Linked List

• Linked List is a very commonly used linear data

structure which consists of group of nodes in a
sequence.
• Each node holds its own data and the address of the
next node hence forming a chain like structure.
• Linked Lists are used to create trees and graphs.
 Advantages of Linked Lists
• They are a dynamic in nature which allocates
the memory when required.
• Insertion and deletion operations can be
easily implemented.
• Stacks and queues can be easily executed.
 Disadvantages of Linked Lists
• The memory is wasted as pointers require
extra memory for storage.
• No element can be accessed randomly; it has
to access each node sequentially.
• Reverse Traversing is difficult in linked list.
 Applications of Linked Lists
• Linked lists are used to implement stacks,
queues, graphs, etc.
• Linked lists let you insert elements at the
beginning and end of the list.
• In Linked Lists we don't need to know the size
in advance.
 Types of Linked Lists
• Singly Linked List
• Doubly Linked List
• Circular Linked List
 Singly Linked List
• Singly linked lists contain nodes which have
a data part as well as an address part i.e. next, which
points to the next node in the sequence of nodes.
• The operations we can perform on singly linked lists
are insertion, deletion and traversal.
 Doubly Linked List
• In a doubly linked list, each node contains
a data part and two addresses, one for
the previous node and one for the next node.
 Circular Linked List
• In circular linked list the last node of the list
holds the address of the first node hence
forming a circular chain.
Difference between Arrays and Linked List
Dynamic Memory Allocation Functions
 Example
• Syntax for malloc():
ptr=(datatype *)malloc(specified-size);
• Example 1:
int ptr;
ptr=(int*)malloc(10*sizeof(int));
• Example 2:
struct *str;
str=(struct node*)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
 Singly Linked List
• What is a Node?
• A Node in a linked list holds the data value
and the pointer which points to the location of
the next node in the linked list.
 Node Implementation
// A linked list node
struct Node
{
int data;
struct Node *next;
};

typedef struct Books {

char title[50];
char author[50];
char subject[100];
int book_id;
struct Books *add;
} Book;
 Inserting a node
• A node can be added in three ways
1) At the front of the linked list
2) After a given node.
3) At the end of the linked list.
 Add a node at the front
/* Given a reference (pointer to pointer) to the head of a list
and an int, inserts a new node on the front of the list. */
void push(struct Node** head_ref, int new_data)
{
/* 1. allocate node */
struct Node* new_node = (struct Node*) malloc(sizeof(struct Node));

/* 2. put in the data */

new_node->data = new_data;

/* 3. Make next of new node as head */

new_node->next = (*head_ref);

/* 4. move the head to point to the new node */

(*head_ref) = new_node;
}
Add a node at the end
Display the content of Linked List
Add a node at specified position
Complete code
 Singly Linked List:Deleting a node
• A node can be deleted in three ways
1) At the front of the linked list
2) After a given node/specified position
3) At the end of the linked list.
 Delete a node at the front
void Pop()
{
struct node *ptr;
if(head == NULL)
{
printf("\nList is empty");
}
else
{
ptr = head;
head = ptr->next;
free(ptr);
printf("\n Node deleted from the begining ...");
}
}
 Delete a node at the end
void end_delete()
{
struct node *ptr,*ptr1;
if(head == NULL)
{
printf("\nlist is empty");
}
else if(head -> next == NULL)
{
free(head);
head = NULL;
printf("\nOnly node of the list deleted ...");
}

else
{
ptr = head;
while(ptr->next != NULL)
{
ptr1 = ptr;
ptr = ptr ->next;
}
ptr1->next = NULL;
free(ptr);
printf("\n Deleted Node from the last ...");
}
}
 Delete a node at specified position
void delete_specified()
{
struct node *ptr, *ptr1;
int loc,i;
scanf("%d",&loc);
ptr=head;
for(i=0;i<loc;i++)
{
ptr1 = ptr;
ptr = ptr->next;

if(ptr == NULL)
{
printf("\nThere are less than %d elements in the list..\n",loc);
return;
}
}
ptr1 ->next = ptr ->next;
free(ptr);
printf("\nDeleted %d node ",loc);
}
Complete Code
 Singly Linked List Operations
• Search
• Count number of nodes
• Concatenation
• Merging
• Reversing
Search
 Count number of nodes
void Count_nodes()
{
/* temp pointer points to head */
struct node* temp = head;
/* Initialize count variable */
int count=0;
/* Traverse the linked list and maintain the count */
while(temp != NULL)
{
temp = temp->next;
/* Increment count variable. */
count++;
}
/* Print the total count. */
printf("\n Total no. of nodes is %d",count);
}
Concatenation
Merging
Reversing
 Applications of Linked List
• Stack
• Queue implementation
Stack Implementation using Linked List
void push(struct Node** head_ref, int new_data)
{
struct Node* new_node = (struct Node*) malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
new_node->data = new_data;
new_node->next = (*head_ref);
(*head_ref) = new_node;
}

void Pop()
{
struct node *ptr;
if(head == NULL)
{
printf("\nList is empty");
}
else
{
ptr = head;
head = ptr->next;
free(ptr);
printf("\n Node deleted from the begining ...");
}

