Engineering Mechanics

(231106)

Dr. K. B. Ladhane
HOD
Civil Engineering
EQUILIBRIUM
PRINCIPLES OF EQUILIBRIUM
Though there are many principles of equilibrium, yet the following three are
important from
the subject point of view :
1. Two force principle. As per this principle, if a body in equilibrium is acted upon
by two
forces, then they must be equal, opposite and collinear.
2. Three force principle. As per this principle, if a body in equilibrium is acted
upon by three
forces, then the resultant of any two forces must be equal, opposite and collinear
with the
third force.
3. Four force principle. As per this principle, if a body in equilibrium is acted upon
by four
forces, then the resultant of any two forces must be equal, opposite and collinear
with the
resultant of the other two forces.
LAMI’S THEOREM
It states that, “If three coplanar forces acting at a point be in
equilibrium, then each force is proportional to the sine of the
angle between the other two.” Mathematically,

where, P, Q, and R are three forces

and α, β, γ are the angles as shown
in Figure.
Equilibrant : If a body is acted by a force system, body will move in the direction of
resultant. If an equal & opposite force is applied in same line of action of resultant, the
body will become stationary & system will be in equilibrium. This force is known as
equilibrant.

Conditions of equilibrium:
For a body subjected to concurrent force system
Concurrent force system can be converted into a single force i.e. Resultant.
As per condition 1, for a body subjected to a single force, F = 0
Hence, R = 0

ΣFx = 0 and ΣFy = 0 are the conditions of equilibrium.

For a body subjected to non-concurrent force system

The conditions of equilibrium for non-concurrent force system are

Rx = ΣFx =0, Ry = ΣFy = 0 and ΣM = 0

Space diagram : A sketch showing the
physical conditions of the problem is
known as a space diagram.

Free body diagram : A significant point is

selected from space diagram (actual
problem) and drawing a separate
diagram showing this significant point
and all the forces acting on it, such
diagram is called free body diagram.
 Free Body Diagram
Separated from its surroundings but showing the effects (Reactions)
of surrounding.

D
A FAB
FCD
B FBC
C FBC
B
C
W1
W2 W1
FBD of W2
Point B
Given Situation FBD of
Point C
 Free Body Diagram
W3

W2+W3
W3 R1

W2
W1+W2+W3
W1
R2

R3
 Free Body Diagram

TB

B RA

W1
A
W2
FBD of Sphere
Given Situation
A cord supported at B and C carries a load of 20 kN at C and a load of W at B as shown in
figure. Find the value of W so that BC remains horizontal.
Moment of a force : when a force acts on a particle, the particle moves or tends to move in
the direction of the force, the motion being called as the motion of translation. However, if
the force acts on a particle at some distance through an arm, it produces motion of rotation.
That rotation is called as moment of a force.

Moment (M) = Force X Perpendicular distance

=FXl
Type of moment:

+ve -ve

Clockwise Anticlockwise
Couple:
• Two force having the same magnitude and parallel line of action
and of opposite sense are said to form a couple.
• Having same magnitude but opposite sense parallel to each other
the sum of components in any direction is zero.
• Hence two force will not translate the body on which they act but
tend to make it rotate.
• A moment is produced by two equal, opposite parallel & non-
collinear forces is called Couple.

Magnitude of Couple: Moment (M) = Force (F) x arm (x)

An electric light fixture weighting 15 N hangs from a point C, by two strings AC and
BC. The string AC is inclined at 60° to the horizontal and BC at 45° to the horizontal
as shown in Fig.
A string ABCD, attached to fixed points A and D has two equal weights of 1000 N
attached to it at B and C. The weights rest with the portions AB and CD inclined at
angles as shown in Fig. Find the tensions in the portions AB, BC and CD of the
string, if the inclination of the portion BC with the vertical is 120°.
A light string ABCDE whose extremity A is fixed, has weights W1 and W2 attached to it at B
and C. It passes round a small smooth peg at D carrying a weight of 300 N at the free end E
as shown in Fig. 5.7. If in the equilibrium position, BC is horizontal and AB and CD make 150°
and 120° with BC, find (i) Tensions in the portion AB, BC and CD of the string and
(ii) Magnitudes of W1 and W2.
 Beams
Beam is a structural member or part of machine which is subjected
to transverse forces (Loads) i.e. loads perpendicular to its
longitudinal axis.

W1 W2 W3
 Types of Load
Load concentrated on a very small length W1 W2
compare to the length of the beam, is known
as point load or concentrated load. Point load
may have any direction

Truck transferring entire load of truck at 4 R1 Point Load R2

point of contact to the bridge is point load.

Load spread uniformly over the length of the w kN / m

beam is known as uniformly distributed load.

