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Nirdesh Subedi 1 MA4010NI CALCULUS AND LINEAR ALGEBRA
Table of Contents Question 1................................................................................................. 3
(𝟏+√𝟑𝒊)𝟐 Q) 1) a) Express the complex number in 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 form. Also, find √𝟑−𝟏
the modulus and argument of the number. ............................................. 3
Q) 1) b) Find the fourth roots if 𝒛 = −𝟖 + 𝟖√𝟑 𝒊 and graph these roots in
the complex ............................................................................................ 5
Q) 2) a) If the position vectors of the point P, Q and R are −𝟐𝒊 + 𝒋 − 𝒌 ,
−𝟒𝒊 + 𝟐𝒋 + 𝟐𝒌 and 𝟔𝒊 − 𝟑𝒋 − 𝟏𝟑𝒌 respectively. I) Find ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ PQ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ PR .
II) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and PR
Are PQ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ perpendicular?
III) If ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , then find the value of λ .
PQ = λPR
𝟐 −𝟒 −𝟐 Q) 2) b) Check whether the columns of the matrix= [ 𝟐 𝟔 𝟖 ] are 𝟏 𝟓 𝟔 linearly independent. .............................................................................11
Table of Figures:
Figure 1: Showing roots in Complex Plane ................................................ 8
Nirdesh Subedi 2 MA4010NI CALCULUS AND LINEAR ALGEBRA
Question 1 (1+√3𝑖)2 a) Express the complex number in 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 form. Also, find the modulus and √3−1 argument of the number.
b) Find the fourth roots if 𝑧 = −8 + 8√3𝑖 and graph these roots in the complex
plane.
Solution:
(1+√3𝑖)2 Q) 1) a) Express the complex number in 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 form. Also, find the modulus √3−1 and argument of the number. Here, Given complex number is :
(1+√3𝑖)2 = √3−1
1+2.√3.𝑖+3𝑖 2 = √3−1
1+2.√3.𝑖+3𝑖 2 = √3−1
1+2.√3.𝑖−3 = √3−1
1+2.√3.𝑖−3 = √3−1
2.√3.𝑖−2 = √3−1
2(√3 𝑖−1) = √3−1
Nirdesh Subedi 3 MA4010NI CALCULUS AND LINEAR ALGEBRA
2(√3 𝑖−1) √3 + 1 = × √3−1 √3 + 1
2(3𝑖+√3𝑖−√3−1) = 2
= −(√3 + 1) + 𝑖(√3 + 3)
Now, the given complex number is in a+ib form i.e. −(√3 + 1) + 𝑖(√3 + 3)
So, Modulus of Complex Number = √𝑎2 + 𝑏2
2 2 = √(−(√3 + 1)) + ( √3 + 3 )
= √3 + 2√ 3 + 1 + 3 + 6√ 3 + 9
= √16 + 8√3
= 2√2(2 + √3 )
Now, Argument of the complex number is given by:
𝑏 tan 𝜃 = 𝑎
√3 +3 or, tan 𝜃 = −(√3+1)
√3 +3 −√3 +1 or, tan 𝜃 = × −√3−1 −√3+1
(−3+√3−3√3+3 𝑜𝑟, tan 𝜃 = 2
(−3+√3−3√3+3 or, tan 𝜃 = 2
Nirdesh Subedi 4 MA4010NI CALCULUS AND LINEAR ALGEBRA
−2√3 or, tan 𝜃 = 2
or, tan 𝜃 = − √3
As, the complex number lies on second quadrant, it can be written as:
or, tan(180 − 𝜃) = − √3
or, tan(180 − 𝜃) = tan 60°
2 𝑜𝑟, 𝜃 = 120° or 3 𝜋
Hence, the modulus of the 𝑧 = −(√3 + 1) + 𝑖(√3 + 3) is 2√2(2 + √3 ) and the
2 argument is 𝜋. 3
Q) 1) b) Find the fourth roots if 𝑧 = −8 + 8√3 𝑖 and graph these roots in
the complex plane. Now, finding the polar form of 𝑧 = −8 + 8√3 𝑖
|𝑧| = √(−8)2 + (8√3 )2
|𝑧| = 16
8√3 Again, tan 𝜃 = −8
tan 𝜃 = − √3
𝜃 = 180 − 60 [ ∵ 𝑧 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 ]
2 𝜃= 𝜋 3
2 2 So, 𝑧 = 16 ( cos 𝜋 + 𝑖 sin 𝜋) 3 3
Nirdesh Subedi 5 MA4010NI CALCULUS AND LINEAR ALGEBRA
1 Here, we must find (−8 + 8√3 𝑖) 4 i.e. 1 𝑧 = (−8 + 8√3 𝑖) 4
1 1 2𝜋+6𝑘𝜋 2𝜋+6𝑘𝜋 4 𝑧 = 16 ( cos ( 4 ) +𝑖 sin ( )) 3 3
Using De-Moivre’s Theorem, we can rewrite as:
2𝜋+6𝑘𝜋 2𝜋+6𝑘𝜋 𝑧 = 2 ( cos ( ) +𝑖 sin ( ) ) where k = 0,1,2,3 12 12
Taking k = 0,1,2,3 , we get
2𝜋+6(0)𝜋 2𝜋+6(0)𝜋 When k = 0 , 𝑧 = 2 ( cos ( ) +𝑖 sin ( )) 12 12
2𝜋 2𝜋 = 2 ( cos ( 12) +𝑖 sin ( 12) )
𝜋 𝜋 = 2 ( cos ( ) +𝑖 sin ( ) ) 6 6
= ( √3 +1 𝑖)
Nirdesh Subedi 6 MA4010NI CALCULUS AND LINEAR ALGEBRA
2𝜋+6(1)𝜋 2𝜋+6(1)𝜋 When k=1, 𝑧 = 2 ( cos ( ) +𝑖 sin ( )) 12 12
8𝜋 8𝜋 = 2 ( cos ( 12) +𝑖 sin ( 12) )
2𝜋 2𝜋 = 2 ( cos ( 3 ) +𝑖 sin ( 3 ) )
= ( −1 +√3 𝑖) .
