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MidTerm Exam-C programming 1

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6 views

MidTerm Exam-C programming 1

mide

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carstaslih
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Programming and Computation I

C Programming Level One


By Omar Ahmed

Topics :
1. Flow Charts, C Programming Language Syntax, Data Types, Arithmetic Operators, Standard Inputs and Outputs
2. Format Specifiers, Operators, Control Structures - If Statements
3. Control Structures Cont’d – If Else Statements, Nested Conditional Statements, Switch Statement
4. Repetition Structures: While and Do While Statements
5. Repetition Structures: For Statements, break and continue Statements, Type Conversion and Casting

1. Flow Charts, C Programming Language Syntax, Data Types, Arithmetic Operators,


Standard Inputs and Outputs

Flow Charts

Flow charts are visual diagrams representing the steps and decisions in a program. Here are key symbols:

● Oval: Start or End of the process.


● Rectangle: Process or action (e.g., calculations).
● Parallelogram: Input or Output (e.g., taking input or displaying output).
● Diamond: Decision point (e.g., an if condition).

Example:

Flow charts help break down complex logic visually, showing the program's flow step-by-step.

C Programming Language Syntax

Basic syntax in C includes:

● Statements: Each command ends with a semicolon (;), like int x = 5;.
● Curly Braces {}: Define the beginning and end of blocks, like in functions or loops.
● Functions: The main function is int main() { ... }, where code execution starts.

Data Types

Data types define the kind of data a variable can store:

● int: For integers (e.g., int x = 5;).


● float and double: For decimals, with double offering more precision.
● char: For single characters, like char grade = 'A';.
Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators perform math operations:

● + (Addition)
● - (Subtraction)
● * (Multiplication)
● / (Division)
● % (Modulo - remainder of division)

Example:

int a = 10, b = 3;
int result = a + b; // result is 13
int mod = a % b; // mod is 1

Standard Inputs and Outputs

In C, you commonly use:

● printf(): Outputs data to the screen.


● scanf(): Takes input from the user.

Example:

int age;
printf("Enter your age: ");
scanf("%d", &age);
printf("You are %d years old.\n", age);

2. Format Specifiers, Operators, Control Structures - If Statements

Format Specifiers

These specify the type of data printf and scanf functions should handle:

● %d for integers
● %f for floats
● %c for characters
● %s for strings

Example:

int age = 20;


printf("Your age is %d\n", age); // Displays: Your age is 20

Operators

● Relational Operators: Compare values and return true (1) or false (0).
○ Examples: ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=
● Logical Operators: Used to combine conditions.
○ && (AND): True if both conditions are true.
○ || (OR): True if either condition is true.
○ ! (NOT): Reverses the truth value.

Example:

int x = 5;
int y = 10;
if (x < y && y > 0) {
printf("Both conditions are true.\n");
}

If Statements

if statements allow conditional execution:

int age = 18;


if (age >= 18) {
printf("You are an adult.\n");
}

3. If Else Statements, Nested Conditional Statements, Switch Statement

If Else Statements

The if...else statement provides two paths:

int age = 16;


if (age >= 18) {
printf("You are an adult.\n");
} else {
printf("You are a minor.\n");
}
Nested Conditional Statements
You can nest if statements within each other:

int score = 85;


if (score >= 60) {
if (score >= 90) {
printf("Excellent!\n");
} else {
printf("Good job!\n");
}
} else {
printf("You need to improve.\n");
}
Switch Statement

A switch statement is used when you have multiple values for a variable:

int choice = 2;
switch (choice) {
case 1:
printf("You chose option 1.\n");
break;
case 2:
printf("You chose option 2.\n");
break;
default:
printf("Invalid choice.\n");
}

● break exits the switch once a case is matched. Without it, subsequent cases would execute until a break
or the end of the switch.

4. Repetition Structures: While and Do While Statements

While Loop

Repeats code as long as a condition is true:

int i = 1;
while (i <= 5) {
printf("%d\n", i);
i++;
}

Do While Loop

Similar to while, but guarantees the code inside will run at least once:

int i = 1;
do {
printf("%d\n", i);
i++;
} while (i <= 5);
5. For Statements, break and continue Statements, Type Conversion and Casting

For Loop

A for loop is typically used when the number of iterations is known:

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {


printf("%d ", i);
}

This loop runs from i = 0 to i = 4.

Break and Continue Statements


break: Exits the loop immediately.
c

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {


if (i == 3) break;
printf("%d ", i); // Only prints 0, 1, 2
}

continue: Skips the current iteration and goes to the next one.
c

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {


if (i == 2) continue;
printf("%d ", i); // Prints 0, 1, 3, 4
}

Type Conversion and Casting

● Type Conversion: Automatically happens in operations involving different data types. For example, if an int
and a float are used together, the int is converted to float.

Type Casting: Temporarily changes a variable's data type.


c

int a = 5;

● float b = (float)a; // Casting 'a' to float

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