❖ Ensemble Theory

1 An atom has a non-degenerate ground state −𝑔𝐵(𝑒 𝛽𝑔𝐵 − 𝑒 −𝛽𝑔𝐵 )

and a doubly-degenerate excited state. The (c)
(1 + 𝑒𝛽𝑔𝐵 + 𝑒 −𝛽𝑔𝐵 )
energy difference between the two states is
𝜀. The specific heat at very low −𝑔𝐵(𝑒 𝛽𝑔𝐵 + 𝑒 −𝛽𝑔𝐵 )
(d)
temperatures ( 𝛽𝜀 > 1 ) is given by (1 + 𝑒𝛽𝑔𝐵 + 𝑒 −𝛽𝑔𝐵 )

(a) 𝑘𝐵 (𝛽𝜀) (𝑏) 𝑘𝐵 𝑒 −𝛽𝜀

4 Consider a collection of 𝐍 non-interacting
2 −𝛽𝜀 −𝛽𝐸 spins (𝑠 = 1) in a magnetic field of
(c) 2𝑘𝐵 (𝛽𝜀) 𝑒 (d) 2𝑘𝐵 𝑒
magnitude 𝐵 is applied in z-direction such
2 The partition function for a free gas of N that the Hamiltonian 𝐻 = −𝑔𝑠 𝜇𝐵 𝐵˙ . S/. The
indistinguishable classical particles, each of canonical partition function
mass 𝑚, in a very large container of volume
(a) 1 + 2cosh (𝛽𝑔𝑠 𝜇𝐵 𝐵)
V at a temperature T is given by
𝑁 (𝑏) 2 + 2cosh (𝛽𝑔𝑠 𝜇𝐵 𝐵)
1 𝑉
𝑍𝑛 = ( 3 )
𝑁! 𝜆 𝑇 (𝑐) cosh (𝛽𝑔𝑠 𝜇𝐵 𝐵)
, where 𝜆 𝑇 = (2𝜋 2 /𝑚𝑘𝐵 𝑇)1/2 is the thermal (𝑑) 2cosh (𝛽𝑔𝑠 𝜇𝐵 𝐵)
de Broglie wavelength. The partition
function in the thermodynamic limit, with
5 Given a system of N identical non-
the number density n, can be written as
interacting magnetic ion of spin 1/2,
𝑁 𝑁
𝑒 1 magnetic moment 𝜇0 in a crystal at absolute
(a) 𝑍𝑛 = ( 3 ) (b) 𝑍𝑛 = ( 3 )
𝑛𝜆 𝑇 𝑛𝜆 𝑇 temperature 𝑇 in a magnetic field B. The
fluctuation in the magnetic moment for a
𝑒 1
(c) 𝑍𝑛 = 𝑁 ( ) (d) 𝑍𝑛 = 𝑁 ( 3 ) single ion is equal to (take ⟨𝑀2 ⟩ = 𝜇02 )
𝑛𝜆3𝑇 𝑛𝜆 𝑇
𝜇0 𝜇0
(𝑎) (𝑏)
𝜇 𝐵 𝜇 𝐵
3 The Hamiltonian matrix for a quantum tanh ( 0 ) cosh ( 0 )
𝑘𝐵 𝑇 𝑘𝐵 𝑇
mechanical system can be written as 𝐻 =
𝜇0 𝜇0
0 1 0 (c) (𝑑)
−𝑔𝐵 𝜇 𝐵 𝜇 𝐵
[1 0 1], where 𝑔, 𝐵 > 0 constants. sech ( 0 ) coth ( 0 )
√2 𝑘𝐵 𝑇 𝑘𝐵 𝑇
0 1 0
The system is in thermal equilibrium at
temperature 𝑇, the average energy of the 6 Suppose the energy of a particle can be
𝑎𝑧 2
system is given by represented by the expression 𝐸(𝑧) = 100
(a) 0 where 𝑧 is a coordinate or momentum and
can take on all value from −∞ to ∞. The
2𝑔𝐵
(b) average energy per particle for a system of
3
 such particle subject to Boltzmann statistics 2𝜋𝑚𝑘𝐵 𝑇 3/2 𝐿 𝛽𝑚𝜔2𝑎2
will be (𝑐) ( ) 𝑒 2
ℎ2 𝑚𝜔 2
(a) 𝑘𝐵 𝑇 (b) 25𝑘𝐵 𝑇 𝐿 𝛽𝑚𝜔 2 𝑎2
(𝑑) (2𝜋𝑚𝑘𝐵 𝑇)5/2 𝑒 2
(c) 1/2𝑘𝐵 𝑇 (d) 50𝑘𝐵 𝑇 ℎ3 𝑚 2 𝜔 2