2𝜋+6(2)𝜋 2𝜋+6(2)𝜋 When k = 2, 𝑧 = 2 ( cos ( ) +𝑖 sin ( )) 12 12
14𝜋 14𝜋 = 2 ( cos ( 12 ) +𝑖 sin ( 12 ) )
7𝜋 7𝜋 = 2 ( cos ( 6 ) +𝑖 sin ( 6 ) )
= (− √3 −1 𝑖)
2𝜋+6(3)𝜋 2𝜋+6(3)𝜋 When k = 3, 𝑧 = 2 ( cos ( ) +𝑖 sin ( )) 12 12
20𝜋 20𝜋 = 2 ( cos ( 12 ) +𝑖 sin ( 12 ) )
5𝜋 5𝜋 = 2 ( cos ( 3 ) +𝑖 sin ( 3 ) )
= ( 1 −√3 𝑖)
So, the fourth roots of 𝑧 = −8 + 8√3 𝑖 are ± ( √3 +1 𝑖) and ± ( 1 −√3 𝑖) .
Nirdesh Subedi 7 MA4010NI CALCULUS AND LINEAR ALGEBRA
Showing the fourth roots of the 𝑧 = −8 + 8√3 𝑖 in complex plane
Complex Plane
Imaginary (−1, √3 )
(√3 , 1) (
Real
(−√3 , −1)
(1, −√3)
Figure 1: Showing roots in Complex Plane
Nirdesh Subedi 8 MA4010NI CALCULUS AND LINEAR ALGEBRA
Question 2
a) If the position vectors of the point P, Q and R are −2𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘⃗ , −4𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 2𝑘⃗ and 6𝑖 − 3𝑗 − 13𝑘⃗ respectively. i) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑃𝑅 Find 𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . ii) Are ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃𝑄 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃𝑅 perpendicular? iii) If ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , then find the value of 𝜆 . 𝑃𝑄 = 𝜆𝑃𝑅
2 −4 −2 b) Check whether the columns of the matrix= [ 2 6 8 ] are linearly 1 5 6 independent.
Solution:
Q) 2) a) If the position vectors of the point P, Q and R are −2𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘⃗ , −4𝑖 + 2𝑗 +
2𝑘⃗ and 6𝑖 − 3𝑗 − 13𝑘⃗ respectively. I) Find ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃𝑄 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃𝑅 .
II) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑃𝑅
Are 𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ perpendicular?
III) If ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝜆𝑃𝑅
𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , then find the value of 𝜆 .
Solution:
Here, we have:
𝑃⃗ = −2𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘⃗
⃗ = −4𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 2𝑘⃗ 𝑄
𝑅⃗ = 6𝑖 − 3𝑗 − 13𝑘⃗
I) Find ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .
𝑃𝑄 and 𝑃𝑅 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃𝑄 = Position Vector of Q – Position vector of P
⃗ − 𝑃⃗ =𝑄
= −4𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 2𝑘⃗ − ( −2𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘⃗ )
= −2𝑖 + 1𝑗 + 3𝑘⃗
Nirdesh Subedi 9 MA4010NI CALCULUS AND LINEAR ALGEBRA
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃𝑅 = Position Vector of R – Position vector of P
= 𝑅⃗ − 𝑃⃗
= 6𝑖 − 3𝑗 − 13𝑘⃗ − ( −2𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘⃗)
= 8𝑖 − 4𝑗 − 12𝑘⃗
II) Are ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃𝑅 perpendicular? Here,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −2𝑖 + 1𝑗 + 3𝑘⃗
𝑃𝑄
𝑃𝑅 = 8𝑖 − 4𝑗 − 12𝑘⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Now,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃𝑅 = (−2𝑖 + 1𝑗 + 3𝑘⃗ ) . ( 8𝑖 − 4𝑗 − 12𝑘
𝑃𝑄 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗)
= −16 − 4 − 36
= −56
For, two vectors to be perpendicular to be each other, their dot product must be 0. In this case , the condition for ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃𝑄 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃𝑅 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑠 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃𝑄 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃𝑅 = 0. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑃𝑅 As, the condition is not satisfied. We can prove that 𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ are not perpendicular.
