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lab 3

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lab 3

Uploaded by

Rayan Al-Masri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mutah University

Faculty of Engineering
Department of Chemical Engineering

Heat Transfer & Thermodynamics Lab 0404423

A Report About Flash Point


Experiment no. 3

Instructor: Eng. Madallah Al Tarawneh

Student Name Student Number


Arwa Msallam Lassassmeh 120210414019
Rayan Othman Al Masri 120210414078
Ro’a Baker Al Btoush 120210414050
Sarah Muneer Abu Alkhair 120210414081
• Objectives

1. Characterize the flash point, fire point, auto-ignition temperature and


differentiate between them.
2. Recognize the significance of the flash point.
3. Determine the flash point of diesel.

• Abstract

This experiment was carried out to investigate the flash point of diesel
using the closed cup test. The goal was to gain a deeper understanding of
the flash point's significance in the storage of petroleum products, assess
the flammability hazards of liquids or semi-solids, and classify the
substance based on its fire risk. Explore the flash point of diesel using the
closed cup test. And to have a better understanding of the importance of
the flash point in storing petroleum substances and to assess the safety
hazard of a liquid or semi solid regarding its flammability and then
classify the liquid into a group.
• Theory

The flash point is the minimum temperature at which a liquid generates


enough vapor near its surface to briefly ignite when exposed to an open
flame. It serves as an indication of the liquid's flammability or
combustibility.

Below the flash point, the vapor concentration is too low to sustain
combustion, while above it, the liquid releases sufficient vapor to enable
combustion. The temperature at which this occurs is referred to as the fire
point.

Unlike both the flash point and the fire point, auto-ignition temperature
does not require the presence of a spark or flame.
It is the lowest temperature at which the liquid will ignite itself without
the presence of a spark or flame.

Petroleum Products
Fuel Flash Point Fire Point
Ethanol 16.6 °C 363 °C
Gasoline - 43 °C 280 °C
Diesel > 52 - 82 °C 210 °C
Kerosene > 38 °C 210 °C
- There are two general classes of flash point tests:

1. Open cup test

The open cup test was initially developed to assess the potential hazards
of liquid spillage.

An ignition source is passed horizontally over the surface of the liquid,


while the cup and liquid are being heated, to test if the vapors flash.

The precision of open cup tests is somewhat poorer than closed cup tests
as the vapors produced by heating the test specimen are free to escape to
the atmosphere and are more affected by local conditions in the
laboratory When open cup tests are
carried out at temperatures above ambient the result is usually higher than
a result from a closed cup test due to the reduced concentration of vapors.

2. Closed cup test


The closed cup test contains any vapors produced and essentially
simulates the situation in which a potential source of ignition is
accidentally introduced into a container. In this test a test specimen is
introduced into a cup and a close-fitting lid is fitted to the top of the cup.
The cup and test specimen is heated. Subsequently, apertures are opened
in the lid to allow air into the cup and the ignition source to be dipped
into the vapors to test for a flash.

The closed cup is mostly used in product specifications and regulations


due to its better precision.
- Why Measure Flash Point?

1. Quality Control: Flash point testing helps detect contamination in


products, such as petroleum or oils, which can cause operational issues in
equipment.

2. Transport and Storage: It is used to classify the flammability and hazard


levels of materials, affecting safety regulations and cost for storage and
transport, particularly in industries using solvents.

3. Waste Disposal: Flash point testing is required by EU regulations to


classify the hazards of waste materials before disposal. Portable testers
make it quick and easy, requiring only small sample volumes.

• Apparatus

A closed cup test was used in this experiment.

- Construction
• Procedure

1. Clean the oil cup and dry it.


2. Pour a fresh sample of oil into the cup of the apparatus up to the level
indicated by the filling mark.
3. Place the cup into the flash point apparatus.
4. Place the lid on the top of the cup, in which a thermometer and a stirrer
are inserted. Ensure that the thermometer is properly submerged.
5. Ensure flame exposure device is fixed on the top.
6. Place the lid in proper position. Ensure that the thermometer and the
stirrer are inserted in which both are properly submerged.
7. Set the heating source to begin heating the sample at a controlled rate
and stir it continuously.
8. Monitor the temperature of the sample on the thermometer.
9. Apply the ignition source to the sample and observe and record whether a
flame or spark is produced.
10.Record the temperature at which the oil ignites and continue to burn at
least 5 seconds. This is the flash point of the substance.

• Results

Flash point of diesel is 76°C.

• Analysis

Open cup tests are less precise than closed cup tests because vapors can
escape, affecting results. At higher temperatures, open cup tests usually
show higher flash points due to lower vapor concentrations.

Flash point of diesel tested was in the theoretical range.


• Conclusion

Flash point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid produces enough


vapor to briefly ignite when exposed to an open flame.

Fire Point: The temperature at which a liquid generates enough vapor to


sustain combustion after ignition.

Autoignition Temperature: The minimum temperature at which a


substance will spontaneously ignite without an external flame or spark.

- Knowing the flash point is important for:

1. Safety: Identifying fire hazards and preventing accidents.


2. Regulations: Ensuring compliance with storage, transport, and disposal
laws.
3. Quality Control: Detecting contamination or adulteration of products.
4. Equipment Protection: Preventing fires or damage to machinery.
5. Waste Management: Classifying and safely disposing of hazardous
materials.

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