7 A classical gas of N point particles occupies 9 A one-dimensional quantum harmonic

volume V at temperature T. The interacting oscillator is in thermal equilibrium with a
potential between 𝑖&𝑗 particle is 𝜙(𝑟𝑖,𝑗 ) = heat bath at temperature T. The root mean
∞, 𝑟𝑖𝑗 < 𝑎 square fluctuation in energy about the
{ , where 𝑟𝑖𝑗 = |𝑟𝑖 − 𝑟𝑗 | and the mean value of the oscillator's energy ⟨𝐸⟩ as
0, 𝑟𝑖𝑗 > 𝑎
corresponding partition function for such a function of Temperature 𝑇 will be
system is given approximately in the form 𝜔 𝜔
2 𝜋𝑎3
(a) 𝜔 (𝑏) 𝜔
of ln 𝑧 = 𝑁ln 𝑉 − 3 𝑁 2 . If the viral 2sinh (
2𝑘𝐵 𝑇
) 2cosh (
2𝑘𝐵 𝑇
)
𝑉
expansion for the equation of state is given 𝜔 𝜔
𝑃𝑉 𝐴1 (𝑇) 𝐴2 (𝑇) (c) 𝜔 (𝑑) 𝜔
as 𝑅𝑇 = 1 + + + ⋯, than the virial 2sech ( ) 2cosech ( )
𝑉 𝑉2
2𝑘𝐵 𝑇 2𝑘𝐵 𝑇
coefficient 𝐴1 is equal to
2 3 4 3 2 10 A one-dimensional classical an-harmonic
(a) 𝜋𝑎 𝑁 (𝑏) 𝜋𝑎 𝑁
3 3 oscillator has potential energy, 𝑉(𝑥) =
𝜋𝑎3 𝑁 𝑐𝑥 2 − 𝑔𝑥 3 , where 𝑔𝑥 3 ≪ 𝑐𝑥 2 , at
(c) 𝜋𝑎3 𝑁 2 (d) (1 − ) equilibrium temperature 𝑇. In first order
3
approximation, the mean value of the
8 Ideal monoatomic gas is enclosed in position 𝑥 of the oscillator is
cylinder of radius 𝑎 and length 𝐿. The 4 𝑔𝑘𝐵 𝑇 𝑔𝑘𝐵 𝑇
cylinder rotates with angular frequency 𝜔 (a) (b)
3 𝑐2 𝑐2
about its symmetric axis and the ideal gas is 3 𝑔𝑘𝐵 𝑇 𝑔𝑘𝐵 𝑇
in equilibrium at temperature 𝑇 in the (c) (d)
4 𝑐2 3𝑐 2
coordinate system rotating with the
cylinder such that the Hamiltonian of the
11 the Helmholtz free energy of a dilute
system is given as
plasma gas consisting of N electron
𝑃2 1
𝐻= − 𝑚𝜔2 𝑟 2 + 𝑉 confined to a volume V at temperature 𝑇 is
2𝑚 2
where given by
0, 𝑟 ≤ 𝑎, |𝑧| < 𝐿/2 𝐹( T, 𝑉, 𝑁) = 𝐹ideal (𝑇, 𝑉, 𝑁)
𝑉(𝑟, 𝜙, z) = { 1/2
∞, otherwise 2 4𝜋𝑁𝑒 2
The partition function for the system is, − 𝑁𝑒 2 ( )
3 𝑉𝑘𝐵 𝑇
when gas atom of mass 𝑚 have no internal where e is the electron charge, 𝑘𝐵 is
degrees of freedom and obey classical Boltzmann's constant, 𝐹ideal (𝑇, 𝑉, 𝑁) is the
statistics Helmholtz free energy of a monoatomic
2𝜋𝑚𝑘𝐵 𝑇 3/2 𝐿 𝛽𝑚𝜔 2 𝑎2 ideal gas. The equation of state of the above
(𝑎) ( ) [𝑒 2 − 1] plasma gas is
