CSE101-Lec#6-Part-1

• Control structures(Decision control

statements/ or Condition Statements)

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 Program
• Program is a set of instruction executed one by one.

• Depending upon the circumstances sometimes it is

desirable to alter the sequence of execution of
statements.

1. Wake up;
2. Get ready;
3. If you have enough time, then
eat breakfast;
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4. Go to school.
 Control Statements
• The C language programs until now follows a
sequential form of execution of statements.
• C language provides statements that can alter the
flow of a sequence of instructions. These statements
are called control statements.
• These statements help to jump from one part of the
program to another. The control transfer may be
conditional or unconditional.

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 Control Structure
• A control structure refers to the way in which the
programmer specifies the order of executing the
statements.
• Three control structures
– Sequence structure
• Programs are executed sequentially by default.
– Selection structures(Condition)
• if, if…else, if-else-if, Nested-if ,switch
– Repetition structures (iteration)
• while, do…while, for

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 Condition Statements(or Decision control
statements or Branching statements)
• The C condition statements or the decision statements,
checks the given condition
• Based upon the state of the condition, a sub-block is
executed.
• Decision statements are the:
– if statement
– if-else statement
– If-else-if statement
– Nested if statement
– switch statement

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©LPU CSE101 C Programming
 Daily routine
Start

Go!!!

Where
Class To Movie
Go?

Stop Stop
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 if statement

Yes If you have No

time?

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 if Statement
• If statement
– It is decision making statement uses keyword if.
– It allows the computer to evaluate the expression
first
• and then, depending on whether the value is ‘true’
or ‘false’, i.e. non zero or zero it transfers the
control to a particular statement.
A decision can be made on any expression.
zero - false
nonzero - true
Example:
3 < 4 is true
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 if Statement
Syntax

if (expression)
statement;

or

if (expression)
{
block of statements;
}

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 if Statement
• The if statement has the following syntax:
The condition must be a
boolean expression. It must
if is a C Evaluate to either non-zero or zero.
reserved word

if ( condition )/* no semi-colon */

statement;

If the condition is non-zero, the statement is executed.

If it is zero, the statement is skipped.

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 Rain ???
Is it going to rain?

Look up sky for clouds

yes no
Clouds?

No rain
Raining

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#include<stdio.h>
Program to
int main()
{ check
int v; whether
printf(“Enter the number :”);
number is
scanf(“%d”, &v);
if(v<10) less than 10.
printf(“number is less than 10”);
return 0;
}

Enter the number: 6

Number is less than 10

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 Control Flow

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 if..else statement

Yes If you have No

time?

Grab
something to
eat along

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 if..else statement
• The if statement executes only when the
condition following if is true.
• It does nothing when the condition is false.
• The if..else statement takes care of the
true and false conditions.

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 if..else statement
• if..else has two blocks.
• One block is for if and it is executed when
condition is non-zero(true).
• The other block is of else and its executed when
condition is zero (false).
Syntax
if (expression)
{
block of statements;
}
else
{
block of statements;
}
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 if..else statement
• The else statement cannot be used without
if.
• No multiple else statements are allowed
with one if.
• else statement has no expression.
• Number of else cannot be greater than
number of if.

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#include<stdio.h>
int main() Example :
{
int a;
Program to
printf(“Enter the number :”); check
scanf(“%d”, &v);
if(v<10) whether
printf(“number is less than 10”);
else number is
printf(“number is greater than 10”);
return 0;
less than 10.
}

Enter the number: 7

Number is less than 10
or
Enter the number: 100
Number is greater than 10
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 Control Flow

MESSAG
E
DISPLAY

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 Q1
What will be the output of the following C code?
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x = 5;
if (x < 1)
printf("hello");
if (x == 5)
printf("hi");
else
printf("no");
return 0;
}
A. hi
B. hello
C. no
D. error

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 Q2
What will be the output of the following C code?
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x = 0;
if (x == 0)
printf("hi");
else
printf("how are u");
printf("hello");
return 0;
}
A. hi
B. how are you
C. hello
D. hihello

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 Q3
What will be the output of the following C code?
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x = 5;
if (x < 1);
printf("Hello");

}
A. Nothing will be printed
B. Compile time error
C. Hello
D. Logical error

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 Q4
#include<stdio.h>
A. Hi
int main()
{ B. Hello
float x=2.3;
if(x==2.3)
C. Compile time error
{ D. None of these
printf("Hi");
}
else
{
printf("Hello");
}
return 0;
}

