International Journal of Scientific Research & Engineering Trends

Volume 10, Issue 5, Sept-Oct-2024, ISSN (Online): 2395-566X

A Review of Renewable Energy Based Distributed

Generation in Electrical Power System
Ravindra Sharma1, Dr.Chandrakant Sharma2
Senoir Lecturer Department of Electrical Engineering, Ujjain Polytechnic, Ujjain, India1
Associate Professor Department of Electrical Engineering, UEC Ujjain, India2

Abstract- It is possible to describe distributed generation as power generation by small scale generating units installed in
distribution systems. There is a steady growth in the penetration of distributed generation (DG) units into electric distribution
systems. DG allocation is the process of finding the optimal type, location and size of DG units. The allocation of DGs is a hot
research field and poses a difficult problem in electrical power engineering. This paper discusses the recent research work on
the issue of DG allocation from the point of view of their optimization algorithms, targets, and decision variables, type of DG,
implemented limitations and type of modeling of uncertainty used. In this research an overview of DG types and various DG
technologies are highlighted. Some DGs challenges ahead with current drive towards smart grid networks is also discussed.
The research gaps are defined on the basis of their views on current research work and some helpful suggestions will be made
for future research on DG allocation. The author strongly believes that this paper could be beneficial in the related field for
researchers and engineers.

Index Terms- Distributed generation, renewable energy, Solar, Wind, fuel cell.

I. INTRODUCTION In today‘s open energy market, distributed energy systems

have an increasingly important role. Different definitions
The climate change issue is becoming a big problem for the regarding Distributed Generation (DG) are used in the
international community to face in this century. Over the last literature. According to Ackerman et al. [6] DG is an electric
decade, the EU has made considerable efforts to establish a power source connected directly to the distribution network or
shared energy sector strategy. The replacement of fossil fuels on the customer side of the meter. Soderman and Pettersson
with Renewable Energy Sources (RES) is considered to be an [7] consider that a distributed energy system is a complex
effective step for reducing global carbon emissions. The system comprising of a number of energy suppliers and
environmental benefits that go along with the increased use of consumers, district heating pipelines, heat storage facilities
RES for the production of electricity are generally known. In and power transmission lines in a region. DG should not be
particular, multiple life cycle evaluation studies illustrate the exclusively confused with renewable energy generation.
great potential of renewable energy technologies to mitigate Renewables can be exploited in DG and are very much
greenhouse gas emissions, as well as emissions that lead to encouraged by certain lobbying groups, though non-renewable
regional environmental challenges, such as acidification. As a technologies could also be considered in DG systems [10].
result, the EU, as well as different national governments, have
set very ambitious goals for increasing the use of RES[1]. The This paper discusses the recent research work on the issue of
EU strategy is that 22.1% of overall electricity usage could DG allocation from the point of view of their optimization
come from RES in 2010. In particular, Greece is aiming to algorithms, targets, and decision variables, type of DG,
raise the RES contribution to an indicative 20.1% [2]. implemented limitations and type of modeling of uncertainty
used.
In addition, rapid growth is expected for distributed
generation of electricity [3]. The annual distributed electricity This paper discusses the recent research work on the issue of
production is projected to rise by 4.2% between 2000 and DG allocation from the point of view of their optimization
2030, reaching 35 GWh by 2030[4]. One of the key factors for algorithms, targets, and decision variables, type of DG,
Distributed Generation (DG) is the use of renewable energy implemented limitations and type of modeling of uncertainty
(solar, biogas, wind and hydro) and Combined Heat and used. In this research an overview of DG types and various
Power (CHP) to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions DG technologies are highlighted. Some DGs challenges ahead
)[4,5]. with current drive towards smart grid networks is also
discussed.