Water tank resting on the beam

length Uniformly Distributed Load R2
Pipe full of water in which weight of the load
R1 (U.D.L.)
per unit length is constant

w kN / m

Load in which value of the load spread over

the length if uniformly increasing or
decreasing from one end to the other is
known as uniformly varying load. It is also
called triangular load Uniformly Varying Load
R1 (U.V.L.)
R2
 Type of Support
SIMPLE SUPPORT ROLLER SUPPORT Here rollers are placed
Beam below beam and beam can
In this type of support
slide over the rollers.
beam is simply
Reaction will be
supported on the
perpendicular to the
support. There is no
surface on which rollers are
RV connection between
RV supported.
beam and support.
Only vertical reaction This type of support is
will be produced normally provided at the
HINGE SUPPORT FIXED SUPPORT end of a bridge

RH
RH
Beam and support are
RV connected by a hinge. Beam M Beam is completely fixed at
can rotate about the hinge RV end in the wall or support.
Reaction may be vertical, Beam cannot rotate at end.
horizontal or inclined. Reactions may be vertical,
horizontal, inclined &
moment

RH = Horizontal Reaction RV = Vertical Reaction M = Moment

 Types of Beam
Beam
It is the beam which is rest If beam has one end
on the support. Here no fixed and other end
connection between beam free then it is known
Support Free end
and support. Fixed as cantilever beam
R1
R2 CANTILEVER BEAM
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM end
If both end of beam If beam has more
is fixed with support than two span, it is
then it is called as called as continuous
fixed beam FIXED BEAM CONTINUOUS BEAM beam

If beam has one end is

If beam has both end
free and other end is
are free, it is called as
supported, it is called as
both side overhang
one side overhang beam ONE SIDE OVERHANG BEAM BOTHSIDE OVERHANG BEAM beam

If one end of beam is fixed and other is supported

PROP with prop then it is known as propped cantilever
beam.
PROPPED CANTILEVER BEAM
 Sign Conventions For Forces &
Moment
• Vertical Force

+Ve (Positive) -Ve (Negative)

Horizontal Force

+Ve (Positive) -Ve (Negative)

Moment

+Ve -Ve
(Positive) (Negative)

Clock Wise Anti-Clock

Moment Wise Moment
 Equilibrium Condition

➢ Summation of Horizontal force is zero

H = 0
➢ Summation of Vertical force is zero
V = 0
➢ Summation of All Moment at any particular point is zero
M A =0
 Ex - 1 Find Support Reaction of Beam as Shown in Figure

5kN 15kN

2m 3m 3m

Answer : - From a given data

5kN 15kN Applying 2nd equilibrium condition
Taking moment at point “A” M A = 0 +V
A B
2m C 3m D 3m e
RAY RBY + 5 2 + 15  ( 2 + 3) - RBY  ( 2 + 3 + 3) = 0
Applying equilibrium condition +5  2 + 15  5 − RBY  8 = 0
V = 0 +Ve (Positive)

RAY + RBY − 5 − 15 = 0
5  2 + 15  5
 = RBY RBY = 10.625kN
8
RAY + RBY = 20.........eqn(1)
From equation (1)
RAY = 9.375kN
 Ex - 2 Find Support Reaction of Beam as Shown in Figure

5kN 15kN / m

2m 3m 3m

Answer : - From a given data

Equivalent Diagram
5kN 15kN / m 5kN 15  3 = 45kN
A B A
2m C 3m D 3m B
2m C 3m D1.5m 1.5m
RAY RBY RBY
RAY
Applying equilibrium condition Taking moment at point “A” M A = 0 +V
V = 0 +Ve (Positive) + 5 2 + 45  ( 2 + 3 + 1.5 ) -
e
RBY  ( 2 + 3 + 3)= 0
RAY + RBY − 5 − 15  3 = 0 +5  2 + 45  6.5 − RBY  8 = 0
RAY + RBY = 50.........eqn(1) 5  2 + 45  6.5
 = RBY  RBY = 37.81kN
Applying 2nd equilibrium condition 8
From equation (1) RAY = 12.19kN
Ex - 3 Find Support Reaction of Beam as Shown in Figure
10 2kN
15kN / m
450
5kNm

2m 3m 3m 2m

Answer : - From a given data

10kN 15kN / m 5kNm
A 10kN B
RAX 2m C 3m D 3m 2m
RAY RBY

Equivalent diagram
Applying equilibrium condition
H = 0 +Ve (Positive)
10kN 15  3 = 45kN 5kNm V = 0 +Ve (Positive) RAX − 10 = 0
A B
10kN RAY + RBY − 10 − 15  3 = 0
RAX 2m C 3m D 1.5m 1.5m 2m RAX = 10kN
RAY RBY RAY + RBY = 55.........eqn(1)
Applying 3rd equilibrium condition
Taking moment at point “A” M A = 0 +V
e
+ 10  2 + 45  ( 2 + 3 + 1.5 ) + 5 - RBY  ( 2 + 3 + 3) = 0 +5  2 + 45  6.5 − RBY  8 = 0
5  2 + 45  6.5 + 5
 = RBY  RBY = 39.69kN RAY = 15.31kN
8
 Ex - 4 Find Support Reaction of Beam as Shown in Figure
10kN 5kNm
15kN / m

2m 3m 3m 2m

Answer : - From a given data

10kN 15kN / m 5kNm
RAX A B
2m C 3m D 3m 2m
MA
RAY

Equivalent diagram Applying equilibrium condition

MA 10kN 15  3 = 45kN 5kNm V = 0 +Ve (Positive)
A B
RAY − 10 − 15  3 = 0 RAY = 55kN
2m C 3m D 1.5m 1.5m 2m
RAY
Taking moment at point “A” M A = 0 +V
e
- MA + 10  2 + 45  ( 2 + 3 + 1.5 ) + 5 =0 5 + 10  2 + 45  6.5 − M A = 0

M A = 317.5kN  m