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 Q5
#include<stdio.h> A. Hi
int main()
{ B. Hello
int x=-1; C. Compile time error
if(x)
D. None of these
{
printf("Hi");
}
else
{
printf("Hello");
}
return 0;
}

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 Q6
What is the output of this C
code?
A. True
#include <stdio.h> B. False
int main() C. Compile time error
{ D. None of these
float f = 0.1;
if (f == 0.1)
printf("True");
else
printf("False");
return 0;
}
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 If-else-if
• if-else-if statement is used when program requires
more than one test expression.
• We can check multiple conditions, and what so ever condition
is true, that part will work
• Here, a user can decide among multiple options. The C if
statements are executed from the top down. As soon as one
of the conditions controlling the if is true, the statement
associated with that if is executed, and the rest of the C else-if
ladder is bypassed. If none of the conditions are true, then
the final else statement will be executed.

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 If-else-if ladder
Syntax
if ( condition ) {
block of statements;
}
else if ( condition ) {
block of statements;
}
else {
block of statements;
}

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#include<stdio.h>
int main()
Program to
{ check
int a;
printf(“Enter the number :”); whether
scanf(“%d”, &v);
if(v<10){
number is
printf(“number is less than 10”); less than 10.
}
else if(v<100){
printf(“number is less than 100”);
}
return 0;
}

Enter the number: 1

Number is less than 10
or
Enter the number: 56
Number
©LPU isC less
CSE101 than 100
Programming
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
Program to
float marks;
scanf(“%f”, &marks); print grades
if (marks>90){
printf(“Grade A”); of students
}
else if (marks>80) {
printf(“Grade B”);
marks.
}
else if(marks>70){
printf(“Grade C”);
}
else if (marks >60) {
printf(“Grade D”);
}
return 0;
}

66.70
Grade D
or
78.00
Grade C C Programming
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 Q1
#include <stdio.h>
int main() A. inside if
{ B. inside elseif
int x = 1; C. inside if
if (x > 0) inside elseif
printf("inside if\n");
D. Compile time error
else if (x > 0)
printf("inside elseif\n");
}

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 Q2
What will be the output of the
following C code? A. true
#include <stdio.h>
B. false
int main()
{
C. Compile time error
int x = 0; D. undefined behaviour
if (x++)
printf("true\n");
else if (x == 1)
printf("false\n");
}

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 Q3
What will be the output of the following
C code?
#include <stdio.h> A. false, 0
int main() B. true, 0
{
C. true, 10
int x = 0;
if (x == 0) D. compile time error
printf("true, ");
else if (x = 10)
printf("false, ");
printf("%d\n", x);
return 0;
}

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 Nested if
• A nested if in C is an if statement that is the
target of another if statement. Nested if
statements means an if statement inside
another if statement. C allows us to nested if
statements within if statements, i.e, we can
place an if statement inside another if
statement.

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 Syntax
if (condition1)
{
// Executes when condition1 is true
if (condition2)
{
// Executes when condition2 is true
}
}
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 Program example
// C program to illustrate nested-if statement
#include <stdio.h> Output
int main() • i is smaller than 15
{
int i = 10; • i is smaller than 12
if (i == 10)
{
too
// First if statement
if (i < 15)
printf("i is smaller than 15\n");

// Nested - if statement
// Will only be executed if statement above is true
if (i < 12)
printf("i is smaller than 12 too\n");
else
printf("i is greater than 15");
}
return 0;
}

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 What will be the output of following code?
#include <stdio.h> A. true
int main() B. false
{
C. Depends on the
int x = 0;
compiler
if (x == 1)
D. Nothing will be printed
if (x >= 0)
printf("true\n");
else
printf("false\n");
}

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 What will be the output of the
following C code?
#include <stdio.h> A.inside if
int main() B.inside else if
{
int x = 0; C.inside else
if (x == 1) D.Compile time error
if (x == 0)
printf("inside if\n");
else
printf("inside else if\n");
else
printf("inside else\n");
return 0;
}
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 break statement
• break is a keyword.
• break allows the programmer to terminate
the loop.
• A break statement causes control to transfer
to the first statement after the loop or block.
• The break statement can be used in nested
loops. If we use break in the innermost loop
then the control of the program is terminated
only from the innermost loop.