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II. TYPES OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION According to Ackermann [6], the DG as the installation of
TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRICAL POWER generating units of electric energy is connected directly to the
distribution network or on the consumer side (low-voltage
SYSTEM grid).
Traditionally, electricity is generated in large power stations, It is worth it to highlight that the above definition does not
located near resources or at logistical optima; it is transported consider the size and the type of the generating sources, that
through a high-voltage transmission grid and is locally is, the proximity to the load defines it. The same author
distributed through medium-voltage distribution grids. DG divides the types of DG in four groups as a function of its
aims to add versatility of energy sources and reliability of installed power, which is shown in Table 1.
supply and reduce emissions and dependence on fossil fuels
(Figure 1 and 2). The goals of DG include the minimization of Distributed Generation is power generation technology that is
the environmental impacts of energy production and close to the point of use, as opposed to the centralized
introduction of RES to the distribution network. In addition, production of energy.
DG can contribute to the reduction of transmission losses and
help introduce new developments such as fuel cells and super- The scale of the generated power is significantly lower, as the
conducting devices [9]. generator is usually designed to service a home, a building, a
manufacturing plant or commercial facility or a small
Certain DG technologies are not new (e.g., internal community. Distributed generation systems may be
combustion engines, gas turbines, etc.). On the other hand, independent, connected to a pre-existing grid, or be connected
due to the changes in the utility industry, several new to other independent distributed generation facilities to create
technologies are being developed or advanced toward what are called ―micro-grids‖.
commercialization (e.g., fuel cells, photovoltaics, etc.). Figure
3 presents the different distributed generation technologies
[10].

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of traditional central-plant model Figure 3: Distributed generation technologies for power
and DG- model generation

Table 1 Classification of DGs in Terms of Power [12]

Categories Power (kW)
Micro Less than 5
Small Between 5 and 5000
Medium Between 5000 and 50,000
Large Greater than 50,000

Another important characteristic to evaluate the impact of

DGs in the distribution network is the interface used to
connect it to the grid.

Table 2 shows all the sources mentioned above (renewable

and nonrenewable) and its respective interface of connection
to the grid.
Figure 2: Schematic diagram distributed generation model

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Volume 10, Issue 5, Sept-Oct-2024, ISSN (Online): 2395-566X

Table 2 Power Sources and Their Main Connection Interfaces Synchronous Generators
[12] These machines use fuel as input to generate electricity, with
Technology Connection Interface different classifications from KW to a few MW. Rotary
Photovoltaic DC-AC converters machines are mainly used as stand-alone systems or as backup
Wind Asynchronous generators and AC- generation systems. Generally Distributed generation
AC converters resources are defined as those resources that are directly used
Internal Asynchronous generators and AC- in the generation of electric power for connection to
Combustion AC converters distribution system. These sources include traditional and non-
Engine traditional such as renewable, non-renewable and energy
Micro turbines AC-AC converters storage technologies like batteries, flywheels, superconducting
Fuel Cells DC-AC converters magnetic energy storage, to mention but a few as categorized
SHPSs Synchronous generators and in figure 1.0 with illustrations of various technologies. The
asynchronous generators traditional DGs are those generators that utilize combustion
Biomass Synchronous generators engines such as low speed turbines, reciprocating engine and
gas micro-turbine. These resources even through are small in
Types of Distributed Generator size but have wide spread geographically. On the other hand
Solar the Non-traditional DGs are those sources that produce power
The production of solar energy is one of the fastest growing with zero emissions and are very friendly to environment.
and most promising renewable energy sources in the world. Most of these sources usually outputs DC power, therefore
Solar energy is the conversion of solar radiation into conversion to AC power is necessary before integration into
electricity through the use of photovoltaic solar cells. This an existing AC distribution network. For this reason sources
conversion takes place in the solar cell by photovoltaic effect. such as photovoltaic and fuel cells uses power electronic
Normally, inputs are generated in the MW range. The power converters (inverters) for grid interfacing as shown in figure
of the solar panel is converted into alternating current by the 2.0.The traditional internal combustion engines (rotary
inverter. machines) are mainly synchronous generators and are
interfaced directly to the grid. Wind turbines are also
Wind Turbine considered as rotary machines and are mainly induction type
A wind turbine uses the wind as an entrance. To turn this generators which can be interfaced directly with the grid. In
turbine, actuate a primary motor connected to the shaft a some wind applications as well as some combustion engines
Generator. The generator provides an AC output voltage that like micro-turbines, power converter/inverter devices are
depends on the wind speed. Since the wind speed is variable, employed for grid interface as the benefits associated with the
the generated voltage must be transferred to DC and back to electronic interface justifies the additional cost and
AC using inverters. The range of wind energy generated by complexity involved. Therefore, the energy generated from
wind turbines is several megawatts per turbine. the various DG sources is injected into the grid via
synchronous Generators, static power converters or induction
Fuel Cells generators. The nature of operation of these generators or
The operation of the fuel cell is similar to that of a battery, but converters determines the models of DG to be employed in
it is continuously charged with hydrogen, extracted from any the power flow solution.
hydrocarbon source, this is the charge of the fuel cell together
with the air (oxygen).The fuel cell uses the reaction of III. DISTRIBUTED GENERATION BENEFITS
hydrogen and oxygen by means of an ionic conductor
electrolyte to produce an induced DC voltage that is 1. Elimination of Transmission and Distribution Electrical
proportional to the number of fuel cells. Line Losses
It is generally accepted that around 7% of the electric power
Micro Turbines generated is lost during transmission from the central
The micro turbines are based on the technology of very fast generation source to the final point of use. Electricity
rotating turbines together with a generator to generate a high generated at a centralized station has to be stepped up for high
frequency voltage output. These micro turbines are usually power transmission, sent through miles of copper wire, then
powered by natural gas. stepped down before being delivered to the end user. Each
step has unavoidable inefficiencies in it that eventually build
Rotary Machines up to significant losses.
Rotary machines are types of DG that include induction or
synchronous machines such as induction and synchronous 2. Improved Power Quality and Reliability
machines As discussed above, power quality is another benefit of
distributed generation. For some applications, power

