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INDEX

No. Topic Page

No.
1. Water Level Indicator 5
2. Circuit Components 7
3. Diagram 7
4. Circuit diagram 8
5. Project Features 10
6. Project Description 11
7. Operation 12
8. Uses Of project 15
9. Conclusion and Scope 16

Group Members

Uswa Israr (CPEN241101018)

Aliza Parveen (CPEN241101031)
Hamza Sohail (CPEN241101048)
M. Tehseen (CPEN241101012)

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 Water Level Indicator

The Water Level Indicator employs a simple mechanism to detect

and indicate the water level in an overhead tank or any other water
container. The sensing is done by using a set of nine probes which are
placed at nine different levels on the tank walls The last level represents
the “tank full” condition while level 1 represents the “tank empty”
condition.

When the water-level is below the minimum detectable level

(MDL), the seven segment displays is arranged to show the digit 1,
indicating that the tank is empty, When the water reaches level1 the
connection between the probes gets completed and the base voltage of
transistor increases. This causes the base-emitter junction of transistor
to get forward biased, this switches transistor from cut-off to conduction
mode thus PIN (B0) of microcontroller is pulled to ground hence, the
corresponding digit displayed by the seven segment display is 2. The
similar mechanism applies to the detection of all the other levels. Wyhen
the tank is full, all inputs to microcontroller become low and all its

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outputs go high. This causes the display shows a also in this case a
buzzer sound is given, thereby indicating a “tank full”condition.

Most water level indicators are equipped to indicate and detect only
a single level. The Water Level Indicator implemented here can indicate
up to nine such levels and the microcontroller displays the level number
on a seven segment display. So, not only is the circuit capable of
cautioning a person that the water tank has been filled up to a certain
level, it also indicates that the water level has fallen below the minimum
detectable level. This circuit is important in appliances such as the water
cooler where there is a danger of motor-burnout when there is no water
in the radiator used up also it can be used in fuel level indication.

In this project we show the water level indicator using eight

transistors which conducts as level rises, a buzzer is also added which
will automatically start as the water level becomes full, auto buzzer start
with the help of microcontroller. With the help of this project we not
only show the level of water with the help of seven segment display but
also a buzzer.

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 Circuit Components

✓ 4 – BC547 transistors
✓ 3 – 220-ohm resistors
✓ 3 – LEDs
✓ 1 – Buzzer
✓ 5 – 9v battery + battery clip/power supply
✓ some pieces of wire

Diagram

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Circuit diagram

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Points of BC 547

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 Resistor 220 Ohm

Water Level Indicator Project Features

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➢ Easy Installation: Most water level indicator systems are designed
for straightforward setup, allowing users to install them without
extensive technical knowledge.

➢ Low Maintenance: These systems require minimal upkeep,

making them cost-effective over time.

➢ Compact Design: Many water level indicators are designed to be

compact and aesthetically pleasing, fitting well in various
environments.

➢ Automatic Control: Advanced models include automatic

controllers that prevent overflow or dry running of pumps, thereby
conserving both electricity and water.

➢ Energy Efficiency: They consume very little energy, making them

suitable for continuous operation.

➢ Flexible Operation Levels: Users can set specific water levels for
pump operation, enhancing control over the system.

➢ Clear Indication: Most systems provide clear visual indicators of

water levels, often using LEDs or seven-segment displays to show
different levels (e.g., empty, low, half-full, full).

➢ Alarm Systems: Many projects incorporate alarms (buzzer

sounds) to alert users when water levels reach critical points (e.g.,
tank full or empty).

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 Types of Water Level Indicators
➢ Conductive Probes: These systems use conductive probes placed at
various heights within the tank to detect water levels. When the water
touches a probe, it completes a circuit that triggers an indicator or
alarm.

➢ LED Indicators: Some projects utilize multiple LEDs to represent

different water levels. For instance, a red LED may indicate low
water, yellow for half-full, and green for full.

➢ Microcontroller-Based Systems: More sophisticated setups use

microcontrollers (like Arduino) to automate the monitoring process,
allowing for features such as data logging and remote notifications.

➢ Buzzer Alerts: Many designs include a buzzer that sounds when the
tank is nearing full capacity or is empty, providing an audible alert
alongside visual indicators.
➢ Applications

➢ Domestic Use: Monitoring water tanks in homes to prevent overflow.