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 switch Statement

Day= No Day=
Monday Sunday

Yes

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 switch Statement
• The control statement that allows to make a decision
from the number of choices is called switch.
• Also called switch-case-default.
• The switch statement provides another way to decide
which statement to execute next.
• The switch statement evaluates an expression, then
attempts to match the result to one of several possible
cases.
• Each case contains a value and a list of statements.
• The flow of control transfers to statement associated
with the first case value that matches.
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 switch Statement
Syntax
switch (expression)
{
case constant1:
statements;
break;
case constant2:
statements;
break;
case constant3:
statements;
break;
default:
statements;
}

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 Rules of using switch case
1. Case label must be unique
2. Case label must end with colon
3. Case label must have constant expression
4. Case label must be of integer, character type like
case 2, case 1+1, case ‘a’
5. Case label should not be floating point
6. Default can be placed anywhere in switch
7. Multiple cases cannot use same expression
8. Nesting of switch is allowed.
9. Variables are not allowed in switch case label..

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 Syntax error in switch statement
Variable cannot be
switch(pt){
used as label
case count:
printf(“%d”, count);
break;

case 2.5:
printf(“A line”); Floating point number
break; cannot be used
case 3 + 7.7:
printf(“A triangle”);
case 3 + 7.7: Floating point number
printf(“A triangle”); cannot be used and
break; same expression cannot
case count+5: be used
printf(“A pentagon”);
break;
} constant expression
should be used
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#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int pt;
printf("Enter the number of nodes:");
Program to
scanf("%d", &pt);
switch(pt){ show switch
case 0:
printf("\nNo Geometry");
break;
statement in
case 1:
printf("\nA point");
break;
geometry
case 2:
printf("\nA line");
break;
case 3:
printf("\nA triangle");
break;
case 4:
printf("\nA rectangle");
break;
case 5:
printf("\nA pentagon");
break;
default:
printf("Invalid input");
break;
}
return 0;
}

Enter the number of nodes: 2

A line
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 Q1
#include <stdio.h>
int main() A. Compile time error
{ B. 1
double ch; C. 2
printf("enter a value between 1 to 2:"); D. Nothing will be displayed
scanf("%lf", &ch);
switch (ch)
{
case 1:
printf("1");
break;
case 2:
printf("2");
break;
}
return 0;
}

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 Q2
What will be the output of the following C
code? (Assuming that we have entered the A. 1
value 1 in the standard input)
#include <stdio.h> B. 2
int main()
{
C. 1 2
int ch; D. Compile time error
printf("enter a value between 1 to 2:");
scanf("%d", &ch);
switch (ch)
{
case 1:
printf("1 ");
default:
printf("2");
}
return 0;
}

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 Q3
What will be the output of the following C A. 1 hi
code? (Assuming that we have entered the
value 1 in the standard input) B. 2
#include <stdio.h> C. hi
int main() D. 1
{
int ch;
printf("enter a value between 1 to 2:");
scanf("%d", &ch);
switch (ch)
{
case 1:
printf("1 ");
printf("hi");
break;
default:
printf("2\n");
}
}

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 Q4
What will be the output of the A. yes
following C code?
B. yes no
#include <stdio.h>
int main() C. Duplicate case value error
{ D. Nothing will be displayed
int x = 97;
switch (x)
{
case 'a':
printf("yes ");
break;
case 97:
printf("no");
break;
}
}
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 Q5
What will be the output of the A. Output: Case A
following C code?
#include <stdio.h> B. Output: Default
int main() C. Output: Case A Default
{
int a = 1;
D. Compile time error
switch (a)
{
case a:
printf("Case A ");
default:
printf("Default");
}
return 0;
}

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 CSE101-Lec#8 and 9
• Formatted and Unformatted Input/Output functions
• Type conversion
• Type modifiers

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 Outline
• Formatted Input/Output functions
– printf() function
– scanf() function
• Conversion Specifiers

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 Introduction
• Presentation of output is very important.
• Formatted functions scanf and printf :
– these functions input data from standard input
stream and
– output data to standard output stream.
• Include the header #include<stdio.h>

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 Standard I/O Functions
• There are many library functions available for
standard I/O.
• These functions are divided into two
categories:
–Unformatted functions
–Formatted functions

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 Formatted Functions
• With Formatted functions, input and output is
formatted as per our requirement
– For example, if different values are to be displayed,
how much field width i.e., how many columns on
screen, is to be used, and how much space between
two values is to be given. If a value to be displayed is
of real type, then how many decimal places to output
• Formatted functions are:
– printf()
– scanf()

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 Unformatted functions
• The unformatted functions work only with character data
type.
• They do not require format conversion symbol for formatting
of data types because they work only with character data
type
• Unformatted functions are:
– getchar() and putchar()
– getch() and putch()
– gets() and puts()

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 Formatted output with printf function
• The printf() function: (Formatted output)
printf() is an output function that takes text and values from
within the program and sends it out onto the screen.
In general terms, the printf function is written as:
Syntax
printf(“format-control-string”, arg1,arg2,……….,argN);

• The format-control-string can contain:

– Characters that are simply printed as they are
– Conversion specifications that begin with a % sign
– Escape sequences that begin with a \ sign
✔ The arguments can be written as constants, single variable or array
names, or more complex expressions.