}
 Queue implementation using Linked
List
void Enqueue(item)
{
struct node *ptr,*temp;

ptr = (struct node*)malloc(sizeof(struct node));

ptr->data = item; ptr -> next = NULL;
if(head == NULL)
{
head = ptr;
printf("\nNode inserted");
}
else
{
temp = head;
while (temp -> next != NULL)
{
temp = temp -> next;
}
temp->next = ptr;
printf("\nNode inserted");
}
}
Void Dequeue()
{
struct node *ptr;
if(head == NULL)
{
printf("\nList is empty");
}
else
{
ptr = head;
head = ptr->next;
free(ptr);
printf("\n Node deleted from the begining ...");
 Circular Linked list
• In a circular Singly linked list, the last node of the list contains a pointer to the first
node of the list. We can have circular singly linked list as well as circular doubly
linked list.
• We traverse a circular singly linked list until we reach the same node where we
started. The circular singly liked list has no beginning and no ending. There is no
null value present in the next part of any of the nodes.
 Operations on Circular List
• Insertion at the beginning
• Insertion at the end
• Deletion at the beginning
• Deletion at the end
• Searching
• Traversing
 Insertion at the beginning
void beg_insert(int item)
{

struct node *ptr = (struct node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node));

struct node *temp;
if(ptr == NULL)
{
printf("\nOVERFLOW");
}
else
{
ptr -> data = item;
if(head == NULL)
{
head = ptr;
ptr -> next = head;
}
else
{
temp = head;
while(temp->next != head)
temp = temp->next;
ptr->next = head;
temp -> next = ptr;
head = ptr;
}
printf("\nNode Inserted\n");
}
 Insertion at the end
void lastinsert(struct node*ptr, struct node *temp, int item)
{
ptr = (struct node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
if(ptr == NULL)
{
printf("\nOVERFLOW\n");
}
else
{
ptr->data = item;
if(head == NULL)
{
head = ptr;
ptr -> next = head;
}
else
{
temp = head;
while(temp -> next != head)
{
temp = temp -> next;
}
temp -> next = ptr;
ptr -> next = head;
}
}
 Deletion at the beginning
void beg_delete()
{
struct node *ptr;
if(head == NULL)
{
printf("\nUNDERFLOW\n");
}
else if(head->next == head)
{
head = NULL;
free(head);
printf("\nNode Deleted\n");
}

else
{
ptr = head;
while(ptr -> next != head)
ptr = ptr -> next;
ptr->next = head->next;
free(head);
head = ptr->next;
printf("\nNode Deleted\n");
}
}
 Deletion at the end
void last_delete()
{
struct node *ptr, *preptr;
if(head==NULL)
{
printf("\nUNDERFLOW\n");
}
else if (head ->next == head)
{
head = NULL;
free(head);
printf("\nNode Deleted\n");
}
else
{
ptr = head;
while(ptr ->next != head)
{
preptr=ptr;
ptr = ptr->next;
}
preptr->next = ptr -> next;
free(ptr);
printf("\nNode Deleted\n");
}
}
 Searching
void search()
{
struct node *ptr;
int item,i=0,flag=1;
ptr = head;
if(ptr == NULL)
{
printf("\nEmpty List\n");
}
else
{
printf("\nEnter item which you want to search?\n");
scanf("%d",&item);
if(head ->data == item)
{
printf("item found at location %d",i+1);
flag=0;
return;
}
else
{
while (ptr->next != head)
{
if(ptr->data == item)
{
printf("item found at location %d ",i+1);
flag=0;
return;
}
else
{
flag=1;
}
i++;
ptr = ptr -> next;
}
}
if(flag != 0)
{
printf("Item not found\n");
return;
}
• }
 Traversing
void traverse()
{
struct node *ptr;
ptr=head;
if(head == NULL)
{
printf("\nnothing to print");
}
else
{
printf("\n printing values ... \n");

while(ptr -> next != head)