ℎ2 𝑚2 𝜔 2
1/2
𝑁𝑘𝐵 𝑇 1 𝑁𝑒 2 4𝜋𝑁𝑒 2
𝐿 𝛽𝑚𝜔 2 𝑎2 (a) − ( )
(𝑏) (2𝜋𝑚𝑘𝐵 𝑇)5/2 [𝑒 2 − 1] 𝑉 3 𝑉 𝑉𝑘𝐵 𝑇
ℎ3 𝑚 2 𝜔 2
 𝑁𝑘𝐵 𝑇 2 𝑁𝑒 2 4𝜋𝑁𝑒 2
1/2 1𝑁𝜀 2 2𝑁𝜀
(b) − ( ) (𝑎) (𝑏)
𝑉 3 𝑉 𝑉𝑘𝐵 𝑇 3𝑘𝐵 𝑇 4𝑘𝐵 𝑇 2
2𝑁𝜀 2 2𝑁𝜀 2
𝑁𝑘𝐵 𝑇 1 𝑁𝑒 2 4𝜋𝑁𝑒 2
1/2 (𝑐) (𝑑)
(c) + ( ) 1𝑘𝐵 𝑇 2 3𝑘𝐵 𝑇 2
𝑉 3 𝑉 𝑉𝑘𝐵 𝑇
1/2 15 Consider a system consisting of 𝑁
2 𝑁𝑒 2 4𝜋𝑁𝑒 2
(d) ( ) interacting spins 𝑆 = 1/2 in a magnetic
3 𝑉 𝑉𝑘𝐵 𝑇
field 𝐻. The Helmholtz free energy due to
the Zeeman splitting 𝑔𝜇𝐵 𝐻 is given by 𝐹 =
12 An ideal gas of N spinless atoms occupies a −𝑁𝑘𝑇ln [2cosh (𝑔𝜇𝐵 𝐻/2𝑘𝑇)], where 𝑘 is
volume V at temperature T. Each atom has Boltzman constant. Find the maximum
only two energy levels separated by an magnetization?
energy Δ. The heat capacity at constant 𝑁𝑔𝜇𝐵 𝑁𝑔𝜇𝐵
pressure is (𝑎) (𝑏)
2 3
𝑁Δ2 𝑁𝑔 𝐵 𝑁𝑔𝜇𝐵
(𝑎) (𝑐) (𝑑)
Δ 2 1
2𝑘𝐵 𝑇 2 cosh ( )
𝑘𝐵 𝑇
16 A simple harmonic oscillator has energy
𝑁Δ2
(𝑏) levels
Δ 1
4𝑘𝐵 𝑇 2 cosh ( )
2𝑘𝐵 𝑇 𝐸𝑛 = (𝑛 + ) ℏ𝜔
2
𝑁Δ2 , for a two dimensional oscillators 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑥 +
(𝑐) 𝑛𝑦 where
Δ
2𝑘𝐵 𝑇 2 sinh ( ) 1 1
𝑘𝐵 𝑇
𝐸𝑛𝑥 = (𝑛𝑥 + ) ℏ𝜔𝑥 , 𝐸𝑛𝑦 = (𝑛𝑦 + ) ℏ𝜔𝑦
2 2
𝑁Δ2 , where 𝑛𝑥 = 0,1,2,3, … … …, and 𝑛𝑦 = 0,1,2,
(d)
Δ The Partition function of the system is given
4𝑘𝐵 𝑇 2 sinh ( )
2𝑘𝐵 𝑇
by ( Here 𝛼 = ℏ𝜔𝛽 )
𝑒 𝛼/2
13 If the partition function is given as 𝑍 = (𝑎) 𝛼
𝑒 −1
∑∞𝑛=0 𝑒
−𝑛𝜆
, where 𝜆 = 𝜔/𝑘𝐵 𝑇, then the root- 𝑒 (𝛼𝑥 +𝛼𝑦 )
mean-square fluctuation in the number of (𝑏) 𝛼
(𝑒 𝑥 − 1)(𝑒 𝛼𝑦 − 1)
photons (𝑛) mode of frequency 𝜔 in a 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 /2
conducting rectangular cavity is (𝑐) 𝛼
(𝑒 𝑥 − 1)(𝑒 𝛼𝑦 − 1)
(a) ⟨𝑛⟩𝑒 𝜆/2 (b) ⟨𝑛⟩𝑒 𝜆 𝑒 𝛼/2
(𝑑) 𝛼
(𝑒 − 1)2
(c) ⟨𝑛⟩𝑒 −𝜆/2 (d) ⟨𝑛⟩𝑒 −𝜆

14 Consider a system of 𝑁 particles with only 3 ❖ Answer Key

possible energy levels separated by 𝜀 (Let
the ground state energy be 0 ). The system 1. c 2. a 3. c 4. a 5. b
6. c 7. a 8. b 9. a 10. c
occupies a fixed volume 𝑉 and is in thermal
11. a 12. b 13. a 14. d 15. a
equilibrium with a reservoir at temperature 16. b
𝑇. Find the heat capacity of the system in
the high temperature limit 𝑘𝐵 𝑇 ≫ 𝜀.