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 Example
printf(“Area of circle is %f units
\n”, area);
In this :-
“Area of circle is %f units \n”- is a
control string.
area - is a variable whose value will be printed.
%f- is the conversion specifier indicating the type of
corresponding value to be printed.

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 Printing Integers
• Integer values can be 0, 890, -328.
Conversion Description Example
Specifier

d Display as a signed decimal integer. printf(“%d”, -890);

i Display as a signed decimal integer. printf(“%i”, -890);

u Display as an unsigned decimal integer. printf(“%u”, 890);

h or l Used before any integer conversion printf(“%hd”, 890);

specifier to indicate that a short or long printf(“%ld”, 800000000L)
integer is displayed, respectively

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 #include <stdio.h>
int main( void )
{
printf( "%d\n", 890);
printf( "%i\n", 890); // i same as d in printf
printf( "%d\n", +890 ); // plus sign does not //print
printf( "%d\n", -890 ); // minus sign prints
printf( "%hd\n", 32000 );
printf( "%ld\n", 2000000000L ); // L suffix makes
//literal a long
printf( "%u\n", 890 );
printf( "%u\n", -890 ); // Not allowed
}

890
890
890
-890
32000
200000000
890
3246435674

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 Printing Floating-Point number
• Decimal point numbers like 0.01, 98.07 or -23.78
Conversion Description Example
Specifier
e or E Display a floating-point value in printf(“%e”,-1234567.89);
exponential notation.
f or F Display floating-point values in fixed- printf(“%f”,1234567.89);
point notation
g or G Display a floating-point value in either printf(“%g”, 1234567.89);
the floating-point from f or the
exponential form e based on the
magnitude of the value
L Used before any floating-point printf(“%lf”,1234567.89L);
conversion specifier to indicate that a
long double is displayed.
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 #include <stdio.h>
int main( void )
{
printf( "%e\n", 1234567.89 );
printf( "%e\n", -1234567.89 );//minus
prints
printf( "%E\n", 1234567.89 );
printf( "%f\n", 1234567.89 );
printf( "%g\n", 1234567.89 );
printf( "%G\n", 1234567.89 );
}

1.234568e+006
-1.234568e+006
1.234568E+006
1234567.890000
1.234568e+006
1.234568E+006

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 Printing Strings and Characters
Character = ‘A’ and String= “This is string”
Conversion Description Example
Specifier
c Display a single character argument. printf(“%c”, ‘A’);

s Displays a string and requires a pointer printf(“%s”, “This is

to a character argument. String”);

Conversion Specifier s causes characters to be

printed until a terminating null(‘\0’) character
is encountered.

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 #include <stdio.h>
int main( void )
{
char character = 'A'; // initialize char
char string[] = "This is a string"; // initialize char
array

printf( "%c\n", character );

printf( "%s\n", "This is a string" );
printf( "%s\n", string );

A
This is string
This is string

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 Other Conversion Specifier
Pointer holds the address of another variable.
Conversion Description Example
Specifier
p Display a pointer value Int *ptr=&score;
printf(“%p”, ptr);
printf(“%p”, &score);
% Displays the percent character. printf(“a%%”);

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 #include <stdio.h>
int main( void )
{
int *ptr; // define pointer to int
int x = 12345; // initialize int x

ptr = &x; // assign address of x to ptr

printf( "The value of ptr is %p\n", ptr );
printf( "The address of x is %p\n\n", &x );

printf( "Printing a %% in a format control string\n" );

}

The value of ptr is 002ER443

The address of x is 002ER443

Printing a % in a format control string

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 How?
• Till now we have displayed numbers in left
justified manner
• Consider the program that displays
1
12
123
1234
12345

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 Printing with Field widths
• Field width: the exact size of field in which
data is printed is specified by field width.
• The data is printed in the specified field and
right justified.
• The integer representing the width size is
inserted between percent sign(%) and the
conversion specifier(e.g. %8d).

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 #include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
printf( "%4d\n", 123 );
printf( "%4d\n", 1234 );
printf( "%4d\n\n", 12345 );

123
1234
12345

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 How?
• Dividing 7 by 3
Answer :
2.33333333333……
But the required output is
2.3333

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 Printing with Precision
• Specifies precision with which data is printed.
• Precision with integer conversion specifier
indicates the minimum number of digits to be
printed.
• Precision with floating-point conversion specifier
indicates the number of digits to appear after the
decimal point.
• Precision with string specifier indicates the
maximum number of characters to be written
from the string.