➢ Industrial Applications: Managing liquid levels in factories and

commercial complexes.

➢ Fuel and Oil Tanks: Gauging levels in storage tanks to prevent

spills.

➢ Sewage Systems: Monitoring sump pumps and sewage tanks.

➢ Agricultural Use: Controlling irrigation systems based on water
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 Water Level Indicator Project Description

Power Supply

• A constant 5V power supply is provided to the microcontroller and

the entire circuit from a battery. This ensures stable operation for all
components involved.

Sensor Configuration

• The tank is equipped with conductive sensors that are embedded

within it. These sensors detect the presence of water based on
conductivity.

• The sensors are connected via wires to transistors, which play a

crucial role in controlling the output signals based on the water level
detected.

Transistor Functionality

• The transistors act as inverters in this setup. When water touches the
conductive sensors, it activates the transistors, changing their output
state.

• The outputs from these transistors are connected to pins

on PORTB of the microcontroller (specifically pins 1, 2, and 3),
allowing for digital control based on the sensor inputs.

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Output Indicators

• The output for the highest water level (indicating that the tank is full)
is communicated through two means:

• A seven-segment display shows the water level visually.

• A continuous buzzer sound alerts users audibly when the tank
reaches its full capacity.

Working Principle

• As water levels rise, different conductive sensors are activated

sequentially. Each sensor corresponds to a specific water level (e.g.,
low, medium, high).

• The microcontroller processes these signals and activates the

appropriate outputs (LEDs, buzzer) based on the current water level.

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 Operation

The operation of this project is very simple and can be understood

easily. In our project “water level indicator” there are 3 main conditions:

1. There is no water available in the sourcetank.

2. Intermediate level
3. There is ample amount of water available in the tank
So let us discuss on the more about
these 3 conditions

CONDITION 1: Water not available

When the tank is empty there is no conductive path between any of

the indicating probes and the common probe so the transistor base
emitter region will not have sufficient biasing voltage hence it remains
in cut off region and the output across its collector will be Vc
approximately 4.2v. As in this case the microcontroller is used in the
active low region now the output of transistor which is 4.2v
approximately will be considered as LOW by the microcontroller and
hence the default value given by microcontroller to the segment display
is 1 which indicates as the tank is empty

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CONDITION 2: Intermediate levels
Now as the water starts filling in the tank a conductive path is
established between the sensing probes and the common probe and the
corresponding transistors get sufficient biasing at their base, they starts
conducting and now the outputs will be Vce In this project while the
water level reaches i.e. last but one level along with display in segment
a discontinuous buzzer is activated which warns user that tank is going
to be full soon.

CONDITION 3: Water full

When the tank becomes full, the top level probe gets the conductive
path through water and the corresponding transistor gets into conduction
whose output given to microcontroller with this input microcontroller
not only displays the level in segment display but also activates the
continuous buzzer by which user can understand that tank is full Flow
chart gives the clear and easy understanding of the project.
The process goes on as follows: The microcontroller checks if
the tank is full if the condition is satisfied it indicates the same on display
unit and also sounds a buzzer if the condition fails it checks if the tank
is filled upto last level and this process continues and the corresponding
level is indicated in the displayunit.

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 Uses Of Water Level Indicator

• Water tank level control

• Automatically turn ON/OFF water pumps

• It is used in factories, commercial complexes, apartments, home,

• Fuel tank level indicator

• Oil tank level control and indicator

• High & low-level alarms

• Pool water level control

• Leach-ate level control

• Cooling tower water level control

• Sewage pump level control

• Remote monitoring liquid

• Pump controller Auto

• Stream level monitoring auto

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 Conclusion and Scope

Applications of Water Level Indicator

✓ Automatic Water level Controller can be used in Hotels, Factories,

Homes Apartments, Commercial Complexes, Drainage, etc., It can be
fixed for single phase motor, Single Phase Submersibles, Three Phase
motors. (For 3Æ and Single Phase Submersible Starter is necessary)
and open well, Bore well and Sump. We can control two motor and
two sumps and two overhead tanks by singleunit.

✓ Automatic water level controller will automatically START the pump

set as soon as the water level falls below the predetermined level
(usually 1/2 tank) and shall SWITCH OFF the pump set as soon as
tank isfull.

✓ Fuel level indicator in vehicles.

✓ Liquid level indicator in the huge containers in thecompanies.

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