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interruption, voltage spikes, ―brown-outs‖ and other power  Due to bi-directional power flows, DG's normally
quality disruptions are simply unacceptable. Besides affecting increase short circuit currents [31].
the quality of life of ordinary electricity consuming citizens,  Improper sizing or improper placement of DG's may
such blackouts have affected manufacturing industries. One cause stability issues.
commentator has described the effect on the Mugher cement
factory, and the result that had on the price of cement. IV. DG ALLOCATION PROBLEM
3. Reduction in Energy ($/kWh) and Electric Demand The research findings explicitly approve that the type, size
($/kW) Charges and location of distributed generation units in distribution
Peak shaving - choosing to get off the grid at times of peak systems significantly affect technical, economical and
demand when charges are high, or base loading - using your environmental objectives of distribution systems [32–36].
own DG resource to meet most of your needs and using grid Therefore, the best types of DG units with the best size should
supply for peak demand times only, are some of the strategies be installed at the best locations in distribution systems. The
used to reduce overall utility electric bills. problem of finding optimal type, location and size of DG units
in distribution systems is referred to as ―DG allocation
4. Self-reliance: Potential Source of Emergency and High problem‖.
Reliability Standby Power
Beyond the reliability issues, locations that are far from a grid Due to the following reasons, efficient solving of DG
are better off generating their own power rather than facing allocation problem is very significant and important from
the stiff capital costs associated with connecting to a remote technical, economical and environmental points of view.
grid line. Locations that ARE connected to the grid have the  By proper allocation of DG's, there liability of power
additional benefit of having reliable, high quality back up. system is improved and power quality is enhanced.
 By proper allocation of DG's, the investment and
5. Environmental Cleanliness operational costs are decreased.
DG technologies are generally designed from the ground up to
 By proper allocation of DG's, the harmful environmental
be environmentally more benign, with little to no impact on
effects of power generation are mitigated.
air quality when compared to current centralized generation.
For companies that can be exposed to stiff penalties due to
From optimization perspective, DG allocation problem is a
pollutant emissions, this becomes an economic issue.
nonlinear, highly constrained, multi-objective, mixed-integer,
multimodal optimization problem where in finding near global
Challenges of Distributed Generation System
solutions is very difficult. The approaches that have been
Despite their very valuable benefits, DG's may lead to some
applied to DG allocation problem can be categorized into four
challenges. The challenges of DG's are listed out as below.
main groups as below.
 Distribution systems were originally designed and
constructed to handle unidirectional power flows from
Classic Approaches:
utility to end users, while the addition of DG units can
In few cases, classic optimization algorithms, such as linear
lead to bi-directional power flows. This feature specially
programming and non linear programming have been applied
affects and disrupts the performance of protective relays.
to DG allocation problem [37, 86]. In general, this group of
 In DG-integrated distribution systems, the is landing may approaches suffers from lack of flexibility; they usually entail
happen. Is landing may endanger the crew and public and pre-conditions such as convexity, linearity and continuity of
may also cause over voltages [29]. objective functions which are not met in practice.
 The control process for customer-owned DG's seems to
be challenging. Sensitivity Analysis Based Approaches
 In renewable energy-based DG's such as PV and wind, These approaches are used to find the appropriate location of
the output power is a function of solar irradiation/wind DG units. Based on a sensitivity index, they try to find the
speed, therefore, their output power is intermittent and location that is the most sensitive. Although, these approaches
they are non-dispatch able units. offer low computational time, the degree of optimality of
 Some DG sources may lead to voltage flicker. For achieved solutions is unknown and they can only compute
instance, in wind DG's, since the tower shades the blades optimal location of DG units.
for part of their rotation, voltage flicker occurs [30].
 If DG's are not properly sized and located, they may lead Metaheuristic- Based Approaches
to over voltages and excessive power losses. They are usually population- based stochastic approaches that
 DG's may inject harmonics into the electric system [14]. do not entail any pre-condition on objective functions or
constraints [56–62]. They are effective in solving DG