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 #include <stdio.h>
int main( void )
{
int i = 873; // initialize int i
double f = 123.94536; // initialize double f
char s[] = "Happy Birthday"; // initialize char array s

printf( "Using precision for integers" );

printf( “%.4d \n %.9d \n\n", i, i );

printf( "Using precision for floating-point numbers" );

printf( “%.3f \n %.3e\n %.3g \n\n", f, f, f );

printf( "Using precision for strings" );

printf( “%.11s \n", s );
}

Using precision for integers

0873
000000873

Using precision for floating-point numbers

123.945
1.239e+002
124

Using precision for strings

Happy Birth
©LPU CSE101 C Programming
 How?
Suppose the output required is
First\one
there “
There’s

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 Printing literals and escape sequences
Escape sequence Description
\’ Output the single quote(‘) character
\” Output the double quote(“) character
\\ Output the backslash (\) character
\a Cause an audible(bell)
\b Move the cursor back one position on the current line
\n Move the cursor to the beginning of the next line
\t Move the cursor to the next horizontal tab position

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Formatted Functions
The scanf() function: (Formatted input)
scanf() is a function that reads data from the keyboard. It
interprets character input to the computer and stores the
interpretation in specified variable(s).
In general terms, the scanf function is written as:
Syntax
scanf (format-control-string, arg1, arg2,………., argN);

• The format-control-string can contain:

– Describes the format of the input.
– Conversion specifications that begin with a % sign.
• The arguments are the pointers to variables in which the
input will be stored.

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Example:
scanf(“%s %d %f”, name, &age,
&salary);
In this :-
“%s %d %f”- is a control string.
name – is a string argument and it’s a array name
and implicit memory address reference.
age - is a decimal integer variable preceded by &.
salary - is floating-point value preceded by &.

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 Reading data
Conversion Specifier Description
d Read signed decimal integer
i Read a signed decimal integer
u Read an unsigned decimal integer
h or l Used before any integer conversion specifier to
indicate that a short or long integer is to be input,
respectively
e, E, f, g, G Read a floating-point value
c Read a character
s Read a string
p Read an address
% Skip the percent sign(%) in the input

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 #include <stdio.h>
int main( void )
{ int a, c;
float f;
char day[10];
printf( "Enter integers: " );
scanf( "%d %u", &a, &c);

printf( "Enter floating-point numbers:" );

scanf( "%f", &f);

printf( "%s", "Enter a string: " );

scanf( "%8s", day );
}

Enter integers: -89 23

Enter floating-point numbers:
1.34256
Enter a string:
monday

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Outline
• Unformatted Input/Output functions
– getchar()
– putchar()
– getch()
– putch()
– gets()
– puts()

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Unformatted Functions
• C has three types of I/O functions:
i. Character I/O
ii. String I/O
iii. File I/O

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 getchar()
• This function reads a character-type data from
standard input.
• It reads one character at a time till the user
presses the enter key.
Syntax
Variable-name = getchar();

Example:
char c;
c = getchar();
©LPU CSE101 C Programming
 #include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char c;
printf(“enter a character”);
c=getchar();
printf(“c = %c ”,c);
}

Enter a character k
c = k

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 putchar()
• This function prints one character on the
screen at a time which is read by standard
input.
Syntax

putchar( variable name);

Example: char c= ‘c’;

putchar (c);

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 #include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char ch;
printf(“enter a character: ”);
scanf(“%c”, &ch);
putchar(ch);
}

enter a character: r
r

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 getch() & getche()
• These functions read any alphanumeric character
from the standard input device
• The character entered is not displayed by the getch()
function until enter is pressed
• The getche() accepts and displays the character.
• The getch() accepts but does not display the
character.
Syntax

getche();

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 #include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf(“Enter two alphabets:”);
getche();
getch();
}
Enter two alphabets a

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 putch()
This function prints any alphanumeric character
taken by the standard input device
#include<stdio.h>
Example:
int main()
{
char ch;
printf(“Press any key to continue”);
ch = getch();
printf(“ you pressed:”);
putch(ch);
}

Press any key to continue

You pressed : e

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 gets()
String I/O
• This function is used for accepting any string
until enter key is pressed (string will be
covered later)
Syntax
char str[length of string in number];
gets(str);

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 #include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char ch[30];
printf(“Enter the string:”);
gets(ch);
printf(“Entered string: %s”, ch);
}

Enter the string: Use of data!

