VISION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Subject: Artificial intelligence

ALIGARH

Unit: 1

INTRODUCTION:
Introduction–Definition – Future of Artificial Intelligence – Characteristics of Intelligent
Agents– Typical Intelligent Agents – Problem Solving Approach to Typical AI problems

Artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to computer systems capable of performing complex

tasks that historically only a human could do, such as reasoning, making decisions, or
solving problems.

Artificial intelligence examples

1. Virtual Assistants
AI-powered tools like Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant use natural language
processing (NLP) to understand and respond to voice commands.
2. Recommendation Systems
Platforms like Netflix, Spotify, and Amazon use AI to analyze your behavior and
recommend movies, music, or products tailored to your preferences.
3. Autonomous Vehicles
Companies like Tesla and Waymo use AI for self-driving cars. AI systems process
data from sensors to navigate roads and avoid obstacles.
4. Chatbots
Customer service bots on websites and apps use AI to answer queries, resolve issues,
or provide assistance, e.g., ChatGPT.
5. Healthcare Applications
AI is used for diagnosing diseases (like cancer detection with imaging), drug
discovery, and personalizing treatment plans.
6. Fraud Detection
Banks and financial institutions use AI to monitor transactions and detect suspicious
activities to prevent fraud.
7. Image and Facial Recognition
AI powers technologies like Face ID on smartphones and systems used in security
and surveillance.
8. Gaming
AI enhances non-player characters (NPCs) to behave intelligently in video games,
such as in Chess AI or adaptive gaming environments.
9. Language Translation
Tools like Google Translate use AI to provide accurate translations between
languages in real time.
10. Content Creation
AI can generate text, images, or videos,

Page1 Faculty: Kajal saxena

 VISION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Subject: Artificial intelligence
ALIGARH

Unit: 1
History of Artificial Intelligence
Date development Artificial Intelligence is not a new word and not a new technology for
researchers. This technology is much older than you would imagine. Even there are the myths
of Mechanical men in Ancient Greek and Egyptian Myths. Following are some milestones in
the history of AI which defines the journey from the AI generation to till.

Future of artificial intelligence

• Healthcare

• Personalized Medicine: AI will enable treatments tailored to individual genetic

profiles.
• Disease Detection: Advanced algorithms will improve early diagnosis of diseases like
cancer, Alzheimer's, and rare genetic disorders.
• Robotic Surgery: Precision surgeries performed by AI-driven robots will become
more common.
• Mental Health: AI-powered chatbots and virtual therapists will provide mental
health support.

Page2 Faculty: Kajal saxena

VISION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Subject: Artificial intelligence
ALIGARH

Unit: 1

• Education.

Personalized Learning: AI tutors will adapt to students' individual learning styles and
paces.

• Automated Grading: Reduced workload for teachers with automated assessments.

• Immersive Learning: AI combined with augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality
(VR) will create engaging educational experiences.

3. Workforce and Economy

• Automation: Repetitive tasks in industries like manufacturing, logistics, and

customer service will be handled by AI.
• Job Creation: New roles in AI development, maintenance, and ethics will emerge.
• Workforce Transformation: Reskilling and upskilling will be essential as AI reshapes
job markets.

4. Transportation

• Autonomous Vehicles: Widespread adoption of self-driving cars, trucks, and drones.

• Traffic Management: AI will optimize urban mobility and reduce congestion.
• Aviation and Space Exploration: AI will play a crucial role in piloting and exploration.

5. Climate Change and Sustainability

• Energy Efficiency: Smart grids and AI-driven optimization will reduce energy waste.
• Environmental Monitoring: AI will help track and mitigate climate change impacts.
• Agriculture: Precision farming powered by AI will improve yields and reduce
resource use.

6. Security and Ethics

• Cyber security: AI will bolster defences against sophisticated cyber threats.

• Surveillance: Enhanced monitoring capabilities will raise privacy concerns.
• Ethics and Regulation: Development of frameworks to ensure ethical use and
prevent misuse of AI.

7. Creative and Cultural Impacts

• Content Creation: AI will assist in generating art, music, and literature.

• Gaming and Entertainment: Realistic virtual worlds and NPCs powered by AI.
• Cultural Preservation: AI will help digitize and conserve heritage artifacts.