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allocation problem and are the most common approaches for Table 4 Existing research works on DG allocation problem
solving this problem [56, 23, 66, 67, 74, 75, 45-47, 82, 52, 63- from view point of used optimization algorithms, objectives
73–89]. Despite all their merits, meta- heuristic optimization and decision variables
algorithms may converge into false local optima rather than

Optimization

Objective(s)
global optimum, therefore a very high amount of research

algorithm

variables
Decision

Remarks
effort is being put to relieve their premature convergence

Ref
problem in DG allocation problem [23].

Hybrid of sensitivity analysis and classic/metaheuristic-based

approaches: In these approaches, first in order to reduce

The results show that biomass units are

the most efficient in decreasing energy
Annual energy losses and energy cost
search space, sensitivity analysis is applied to find appropriate

Sequential quadratic programming

component for standalones micro-

cost. The results also indicate that
Size of DG modules and storage
location(s) for DG unit(s),then a classic or metaheuristic

batteries are the most crucial

optimization algorithm is applied to find optimal size of DG
units [32,38]. The noticeable point is that since sensitivity
analysis finds the location of DG's, the classic/metaheuristic

devices

grids.

[37]
optimization algorithm does not need to handle a mixed-
integer optimization problem. Table 5 tabulates the main
features of different categories of approaches applied to DG
allocation problem.

Table 3 Main features of different categories of DG allocation

strategies
Classic approaches They require pre-conditions such

Location, real and active

outperforms PSO and an

as convexity, linearity and
quadratic programming
and branch and bound

optimization scheme

analytical approach.
Sensitivity analysis,
hybrid of sequential

continuity of objective functions

losses

The proposed
which are not met in practice
strategy.

power

[38]
Sensitivity analysis They offer low computational
Copper

based approaches time, however, the degree of

optimality of solutions is unknown
and they can only compute optimal
location of DG's.
Metaheuristic- based They require no pre-condition on search algorithm and an
approaches objective functions or constraints.
Copper losses, voltage

PSO outperforms grid

Location and active

analytical approach
They are efficient in solving DG
power of DG's

allocation problem and are the

profile
PSO

[68]
most popular approaches for
solving this problem. Despite all
their merits, they may converge
into local optima instead of glob
alone
Hybrid of sensitivity In these approaches, first in order
The proposed multi-objective

multi-objective evolutionary
Location and reactive power

analysis and to reduce search space, sensitivity

PSO scheme outperforms
NSGA II and some other
PSO with a new position

profile, capacity of DG's

update strategy and new

Copper losses, voltage

classic/metaheuristic- analysis is applied to find

inertia weight

based approaches appropriate location(s) for DG

algorithms.
of DG's

unit(s), then a classic or

[75]

metaheuristic optimization
algorithm is used to find optimal
size of DG units. The important
point is that since sensitivity
analysis finds the location of DG's,
the classic/meta- heuristic
optimization algorithm does not
need to handle a mixed-integer
optimization problem

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V. LITERATURE REVIEW FROM VIEW

strategy outperforms GA and PSO

Location and generating power of
Hybrid of GA and PSO (GA for

Hybrid of GA and PSO (GA for

POINT OF RENEWABLE DG TYPE AND

The proposed optimisation

sitting, PSO for sizing)

sitting, PSO for sizing)

ALLOCATION PROBLEM

DG units In this section, the existing research works on DG allocation

[45,46]
problem are classified from the view point of DG type,
applied constraints, uncertainty modeling and used case study.
Furthermore, for each research, it is stated whether it includes
storage devices or not. Table 5 presents the classification of
some existing research work on DG allocation problem from
view point of DG type, constraints, uncertainty modeling and
used case study. From the perspective of used DG type, P-type
operation costs, cost of purchased
wherein the particles are repelled

DG's are the most commonly used type

The simulation results show that
Investment, reinforcement and

Capacity, location, installation

the proposed hybrid PSO–DE

An enhanced version of PSO

outperforms12otherschemes.