Entered string: Use of data!

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 puts()
• This function prints the string or character
array. It is opposite to gets()

Syntax
char str[length of string in number];
gets(str);
puts(str);

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 #include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char ch[30];
printf(“Enter the string:”);
gets(ch);
puts(“Entered string:”);
puts(ch);
}

Enter the string: puts is in use

Entered string: puts is in use

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Q1
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
float x=12.6784;
printf("%.3f",x);
return 0;
}

A. 12.678
B. 12.6
C. 12.679
D. 12.0

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Q2
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
int main()
{
double x=3.456;
printf("%lf",floor(x));
return 0;
}

A. 3.460000
B. 3.000000
C. 4.000000
D. 3.500000

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Q3
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
int main()
{
double x=3.001;
printf("%lf",ceil(x));
return 0;
}

A. 3.010000
B. 3.000000
C. 4.000000
D. 3.500000

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Q4
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
int main()
{
double x=10.0,y=7.0;
printf("%lf",fmod(x,y));
return 0;
}

A. 1.000000
B. 3.000000
C. 1.428571
D. Error

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Q5
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
int main()
{
int x;
x=printf("ABC");
printf(" %d",x);
return 0;
}

A. ABC
B. ABC 1
C. 3 ABC
D. ABC 3

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Q6
Which of the following is a non-standard input
unformatted function in C?
A. printf()
B. getch()
C. getchar()
D. scanf()

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Q7
Which of the following unformatted function
waits for the user to press the enter key, after
the character input is provided?
A. putch()
B. getch()
C. getchar()
D. getche()

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Type conversion
• Conversion from one type to another
• It can happen in two ways:
1) Implicit type conversion
2) Explicit type conversion

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Implicit type conversion(or automatic type conversion)

• Done by the compiler on its own, without any external

trigger from the user.
• Generally takes place when in an expression more than one
data type is present. In such condition type conversion
(type promotion) takes place to avoid lose of data.
• All the data types of the variables are upgraded to the data
type of the variable with largest data type.
• char -> short int -> int -> unsigned int -> long -> unsigned ->
long long -> float -> double -> long double
• It is possible for implicit conversions to lose information,
signs can be lost (when signed is implicitly converted to
unsigned), and overflow can occur (when long long is
implicitly converted to float).

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Example of implicit conversion
// An example of implicit conversion
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x = 10; // integer x
char y = 'a'; // character c

// y implicitly converted to int. ASCII

// value of 'a' is 97
x = x + y;

// x is implicitly converted to float

float z = x + 1.0;

printf("x = %d, z = %f", x, z);

return 0;
}
Output:
x = 107, z = 108.000000

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Explicit type conversion
• This process is also called type casting and it is user defined. Here the user can type cast
the result to make it of a particular data type.
• The syntax in C:
(type) expression
• Type indicated the data type to which the final result is converted.
// C program to demonstrate explicit type casting
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
double x = 1.2;

// Explicit conversion from double to int

int sum = (int)x + 1;

printf("sum = %d", sum);

return 0;
}
Output:
sum=2

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Type modifiers
• Modifiers are prefixed with basic data types to
modify (either increase or decrease) the amount
of storage space allocated to a variable.
• short, long, signed and unsigned are the type
modifiers in C

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Type modifiers

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

©LPU CSE101 C Programming
 Outline
• Jump Statements
– break
– continue
– goto
– return

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Jump statements
• You have learn that, the repetition of a loop is controlled by
the loop condition.
• C provides another way to control the loop, by using jump
statements.
• There are four jump statements:

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 break statement
• break is a keyword.
• break allows the programmer to terminate
the loop.
• A break statement causes control to transfer
to the first statement after the loop or block.
• The break statement can be used in nested
loops. If we use break in the innermost loop
then the control of the program is terminated
only from the innermost loop.

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 break statement
##include<stdio.h>
Program to
int main()
{ show use of
int n; break
for (n=10; n>0; n=n-1){
if (n<8)
statement.
break;
printf(“%d ”, n);
} //end for
}

10 9 8

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 continue statement
• continue statement is exactly opposite to
break.
• continue statement is used for continuing
the next iteration of the loop statements
• When it occurs in the loop, it does not
terminate, but skips the statements after this
statement

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 continue statement
• In while and do…while loops, the continue
statement transfers the control to the loop
condition.
• In for loop, the continue statement transfers the
control to the updating part.