Page3 Faculty: Kajal saxena

 VISION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Subject: Artificial intelligence
ALIGARH

Unit: 1
Challenges and Considerations

• Bias and Fairness: Ensuring AI systems are equitable and free from biases.
• Dependence on AI: Striking a balance to avoid over-reliance.
• Regulation: Policymaking to address ethical concerns, job displacement, and
accountability.

Long-term Prospects

• Artificial General Intelligence (AGI): Progress toward AI systems capable of human-

like reasoning.
• Human-AI Collaboration: Seamless integration of AI as a partner in decision-making.
• Space Exploration: AI's role in autonomous exploration of distant planets.

Characteristics of artificial intelligence (AI) include:

Machine learning
AI can learn without being explicitly programmed by using algorithms to process input data and
predict an output.

• Natural language processing (NLP)

AI can understand text and speech in the same way as humans, allowing it to detect words,
deduce purpose, and react in a human-readable manner.

Neural networks
AI can model the analytical mechanisms of the human brain, and can be used for classification,
prediction, and recognition.

Page4 Faculty: Kajal saxena

 VISION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Subject: Artificial intelligence
ALIGARH

Unit: 1
Automating repetitive tasks
AI can automate repetitive, data-driven tasks that humans would otherwise spend a lot of time
on.

Computer vision
AI can extract useful information from digital images, videos, and other visual inputs.

• Problem-solving
AI can study and analyze large quantities of data at a much faster rate than the human brain.

• Infinite memory
AI has a near-permanent and infinite memory, which makes it suitable for recognizing complex
patterns and making decisions.

For example:

Page5 Faculty: Kajal saxena

 VISION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Subject: Artificial intelligence
ALIGARH

Unit: 1

• AutoGPT is an AI agent that can generate human-like text responses. It can comprehend the

context of the conversation and generate relevant responses accordingly.

• BabyAGI is an autonomous AI agent that can independently learn and perform tasks like

understanding natural language, analyzing images, identifying objects, following simple

commands, etc.

• AgentGPT is an intelligent virtual agent designed to interact with customers and provide

them with personalized recommendations. It can understand natural language and provide

relevant responses based on customer queries.

Characteristics of an AI agent
While AI tools and agents are software programs designed to automate tasks, specific key

characteristics differentiate AI agents as more sophisticated AI software.

You can consider an AI tool as an AI agent when it has the following characteristics:

• Autonomy: An AI virtual agent is capable of performing tasks independently without

requiring constant human intervention or input.

• Perception: The agent function senses and interprets the environment they operate in through

various sensors, such as cameras or microphones.

• Reactivity: An AI agent can assess the environment and respond accordingly to achieve its

goals.

Page6 Faculty: Kajal saxena

 VISION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Subject: Artificial intelligence
ALIGARH

Unit: 1

• Reasoning and decision-making: AI agents are intelligent tools that can analyze data and

make decisions to achieve goals. They use reasoning techniques and algorithms to process

information and take appropriate actions.

• Learning: They can learn and enhance their performance through machine, deep, and

reinforcement learning elements and techniques.

• Communication: AI agents can communicate with other agents or humans using different

methods, like understanding and responding to natural language, recognizing speech, and

exchanging messages through text.

Understanding the structure of an AI agent

At its core, an AI agent is made up of four components: the environment, sensors, actuators,
and the decision-making mechanism.

1. Environment
The environment refers to the area or domain in which an AI agent operates. It can be a

physical space, like a factory floor, or a digital space, like a website.

Page7 Faculty: Kajal saxena

VISION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Subject: Artificial intelligence
ALIGARH

Unit: 1
2. Sensors
Sensors are the tools that an AI agent uses to perceive its environment. These can be cameras,

microphones, or any other sensory input that the AI agent can use to understand what is

happening around it.

3. Actuators
Actuators are the tools that an AI agent uses to interact with its environment. These can be

things like robotic arms, computer screens, or any other device the AI agent can use to

change the environment.

4. Decision-making mechanism
A decision-making mechanism is the brain of an AI agent. It processes the information

gathered by the sensors and decides what action to take using the actuators. The decision-

making mechanism is where the real magic happens..