[32,34,70,72,73,44,78,80,49,51,64-67,85,86], although, Q-
from the worst particle.

power, copper losses

scheme significantly

type DG's [43] and PQ type DG's [25,28,38,56] have also

been used. A very notice able point is that although renewable
energy based DG's are very effective in reducing emissions,
year

[47]

they have only been used in few works [16, 37,85–55, 66, 68,
81, 83].

To have realistic solutions for DG allocation problem, the

uncertainties of renewable energy- based generating units
such as PV's and wind units and also the uncertainty of loads
must be considered and modelled. However, only in a few
evolutionary algorithm (SPEA),
Copper losses, voltage stability,
even distribution of power flow

Active power, reactive power

The proposed fuzzy MOPSO

research works, the uncertainties have been taken into

Fuzzy-based multi-objective

(NSGA) and strength Pareto

outperforms non-dominated
sorting genetic algorithm

account. Actually, only in [16,20,36,50,53–55,66,68,83],

and location of DG's

uncertainties have been considered.

PSO (MOPSO)

among feeders

[20]

In [54], uncertainty sets have been defined to take the

uncertainty of loads, PV modules and wind DG's into account.
In [16,55], the uncertainty of electricity price is modeled by
fuzzy theory. The uncertainty of solar and wind DG's has also
been considered .In [36], uncertainties of loads and electricity
market price have been modelled.
Location, active and

outperforms some

In [53], the uncertainties have been modeled by time series. In

reactive power of

strategies such as
PSO and support
vector machines

multi-objective
voltage profile
Copper losses,

The proposed

optimization
other multi-

[20], uncertainty of loads has been modeled by fuzzy theory,

objective
DG units

strategy

[95,96].

however, the uncertain nature of DG units has not been

[50]

modelled. In [50], chance constrained stochastic programming

has been used for handling and modeling of uncertainties.

In [83], the uncertainty of loads and generated power has been

even distribution of power among

modelled. In [66], Weibull probability function is used to

ICA outperforms GA and PSO.
Voltage stability index, copper
losses and voltage deviations,

The proposed hybrid GA and

model output power of wind turbines. Probabilistic load flow

Location and size of DG's

takes the uncertainty of loads into account. In [68],

branches, benefit
Hybrid GA–ICA

uncertainties of solar and wind DG units and also

uncertainties of fuel and electricity price have been considered
[52]

and modelled. Reyleigh distribution function models the

uncertainties of winds peed and solar irradiance.

Although using storage devices can help to smooth the output

real power of generating units, only in few research works,
they have been used in concert with DG units [16,37,53,55].

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 Multiple DG types including solar, PV, wind Wind, biomass, photovoltaic DG Type
wind, diesel generator, fuel cell,
micro-turbine.

Battery No Battery Storage

Minimum and maximum power of No Voltage magnitude of buses should be Voltage magnitude of buses should be bounded Constraints
DG's, minimum and maximum confined within a certain range and power to[0.94, 1.06] pu. Apparent power of branches are
allowable charge for batteries and the of feeders should be bounded. limited, power of DG's are confined within a certain
ramp up limit for output power of range. Power discharged by batteries at any hour
study.

DG's should not be violated. should not be more than the demand of that hour.

The uncertainty of electricity price is Yes, uncertainty sets have been defined to No Modelling
modelled by fuzzy theory. The take the uncertainty of loads, PV and wind uncertainties
uncertainty of solar and wind DG's DG's into account
has been considered.
A micro-grid with a battery and A micro-grid with 33 load nodes 31 bus system Case study
multiple DG's
DG type, constraints, uncertainty modeling and used case

[16,55] [54] [37] Ref.

Table 5 Classification of research works from view point of

2105
Renewable including biomass, wind and Different type of DG's including photovoltaic (P Renewable DG's (PV, wind)

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solar type), combined heat and power (PQ type) and
synchronous condensers (Q type)

No Yes
Voltage magnitudes of buses should be Voltage magnitude of buses should be within Dumping energy is not allowed if the load
bounded, the real and reactive power of [0.9,1.04] pu, thermal limit of branches, power demands are not properly met. The excess
DG's should be confined within a certain factor of DG's, active and reactive power of DG's energy of micro-grid cannot be sold back
range. should be bounded to specified ranges. to the grid, since regulations do not
permit DER injections into the grid

Yes, the hourly loads and generating No Modelled by time series.

power of DG's are provided

IEEE 33, 69 and 118 bus systems IEEE 33 and 69 bus systems 16 bus generic UK distribution system
International Journal of Scientific Research & Engineering Trends
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[83] [81] [53]