{

printf("%d\n", ptr -> data);

ptr = ptr -> next;
}
printf("%d\n", ptr -> data);
}

}
Doubly Linked List
 Operations on Doubly Linked List
• Insertion at beginning
• Insertion at end
• Insertion after specified node
• Deletion at beginning
• Deletion at end
• Deletion of the node given data
• Searching
• Traversing
 Insertion at beginning
void insertbeginning(int item)
{

struct node *ptr = (struct node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node));

if(head==NULL)
{
ptr->next = NULL;
ptr->prev=NULL;
ptr->data=item;
head=ptr;
}
else
{
ptr->data=item;
ptr->prev=NULL;
ptr->next = head;
head->prev=ptr;
head=ptr;
}
}
 Insertion at end
void insertlast(int item)
{

struct node *ptr = (struct node *) malloc(sizeof(struct node));

struct node *temp;

ptr->data=item;
if(head == NULL)
{
ptr->next = NULL;
ptr->prev = NULL;
head = ptr;
}
else
{
temp = head;
while(temp->next!=NULL)
{
temp = temp->next;
}
temp->next = ptr;
ptr ->prev=temp;
ptr->next = NULL;
}
printf("\nNode Inserted\n");

}
 Insert after specified node
void insert_specified(int item)
{
struct node *ptr = (struct node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
struct node *temp;
int i, loc;
printf("\nEnter the location\n");
scanf("%d",&loc);
temp=head;
for(i=0;i<loc;i++)
{
temp = temp->next;
if(temp == NULL)
{
printf("\ncan't insert\n");
return;
}
}
ptr->data = item;
ptr->next = temp->next;
ptr -> prev = temp;
temp->next = ptr;
temp->next->prev=ptr;
printf("Node Inserted\n");
}
}
 Deletion at beginning
void beginning_delete()
{
struct node *ptr;
if(head == NULL)
{
printf("\n UNDERFLOW\n");
}
else if(head->next == NULL)
{
head = NULL;
free(head);
printf("\nNode Deleted\n");
}
else
{
ptr = head;
head = head -> next;
head -> prev = NULL;
free(ptr);
printf("\nNode Deleted\n");
}
}
 Deletion at end
void last_delete()
{
struct node *ptr;
if(head == NULL)
{
printf("\n UNDERFLOW\n");
}
else if(head->next == NULL)
{
head = NULL;
free(head);
printf("\nNode Deleted\n");
}
else
{
ptr = head;
if(ptr->next != NULL)
{
ptr = ptr -> next;
}
ptr -> prev -> next = NULL;
free(ptr);
printf("\nNode Deleted\n");
}
}
 Deletion of a specified node
void delete_specified( )
{
struct node *ptr, *temp;
int val;
printf("Enter the value");
scanf("%d",&val);
temp = head;
while(temp -> data != val)
temp = temp -> next;
if(temp -> next == NULL)
{
printf("\nCan't delete\n");
}
else if(temp -> next -> next == NULL)
{
temp ->next = NULL;
printf("\nNode Deleted\n");
}
else
{
ptr = temp -> next;
temp -> next = ptr -> next;
ptr -> next -> prev = temp;
free(ptr);
printf("\nNode Deleted\n");
}
}
 Searching
void search()
{
struct node *ptr;
int item,i=0,flag;
ptr = head;
if(ptr == NULL)
{
printf("\nEmpty List\n");
}
else
{
printf("\nEnter item which you want to search?\n");
scanf("%d",&item);
while (ptr!=NULL)
{
if(ptr->data == item)
{
printf("\nitem found at location %d ",i+1);
flag=0;
break;
}
else
{
flag=1;
}
i++;
ptr = ptr -> next;
}
if(flag==1)
{
printf("\nItem not found\n");
}
}

}
 Traversing
int traverse()
{
struct node *ptr;
if(head == NULL)
{
printf("\nEmpty List\n");
}
else
{
ptr = head;
while(ptr != NULL)
{
printf("%d\n",ptr->data);
ptr=ptr->next;
}
}
}
 Example1: Addition of long positive
integers
• Algorithm:
– Read the first long integers as string.
• Read each character from the string
• Convert the character to integer
• Create a new node and store each integer in that node
• Insert each node at the beginning of the linked list.
– Repeat the first step for the second number.
• Traverse the two linked lists from start to end
• Add the two digits each from respective linked
lists.
• If one of the list has reached the end then take
0 as its digit.
• Continue it until both the lists end.
• If the sum of two digits is greater than 9 then
set carry as 1 and the current digit as sum %
10
Example2: Adding Polynomials