5. Learning system
The learning system enables the AI agent to learn from its experiences and interactions with

the environment. It uses techniques like reinforcement learning, supervised learning, and

unsupervised learning to improve the performance of the AI agent over time.

By understanding the environment, sensors, actuators, and decision-making mechanisms,

developers can create AI agents to perform specific tasks accurately and efficiently. As AI

technology evolves, we can expect new types of AI agents with even more sophisticated

structures and capabilities.

Page8 Faculty: Kajal saxena

VISION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Subject: Artificial intelligence
ALIGARH

Unit: 1

Step 1: Perceiving the environment

An autonomous AI agent first needs to gather information about its environment. It can do so

using sensors or collecting data from various sources.

Step 2: Processing input data

The agent takes the knowledge gathered in Step 1 and prepares it for processing. This may

include organizing the data, creating a knowledge base, or making internal representations

that the agent can understand and work with.

Step 3: Decision-making
The agent uses reasoning techniques like logic or statistical analysis to make an informed

decision based on its knowledge base and goals. This can involve applying pre-determined

rules or machine learning algorithms.

Page9 Faculty: Kajal saxena

 VISION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Subject: Artificial intelligence
ALIGARH

Unit: 1
Step 4: Planning and executing an action
The agent makes a plan or a series of steps to reach its goals. This may involve creating a

step-by-step strategy, optimizing resource allocation, or considering various limitations and

priorities. Based on its plan, the agent executes all the steps to achieve the desired goal. It can

also receive feedback or new information from the environment, which can be used to adjust
its future actions or update its knowledge base.

Step 5: Learning and Improvement

After taking action, the agent can learn from its own experiences. This feedback loop allows

the agent to improve performance and adapt to new situations and environments.

What are the type of AI agents?

Here are the five main types of AI agents:

• Simple reflex agents are programmed to respond to specific

environmental stimuli based on pre-defined rules.
• Model-based reflex agents are reactive agents that maintain an internal
model of the environment and use it to make decisions.

Page10 Faculty: Kajal saxena

 VISION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Subject: Artificial intelligence
ALIGARH

Unit: 1

• Goal-based agents execute a program to achieve specific goals and take

actions based on evaluating the current state of the environment.
• Utility-based agents consider the potential outcomes of their actions and
choose the one that maximizes the expected utility.
• Learning agents execute machine learning techniques to improve their
decision-making over time.

Components of AI agents

AI agents comprise many key components that work together to perceive, reason, and act in

their environment. Understanding these components will help you grasp how AI systems

function and make decisions.

Sensors: These allow the models to gather information from its surroundings, much like

human senses. For a robot, sensors might include cameras for vision, microphones for

hearing, or touch sensors for physical interaction. In software agents, sensors could be data

inputs or API connections.

Perception module: This processes the raw sensor data into meaningful information. It

involves tasks like image recognition, speech-to-text conversion, or data preprocessing. The

perception module essentially interprets the world for the AI.

Cognitive architecture: It encompasses the AI’s knowledge base, reasoning mechanisms,

and learning algorithms..

Decision-making: It uses processed information and cognitive architecture to determine the

best course of action. Depending on the AI’s design and purpose, this might involve

techniques like search algorithms, planning systems, or neural networks.

Page11 Faculty: Kajal saxena

VISION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Subject: Artificial intelligence
ALIGARH

Unit: 1
Actuator: It carries out the chosen actions. In a physical robot, actuators might be motors or

mechanical parts. For software agents, actuators could be functions that modify data, send

messages, or control other systems.

What are the advantages of using AI agents?

AI agents offer businesses the potential to streamline operations, make informed decisions,

improve customer experiences, and drive growth and competitiveness in the digital age.

1. Increased efficiency

AI agents can automate repetitive tasks, allowing businesses to complete them faster and

more accurately. This efficiency improvement frees employees’ time to focus on more
business-critical tasks and improves productivity.

2. Better decision-making

AI agents can analyze large amounts of data and provide valuable insights to support

decision-making processes. By leveraging advanced algorithms and machine learning, AI

agents can identify patterns, trends, and correlations that humans may overlook.