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consideration of environmental objectives due the world

Yes, uncertainties of solar and wind DG units, uncertainties of

Multi-type DG's including wind, PV, gas turbine, micro-

and PV units is 2 MW and the maximum capacity for other

fuel and electricity price have been considered and modelled.

used DG's is 1 MW. Voltage magnitudes of buses are bounded

Reyleigh distribution function models the uncertainties of wind

DG penetration level is limited. Maximum capacity of wind
turbine, diesel engine and fuel cell have been used. The DG's

wide global warming and pollution concerns seems

imperative.
 To provide a realistic solution for DG allocation problem,
all the related technical, economical, environmental and
geographical constraints must be taken into account,
while in a large portion of existing research works, some
of constraints are neglected. For example, in most of
cases, right of way issues do not allow the installation of
DG units in certain buses of distribution systems, while in
most of research works, such a constraint has been simply
ignored.
 While the addition of storage devices along with DG
speed and solar irradiance.
are considered of P-type.

units can provide smooth output power and relieve

within [0.9, 1.05] pu.

intermittency of renewable energy-based DG's, they have

been rarely used in existing research works. Using
storage devices in concert with DG units and fully
9 bus system

investigation of their effects on solutions of DG

allocation problem is highly recommended.
 Since the output power of solar and wind DG units
[68]
No

depend on the solar irradiation, temperature and wind

speed, they have probabilistic/uncertain nature. However,
Voltage magnitudes of buses and active

Probabilistic load flow takes the

model output power of wind turbines.
P type DG's, gas turbines, fuel cells and

Weibull probability function is used to

most of the existing research works have not taken the

uncertainties of solar/wind DG units into account. Due
consideration of the uncertainties of solar/wind units lead
uncertainty of loads into account.

to more resealistic solutions for DG allocation problem.

IEEE 33 and 69 bus systems
power of DG's are bounded.

 While real-life distribution systems are usually of very

large scale and include a large number of buses and
branches, in most of the existing research works, the
optimisation schemes for DG allocation problem has been
validated on very small scale distribution systems.
wind turbines

 Using renewable energy resources as DG units can be

very effective in improving technical, economical and
especially environmental characteristics of distribution
[66]
No

systems. However, in a small portion of existing research

works, they have been utilised.
 Although a lot of research effort has been put to develop
VI. CONCLUSION modern DG allocation strategies and there exist efficient
DG allocation strategies, in practice, utilities mostly use
After reviewing the existing research works on DG allocation traditional experience based strategies rather than modern
problem, the followings are provided as shortcoming of the strategies for allocation of DG's. Even in some countries,
existing works and directions for future research. in particular developing countries, the power generation
 Although a lot of research effort has already been put to is totally provided by centralized power plants and
develop efficient and powerful metaheuristic optimization distributed generation is not used. Awaring utilities in
algorithms for solving DG allocation problem, there is different countries of the benefits of distributed
still room for improvement. Developing more efficient generation and encouraging them to use modern DG
metaheuristic optimisation algorithms with strong allocation strategies is highly recommended.
capability in discovery of global optimum is  Among renewable energy-based distributed generation
recommended for future research. resources, the resources such as biomass have been rarely
 For a realistic formulation of DG allocation problem, the used in DG allocation. Using new renewable energy-
technical, economical and environmental objectives based distributed generation resources in DG allocation
should be considered, while in a large portion of existing and assessment of their impact on DG allocation solutions
research works [1–19], the economical or environmental and objectives and comparing their effects with other
objectives have not been considered. In particular, the distributed generation resources is recommended.

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 Almost all existing research works, attempt to optimize 10. Poullikkas, A.: Implementation of distributed generation
steady state characteristics of distribution systems, while technologies in isolated power systems. Renewable and
transient and dynamic issues of the system can also be Sustainable Energy Reviews 11 (2007) 30-56.
considered in DG allocation. In particular, enhancement 11. Leda-Ioanna Tegou, Heracles Polatidis, Dias A.
of transient/dynamic stability of the system by optimal Haralambopoulos. Distributed Generation with
allocation of DG units is recommended. Renewable Energy Systems: The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference
Acknowledgement of the European Regional Science Association ‗Local
We are very thankful to the Ujjain Engineering College governance and sustainable development, Thematic
Ujjain, India and RGPV Bhopal India providing us all support Stream M: Environment, natural resources and
to complete this research work. sustainability‘ ERSA 2007, Paris, France, August 29th –
September 2nd 2007.
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