow

• It could be formally defined as:

𝒍𝒏𝟏 𝒍𝒏𝟐 𝒍𝒏𝒌
𝑾(𝒖𝒌)𝚻𝑳 ≝ (𝒘 𝒖𝒌 𝒕𝒎𝟏 , 𝒘 𝒖𝒌 𝒕𝒎𝟐 ,….,𝒘 𝒖𝒌 𝒕𝒎𝒌 )

64
Quality of Service (QoS)

• The QoS could be defined in two different

Levels:
• Atomic service level
• Composite service level or workflow level.
• Atomic service level could be defined as (for
power as an example):
𝒒(𝒖𝒌 𝒔𝒊 ,𝒍𝒋 )𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 power consumed on 𝒖𝒌 cellphone when he is in l𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝒍𝒋 using 𝒔𝒊 .

• The workflow QoS is based on different patterns.

QoS SEQ AND (PAR) XOR (IF-ELSE-THEN) LOOP
𝒊#𝒏 𝒊#𝒏
𝑾𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝒔𝒊 ,𝒍𝒋 𝒔𝒊 ,𝒍𝒋
𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒒(𝒖𝒌𝒔𝒊 ,𝒍𝒋 )𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒒(𝒖𝒌 𝒔𝒊 ,𝒍𝒋 )𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 ×𝒌
! 𝒒(𝒖𝒌 )𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 ! 𝒒(𝒖𝒌 )𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒊

𝒊#𝟏 𝒊#𝟏

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 Normalization
• different QoSes have different dimensions (Price->$, power-
>joule, delay->s)
• We need a normalization process to make them comparable.

𝑾(𝒖𝒌)𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝑾(𝒖𝒌)𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
The normalized , 𝑾(𝒖𝒌)𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒙 ≠
power, price 𝑾(𝒖𝒌)𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝑾(𝒖𝒌)𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑾(𝒖𝒌)𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 ≝
𝑾(𝒖𝒌)𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏
and delay is the
real number in
interval [0,1]. 𝟏, 𝒆𝒍𝒔𝒆
𝒎𝒂𝒙
The higher the 𝑾(𝒖𝒌 )𝜯 𝑳 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
− 𝑾(𝒖𝒌 )𝜯 𝑳 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒙
normalized
𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒎𝒊𝒏
, 𝑾(𝒖𝒌 )𝜯 𝑳 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
≠
𝑳 𝑳
QoS the better 𝑾(𝒖𝒌 )𝜯 − 𝑾(𝒖𝒌 )𝜯
the execution 𝑾(𝒖𝒌 )𝜯 𝑳 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
≝ 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝒎𝒊𝒏
plan is. 𝑾(𝒖𝒌 )𝜯 𝑳 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓

𝟏, 𝒆𝒍𝒔𝒆

M. Reza. Rahimi, Nalini Venkatasubramanian, Sharad Mehrotra and Athanasios Vasilakos, "MAPCloud: Mobile
Applications on an Elastic and Scalable 2-Tier Cloud Architecture", In the 5th IEEE/ACM International Conference
on Utility and Cloud Computing (UCC 2012), USA, Nov 2012. 66
Optimal Service Allocation for
Single Mobile User
𝑭𝒂𝒊𝒓𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝟏
𝒎𝒂𝒙 9 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝑾(𝒖𝒌 )𝚻 𝑳 , 𝑾(𝒖𝒌 )𝚻 𝑳 , 𝑾(𝒖𝒌 )𝚻 𝑳
|𝑼| 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒚
𝒖𝒌

𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒕𝒐: 𝟏
𝑾(𝒖𝒌 )𝚻 𝑳 ≤ 𝑩𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 ,
|𝑼| 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝟏
𝑾(𝒖𝒌 )𝚻 𝑳 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆 ≤ 𝑩𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆 ,
|𝑼|
𝟏
𝑾(𝒖𝒌 )𝚻 𝑳 𝒅𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒚 ≤ 𝑩𝒅𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒚 ,
|𝑼|
𝜿 ≤ 𝑪𝒂𝒑(𝑳𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍_𝑪𝒍𝒐𝒖𝒅𝒔)
𝜿 ≜ 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝑼𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒏 𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒖𝒅
∀ 𝒖𝒌 ∈ 𝒖𝟏 , … , 𝒖|𝑼|

• In this optimization problem our goal is to maximize the minimum

saving of power, price and delay of the mobile applications.

67
 Brute-Force Search
(BFS)

Simulated
Annealing Based
Service Allocation Algorithms for
Single Mobile User and Mobile Group-Ware Genetic Based
Applications

Greedy Based

Random Service
Allocation (RSA)

• MuSIC: Mobility Aware Service AllocatIon on Cloud.

• based-on a simulated annealing approach.

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MAPCloud Middleware
Architecture
Cloud Service Registry

MAPCloud Web Service Interface

MAPCloud
Runtime
MAPCloud Web Service Interface

QoS-Aware
MAPCloud LTW Service DB Local and
Mobile Client Engine Mobile User Public
Log DB Cloud Pool

Optimal Service Scheduler

MAPCloud Middleware 69
• M. Satyanarayanan, P. Bahl, R. Cáceres, N. Davies " The Case for VM-Based
Cloudlets in Mobile Computing",PerCom 2009.
• M. Reza Rahimi, Jian Ren, Chi Harold Liu, Athanasios V. Vasilakos, and Nalini
Venkatasubramanian, "Mobile Cloud Computing: A Survey, State of Art and
Future Directions", in ACM/Springer Mobile Application and Networks (MONET),
Special Issue on Mobile Cloud Computing, Nov. 2013.
• Reza Rahimi, Nalini Venkatasubramanian, Athanasios Vasilakos, "MuSIC: On
Mobility-Aware Optimal Service Allocation in Mobile Cloud Computing", In the
IEEE 6th International Conference on Cloud Computing, (Cloud 2013), Silicon
Valley, CA, USA, July 2013

70