3. Improved customer experience

Page12 Faculty: Kajal saxena

VISION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Subject: Artificial intelligence
ALIGARH

Unit: 1
AI agents can provide personalized and timely interactions with customers, enhancing their

experience. They can offer instant support, answer queries, and provide recommendations,

leading to increased customer satisfaction and loyalty.

4. Cost savings

By automating tasks, AI agents can reduce the need for human resources and manual labor,

resulting in cost savings for businesses. They can handle high-volume, repetitive tasks

without fatigue or errors.

TYPICAL INTELLIGENT AGENTS Agents

In Artificial Intelligence an AI system can be defined as the study of the rational agent and
its environment. The agents sense the environment through sensors and act on their
environment through actuators. An AI agent can have mental properties such as knowledge,
belief, intention, etc.

Agent
An agent can be anything that perceive its environment through sensors and act upon that
environment through actuators. An Agent runs in the cycle of perceiving, thinking, and
acting. An agent can be
Human-Agent: A human agent has eyes, ears, and other organs which work for sensors and
hand, legs, vocal tract work for actuators.

Robotic Agent: A robotic agent can have cameras, infrared range finder, NLP for sensors and
various motors for actuators

Page13 Faculty: Kajal saxena

VISION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Subject: Artificial intelligence
ALIGARH

Unit: 1
Software Agent: Software agent can have keystrokes, file contents as sensory input and act
on those inputs and display output on the screen.

Problem solving approach to typical AI problems

1. Understand the Problem

• Define the Problem Clearly: Identify the specific issue you want the AI system to address.
• Determine Goals and Objectives: Set measurable outcomes. For example, is it classification,
regression, clustering, or generation?
• Gather Domain Knowledge: Collaborate with subject matter experts to understand
constraints and nuances.

2. Analyze and Prepare Data

• Data Collection: Gather relevant and sufficient data from diverse sources.
• Data Cleaning: Handle missing values, outliers, and inconsistencies.
• Feature Engineering: Extract, transform, or create meaningful features that improve
performance.
• Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA): Visualize and summarize the data to uncover patterns,
distributions, and correlations.
• Split Data: Separate into training, validation, and testing sets.

3. Select an Approach

• Choose a Paradigm:
o Supervised Learning: For labeled data.
o Unsupervised Learning: For finding hidden structures in unlabeled data.
o Reinforcement Learning: For decision-making problems.
o Generative Models: For tasks like image synthesis or text generation.
• Algorithm Selection: Decide on a class of algorithms (e.g., decision trees, neural networks,
SVMs) based on problem type and data size.

4. Model Development

• Baseline Model: Start with a simple model to set a benchmark.

• Model Training: Use training data to fit the selected algorithm.
• Hyperparameter Tuning: Optimize parameters using techniques like grid search or random
search.
• Regularization: Apply methods to prevent overfitting (e.g., dropout, weight decay).

Page14 Faculty: Kajal saxena

VISION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Subject: Artificial intelligence
ALIGARH

Unit: 1
5. Evaluation

• Metrics Selection: Choose relevant metrics based on the problem (e.g., accuracy, precision,
recall, F1-score, RMSE, etc.).
• Cross-Validation: Evaluate model robustness using techniques like k-fold cross-validation.
• Compare with Baseline: Ensure the model performs better than the baseline.

6. Optimization

• Iterate: Refine the model through experimentation with different algorithms, features, or
architectures.
• Automated Tools: Use AutoML or optimization libraries when applicable.

7. Deployment

• Scalability: Ensure the model can handle production workloads.

• Model Serving: Deploy using APIs, containers, or edge devices.
• Monitoring: Set up systems to monitor model performance in real-time.

8. Post-Deployment Maintenance

• Performance Monitoring: Detect concept drift or model degradation.

• Retraining: Periodically retrain with updated data.
• Feedback Loops: Incorporate user feedback to improve accuracy.

9. Ethical Considerations

• Fairness: Avoid biases in data and models.

• Privacy: Ensure compliance with data privacy regulations.
• Transparency: Provide interpretability and explanations for decisions made by the AI.

10. Documentation and Communication

• Document: Record data sources, methods, results, and assumptions.

• Communicate: Present findings and solutions clearly to stakeholders using visualizations and
reports.

Page15 Faculty: Kajal saxena