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 continue statement
#include<stdio.h>
Program to
int main()
{
show the use
int n; of continue
for (n=10; n>0; n=n-1){ statement in
if (n%2==1) for loop
continue;
printf(“%d ”, n);
}
}

10 8 6 4 2

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 continue statement
#include<stdio.h> Program to
int main()
show the use
{
int n = 10; of continue
while(n>0){ statement in
printf(“%d”, n); for loop
if (n%2==1) For n=9, loop goes to infinite
execution
continue;
n = n –1;
}
}
The loop then prints
10 9 9 9 9 9 ………… number 9 over and over
again. It never stops.
©LPU CSE101 C Programming
 goto
• Unconditionally transfer control.
• goto may be used for transferring control from one
place to another.
• The syntax is:
goto identifier;
Control is unconditionally transferred to the location of a
local label specified by identifier. For example,
Again:
...
goto Again;

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 goto statement

n=10;

A:
printf(“%d “, n);
n = n -1;

if (n>0)
goto A;

Output:

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

#include<stdio.h>
void main() Program to
{
int x; show goto
printf(“enter a number: ”);
scanf(“%d”,&x); statement.
if(x%2==0)
goto even;
else
goto odd;
even:
printf(“ %d is even”, x);
return;
odd:
printf(“%d is odd”, x);
}

enter a number: 18
18 is even

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 return statement
• Exits the function.
• return exits immediately from the currently
executing function to the calling routine,
optionally returning a value. The syntax is:
• return [expression];
• For example,
int sqr (int x){
return (x*x);
}

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Question 1
The continue statement cannot be used with
A. for
B. while
C. do while
D. switch

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Answer 1
The continue statement cannot be used with
A. for
B. while
C. do while
D. switch

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Question 2
Which keyword can be used for coming out of
recursion?
A. return
B. break
C. exit
D. both A and B

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Answer 2
Which keyword can be used for coming out of
recursion?
A. return
B. break
C. exit
D. both A and B

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Question 3
Switch statement accepts.

A. int
B. char
C. long
D. All of the above

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Answer 3
Switch statement accepts.

A. int
B. char
C. long
D. All of the above

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Question 4
Which loop is guaranteed to execute at least
one time.
A. for
B. while
C. do while
D. None of the above

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Answer 4
Which loop is guaranteed to execute at least
one time.
A. for
B. while
C. do while
D. None of the above

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Question 5
A labeled statement consist of an identifier
followed by
A. ;
B. :
C. ,
D. =

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Question 5
A labeled statement consist of an identifier
followed by
A. ;
B. :
C. ,
D. =

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 CSE101-Lec#6-Part-2
• Control Structures[Repetition structures/ or
Looping statements/ or Iterative statements]

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Outline
• Repetition structure/Control Loop Statements
– for statement
– while statement
– do-while statement

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Repetition(Going to School)
Day =
Monday to
Saturday

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Looping (repetition)
• What if we want to display hello 500 times?
– Should we write 500 printf statements or
equivalent ?
⮚ Obviously not.
• It means that we need some programming
facility to repeat certain works.
• Such facility is available in form of looping
statements.

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Loop
• The main idea of a loop is to repeat an action
or a series of actions.

The concept of a loop without condition

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 • But, when to stop looping?
• In the following flowchart, the action is executed
over and over again. It never stops – This is called
an infinite loop
• Solution – put a condition to tell the loop either
continue looping or stop.

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Loop
• A loop has two parts –
body and condition

• Body – a statement or a
block of statements that
will be repeated.

• Condition – is used to
control the iteration –
either to continue or stop
iterating.

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Loop statements
• C provides three loop statements:

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Loop statements

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 The “while” Statement in C
• The syntax of while statement in C:
Syntax

while (loop repetition condition){

statement;
updating control;
}

While fatigue level is not

reached

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 while statement
while(loop repetition condition)
{
Statements;
}

Loop repetition condition is the condition which

controls the loop.
•The statement is repeated as long as the loop
repetition condition is true.
•A loop is called an infinite loop if the loop
repetition condition is always true.
•while loop is known as entry controlled loop, as
condition is checked at the beginning/ or entry
point
©LPU CSE101 C Programming
 while statement
Example: This while statement prints numbers 10 down to 1
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n=10;
while (n>0){
printf(“%d ”, n);
n=n-1;
}
return 0;
}
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Do TEN push ups imposes a

count condition
©LPU CSE101 C Programming
 Q1
How many times i value is checked in the following C code?
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i = 0;
while (i < 3)
i++;
printf("In while loop\n");
}
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 1

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Q2
What will be the output of the following C code?
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i = 0;
while (++i)
{
printf("H");
}
return 0;
}
A. H
B. H is printed infinite times
C. Compile time error
D. Nothing will be printed

