CO3053 – Embedded Systems

3. Embedded System
Development Process
CO3053 – Lecture Notes 2

Learning Outcome
§ Students are expected to be able to …
Describe each step in the process
Sort the steps in the process in correct order

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CO3053 – Lecture Notes 3

Embedded System Design – Challenges

§ Increasing application complexity
Large systems with legacy functions
Flexibility requirements
Examples: multimedia, automotive, mobile communication

§ Increasing target system complexity

Mixture of different technologies, processor types, and design styles
Large systems-on-a-chip combining components from different sources (IP market)

§ Numerous constraints and design objectives

Examples: cost, power consumption, timing constraints, dependability

§ Reduced and overlapping design cycles

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CO3053 – Lecture Notes 4

Embedded System Requirements

§ Reactive systems
The system never stops.
The system responds to signals produced
by the environment.

§ Real-time systems
Timing constraints on task execution.
Hard and soft constraints.

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CO3053 – Lecture Notes 5

Embedded System Development Process

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CO3053 – Lecture Notes 6

Requirements Gathering
§ Understand the problem statement and scope definition.

§ Identify Functional and nonfunctional requirements

Multimode or multifunctional system
Size, cost, weight, etc.

§ Determine deployment parameters

Application domain and operational environment
Legal and regulatory requirements
…
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CO3053 – Lecture Notes 7

Requirements Analysis
§ Identify the variables in performance, hardware, firmware, software, …

§ Estimate cost, complexity

§ Determine tradeoff

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CO3053 – Lecture Notes 8

System Design
§ System architecture
Block diagram

§ Hardware-software partitioning

§ Hardware and software selection

Hardware platform
Programming language
Operating system
Development tools

§ Prototyping and testing strategy

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CO3053 – Lecture Notes 9

Data Owner
Data Owner
Off-chain Storage
Off-chain
Storage 1 FireBase

4
Eth-Crypto
Blockchain
8
Web3.js Ethereum
5 Raspberry Pi3
Smart
IoT Gateway 3 Contract Prototyping Nodejs Express
Smart
Contract
IoT Gateway

5 Johnny-Five
7 6 2
Ethereumjs-wallet
Ethereumjs-util
Arduino Nano, Web3.js
IoT end-devices
Eth-Crypto
DHT11 Sensor

Data Consumer
IoT end-devices

Data Exchange
Data Consumer
Data Collection

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CO3053 – Lecture Notes 10

System Implementation
§ Hardware Implementation (if needed) & Coding

§ Cross-platform development
Usually, the ES is not strong enough ➠ need another platform to build application (usually use
PC), and the application/OS is executed on ES.
Cross: developed on one platform, run on another platform

§ Cross-compiler: the compiler run on one platform (PC), and it produce

executable file to run on another platform (ES)

§ Porting: reproduce an application/OS which is developed for a platform to run

on another platform
Ex: We want to reproduce a Linux distribution to run on our ARM platform
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CO3053 – Lecture Notes 11

Testing
§ Unit & Integration testing

§ Verify the Software on the Host System

Compile and assemble the source code into object file
Use a simulator to simulate the working of the system

§ Verify the Software on the Target System

Download the program using a programmer device
Use an Emulator or on chip debugging tools to verify the software

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CO3053 – Lecture Notes 12

Integration & Optimization

§ System integration
Involve the actual integration of the hardware and software modules to
produce the full working system.

§ System optimization (if required)

Optimize trade-off parameters such as cost or performance.

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CO3053 – Lecture Notes 13

Deployment and Maintenance

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CO3053 – Lecture Notes 14

Example: Engine Control Unit (ECU)

§ Task: control the torque produced by the engine by the timing fuel
injection and spark.
Control Injection Time

§ Major constraints
Low fuel consumption
Low exhaust emission

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CO3053 – Lecture Notes 15

ECU Control Injection Time – Analysis

§ 3 Sub Tasks
Compute air flow
Compute injection time
Control actuators (torque)

Air Flow Compute injection Injection

Compute air flow Time
Control actuators
time

§ Engine speed § Engine temperature Control

§ Air temperature § Look-up table Signal
§ Air pressure
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CO3053 – Lecture Notes 16

ECU – Design Option #1

§ Use a single CPU to
Process input data
Compute outputs
Control actuators

Analog A/D
inputs Actuations

32 bit CPU
Digital
inputs

May not meet timing requirements

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CO3053 – Lecture Notes 17

ECU – Design Option #2

§ Combine CPU and FPGA
Use CPU to
– Process input data
– Compute outputs
Use FPGA to control actuators

Analog A/D
inputs Actuators
16 bit CPU FPGA

Digital
inputs

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CO3053 – Lecture Notes 18

ECU – Design Option #3

§ Combine DSP, CPU, FPGA
§ Use DSP to process input data
§ Use CPU to computes outputs
§ Use FPGA to control actuators

Analog
inputs A/D DSP
Actuators

Digital
8 bit CPU FPGA

inputs

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CO3053 – Lecture Notes 19

Question and Discussion

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