III) If ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , then find the value of 𝜆 .
𝑃𝑄 = 𝜆𝑃𝑅 Here,
𝑃𝑄 = −2𝑖 + 1𝑗 + 3𝑘⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑅 = 8𝑖 − 4𝑗 − 12𝑘⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
From given, we can write that:
Nirdesh Subedi 10 MA4010NI CALCULUS AND LINEAR ALGEBRA
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃𝑄 = 𝜆𝑃𝑅
𝑜𝑟, −2𝑖 + 1𝑗 + 3𝑘⃗ = 𝜆( 8𝑖 − 4𝑗 − 12𝑘⃗ )
𝑜𝑟, −2𝑖 + 1𝑗 + 3𝑘⃗ = 8𝜆𝑖 − 4𝜆𝑗 − 12𝜆𝑘⃗ )
Now, equating corresponding elements, we get,
𝑜𝑟, −2 = 8𝜆
1 𝑜𝑟, 𝜆 = − 4
1 Hence, the value of 𝜆 is − 4 .
2 −4 −2 Q) 2) b) Check whether the columns of the matrix= [ 2 6 8 ] are linearly 1 5 6 independent. Here,
2 −4 −2 Here, the given matrix is [ 2 6 8 ]. 1 5 6 The column vectors can be written as : 2 −4 −2 𝒗1 = [ 2 ] 𝒗2 = [ 6 ] 𝒗3 = [ 8 ] 1 5 6
Now, writing these vectors in a linear combination
c1 𝒗1 + c2 𝒗𝟐 + c3 𝒗3= 0 where c1 , c2 , c3 are unknown scalars
𝒗1 , 𝒗2 , 𝒗3 are column vectors
Nirdesh Subedi 11 MA4010NI CALCULUS AND LINEAR ALGEBRA
2 −4 −2 𝒐𝒓, c1 [ 2 ] + c2 [ 6 ] + c3 [ 8 ] = 0 1 5 6 Now, we get a system of linear equation:
2𝑐1 − 4𝑐2 − 2𝑐3 = 0 …………………… (i)
2𝑐1 + 6𝑐2 + 8𝑐3 = 0 …………………… (ii)
𝑐1 + 5𝑐2 + 6𝑐3 = 0 ..………………….(iii)
Now, subtracting eqn.(ii) from eqn. (i), we get.
−10𝑐2 − 10𝑐3 = 0 𝑐2 = −𝑐3 ………………….. (iv)
Multiplying eqn.(iii) by 2 and subtracting eqn. (iii) from eqn.(i):
−142 − 14𝑐3 = 0 𝑐2 = −𝑐3 …………………. (v)
Now substituting the value of 𝑐2 from eqn. (v) to eqn.(i), we get
2𝑐1 + 4𝑐3 − 2𝑐3 = 0
2𝑐1 + 2𝑐3 = 0 𝑐1 = −𝑐3 …………………….(vi)
From (v) and (vi), we get
𝑐1 = 𝑐2 …………………….(vii)
We can say that 𝑐1 = 𝑐2 = −𝑐3 which means that combination of these
vectors results in the zero vector which means that the column vectors are linearly dependent of each other. Hence the columns of given matrix are linearly dependent.
Nirdesh Subedi 12 MA4010NI CALCULUS AND LINEAR ALGEBRA
Alternatively, we can solve this problem using row-echelon form of the
matrix. We use elementary row operations to find the row echelon form of the matrix Now, finding the row- echelon form of the given matrix:
2 −4 −2 A= [ 2 6 8 ] 1 5 6
𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅3
1 5 6 ~[ 2 6 8 ] 2 −4 −2
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1
1 5 6 ~ [ 0 −4 −4 ] 0 −14 −14
1 𝑅2 → − 𝑅2 4
1 5 6 ~[ 0 1 1 ] 0 −14 −14
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 14𝑅2
1 5 6 ~[ 0 1 1 ] is the row echelon form of matrix A. 0 0 0
The presence of a zero row in the row echelon form of a matrix A directly indicates that at least one column of matrix A can be expressed as a linear combination of the other columns. This demonstrates that the columns of the given matrix are linear dependent.