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 The for Statement in C
• The syntax of for statement in C:
Syntax
for (initialization-expression;
loop-repetition-condition;
update-expression){
statement;
}
• The initialization-expression set the initial value of the loop
control variable.
• The loop-repetition-condition test the value of the loop
control variable.
• The update-expression update the loop control variable.
• It is also known as entry controlled loop as condition is
checked first and then loop body executes

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 for statement

for (Initialization; Condition; Updating )

{
Repeated_Actions;
}

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 for statement
Example: This for statement prints numbers 10 down to 1
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n;
for (n=10; n>0; n=n-1){
printf(“%d ”, n);
}
return 0;
}

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Do TEN push ups = for
count=1; count<=10;
count++
©LPU CSE101 C Programming
©LPU CSE101 C Programming
 Program to find sum of first n numbers
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n,i,sum=0;
printf("enter the value");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
sum=sum+i;
}
printf("the sum=%d",sum);
return 0;
}

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Program to find sum of digits of a number
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int no,sum=0,n;
printf("enter the no");
scanf("%d",&no);
while(no!=0)
{
n=no%10;
sum=sum+n;
no=no/10;

}
printf("the sum of digits=%d",sum);
}

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Q1
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;
for (i = 1; i != 10; i += 2)
printf("Hello");
return 0;
}
A. Hello will be displayed 5 times
B. Hello will be displayed 4 times
C. Hello will be displayed infinite no. of times
D. Hello will be displayed 6 times

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Q2
What will be the output of following code
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<10;i++);
printf("%d",i);
return 0;
}
A. Numbers from 1 to 9 will be printed
B. 10
C. 9
D. Infinite loop

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 for vs while loop

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Nested Loops
• Nested loops consist of an outer loop with one
or more inner loops.
• Eg:
for (i=1;i<=100;i++){ Outer loop

for(j=1;j<=50;j++){ Inner loop

…
}
}
• The above loop will run for 100*50 iterations.

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

#include<stdio.h>
int main() Program to
{
int i,j,k ; print tables
printf(“Enter a number:”);
scanf(“%d”, &k); up to a
printf(“the tables from 1 to %d: \n”,k);
for(i=1; i<k; i++){
given
for(j=1; j<=10; j++){ number.
printf(“%d ”,i*j);
} //end inner for loop
printf(“\n”);
} //end outer for loop
return 0;
} //end main

Enter a number
4
The tables from 1 to 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
4 8 12CSE101
©LPU 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
C Programming
#include<stdio.h>
int main() Program to
{
int i,j;
display a
printf(“Displaying right angled triangle for 5 pattern.
rows”);
for(i=1 ; i<=5 ; i++) {
for(j=1 ; j<=i ; j++)
printf(“* ”);
printf(“\n”);
}
return 0;
}

Displaying right angled triangle for 5 rows

*
**
***
****
*****
©LPU CSE101 C Programming
 While vs. for statements

Comparing for and while loops

©LPU CSE101 C Programming
 The do-while Statement in C
• The syntax of do-while statement in C:
Syntax
do
{
statement;
} while (condition);
• The statement executed at least one time(even if the
condition is false)
• For second time, If the condition is true, then the
statement is repeated else the loop is exited.
• Also known as exit-controlled loop, as loop body
executes first and then the condition is checked

5-28
©LPU CSE101 C Programming
 do…while statement

do
{
Repeated_Actions;
} while (Condition);

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 do…while statement
Example: this do…while statement prints numbers 10 down to 1
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n=10;
do{
printf(“%d ”, n);
n=n-1;
}while (n>0);
}

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Difference between while and do..while
while loop do..while loop
1. Condition is specified at the top 1. Condition is mentioned at the bottom
2. Body statements are executed when 2. Body statements are executed at least
the condition is satisfied once even if the expression value
evaluates to false
3. It is an entry controlled loop 3. It is an exit controlled loop
4.Syntax: 4.Syntax:
while (condition) do
statement; {
statements;
}
while (condition);

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Q1
What will be the output of the following C code?
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
do
printf("In while loop ");
while (0);
printf("After loop\n");
return 0;
}
A. In while loop
B. In while loop
After loop
C. After loop
D. Infinite loop

©LPU CSE101 C Programming

 Q2
What will be the output of the following C code?
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i = 0;
do {
i++;
printf("In while loop\n");
} while (i < 3);
return 0;
}
A. In while loop
In while loop
In while loop

B. In while loop
In while loop

C. Nothing will be displayed

D. Compile time error

©LPU CSE101 C Programming