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4 views2 pages

Document 5

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iara.cat.bras
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Having an upper bound and a lower bound refers to the growth rate of a function

concerning another function, especially in the context of asymptotic analysis (Big O, Omega,
Theta notation).

1. Upper Bound (OOO):


a. If a function f(n)f(n)f(n) is O(g(n))O(g(n))O(g(n)), it means that f(n)f(n)f(n)
grows at most as fast as a constant multiple of g(n)g(n)g(n) for sufficiently
large nnn.
b. Mathematically, f(n)≤c⋅g(n)f(n) \leq c \cdot g(n)f(n)≤c⋅g(n) for all nnn
greater than some value n0n_0n0 , where ccc and n0n_0n0 are constants.
2. Lower Bound (Ω\OmegaΩ):
a. If a function f(n)f(n)f(n) is Ω(g(n))\Omega(g(n))Ω(g(n)), it means that
f(n)f(n)f(n) grows at least as fast as a constant multiple of g(n)g(n)g(n) for
sufficiently large nnn.
b. Mathematically, f(n)≥c⋅g(n)f(n) \geq c \cdot g(n)f(n)≥c⋅g(n) for all nnn
greater than some value n0n_0n0 , where ccc and n0n_0n0 are constants.
3. Tight Bound (Θ\ThetaΘ):
a. If a function f(n)f(n)f(n) is Θ(g(n))\Theta(g(n))Θ(g(n)), it means that
f(n)f(n)f(n) has both an upper and a lower bound defined by g(n)g(n)g(n). It
grows at the same rate as g(n)g(n)g(n) up to constant factors.
b. Mathematically, c1⋅g(n)≤f(n)≤c2⋅g(n)c_1 \cdot g(n) \leq f(n) \leq c_2 \cdot
g(n)c1 ⋅g(n)≤f(n)≤c2 ⋅g(n) for all nnn greater than some value n0n_0n0 ,
where c1c_1c1 , c2c_2c2 , and n0n_0n0 are constants.

In summary:

• O(g(n))O(g(n))O(g(n)) is an upper bound.


• Ω(g(n))\Omega(g(n))Ω(g(n)) is a lower bound.
• Θ(g(n))\Theta(g(n))Θ(g(n)) is both an upper and lower bound, indicating a tight
relationship between the growth rates of the two functions.
3.5

You said:

f(n) = 2^n and g(n) = n^2; f has an upper, lower or both bound defined by � ( � ) g(n)

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT
Let's analyze the relationship between f(n)=2nf(n) = 2^nf(n)=2n and g(n)=n2g(n) =
n^2g(n)=n2.

1. Upper Bound (OOO):


a. To check if f(n)f(n)f(n) has an upper bound defined by g(n)g(n)g(n), we
need to see if there exist constants ccc and n0n_0n0 such that
f(n)≤c⋅g(n)f(n) \leq c \cdot g(n)f(n)≤c⋅g(n) for all nnn greater than
n0n_0n0 .
b. For f(n)=2nf(n) = 2^nf(n)=2n and g(n)=n2g(n) = n^2g(n)=n2, 2n2^n2n
grows much faster than n2n^2n2, and there are no constants ccc and
n0n_0n0 that satisfy 2n≤c⋅n22^n \leq c \cdot n^22n≤c⋅n2 for all nnn
greater than n0n_0n0 .
c. Therefore, f(n)=2nf(n) = 2^nf(n)=2n does not have an upper bound defined
by g(n)=n2g(n) = n^2g(n)=n2.
2. Lower Bound (Ω\OmegaΩ):
a. To check if f(n)f(n)f(n) has a lower bound defined by g(n)g(n)g(n), we need
to see if there exist constants ccc and n0n_0n0 such that f(n)≥c⋅g(n)f(n)
\geq c \cdot g(n)f(n)≥c⋅g(n) for all nnn greater than n0n_0n0 .
b. Again, because 2n2^n2n grows much faster than n2n^2n2, there are no
constants ccc and n0n_0n0 that satisfy 2n≥c⋅n22^n \geq c \cdot n^22n≥c⋅n2
for all nnn greater than n0n_0n0 .
c. Therefore, f(n)=2nf(n) = 2^nf(n)=2n does not have a lower bound defined
by g(n)=n2g(n) = n^2g(n)=n2.

In summary, f(n)=2nf(n) = 2^nf(n)=2n does not have an upper or lower bound defined by
g(n)=n2g(n) = n^2g(n)=n2. The growth rate of f(n)f(n)f(n) is exponential, while the
growth rate of g(n)g(n)g(n) is polynomial, and exponential functions generally grow much
faster than polynomial functions.

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