sinoseid Cos hot.

Find Fouyier Transform of everlasting

1t)
Ans = Using Eoler's Formula, Cosast=LCe

the ptevioUS gvestion,

ea 2xslu-a)
We have found in

2hd t
e 2x Sla +)
jwt -jt
S(w-a) + S(a+a)
Adding both, E e 2rL
jwt + Slaa
Jat
e r l Sl0-)
2

Sla-w) + Slo+)
Cos Wt 7
is linea in nature,
coold add both becavse tovrie tvanstorm
We
G,( and
Tf g,c)
< a,G,()+ Ga(a)
a,9,() + a92()
then

gt) Cos Wt
= Gl

AA -We w>

sinusoid
Sinusoid
manner. An everlasting
in the following
above result can be interpreted and ee aeheve fore,
Therefore,
exponentials e and
sythesized by two everlasting
Cas Cast Can be and - ,
and-
twe components of freqvencirs
the Feuriev Spectrom tonsists of only
 SOME PROPERTIES OF THE FOURIEER TAANSFORIM

gt) 3nd Glw) are 3 fourier tvans form pair, then the follo wing
points bald. Ga) g(t) d t
-jwt
0 Time Shifting Phoperty gt-t) Gl4) e g Gla) eda
Frequency Shifting Poperty glt) eiant G ( w - w

Scaling froperly g(at) G(4

al
a= any veal constanT

Symmetry froperty Gt) 2n gl-)

Time Diffeventiation d gl) ju Gla)

dt

Time Integvation jw

The convolution of two functions gt) and wlt) is denoted

ConvoluTion by glt)* olt) and is defined by

gt)olt) 9() wlt-z) dt

TiME CON VOLUTION PROPERTY g,(t) 9,(t) G,(a) Gla)
FREQUENCY CONVOLU TION PRoPER TY g,C)9(t) G() * Gz(o)

BANDWIDTH OF PRODUCT If g,(t) and 9lt) have bandwidihs

oF TWo SiGNALS and He
B, H2 B2
then band idth of 9, t) g, C) will be
B,+Ba)Ha.
This result foliows fvom the application of the width þroperly of convolvtion which states that
the width of a*y the sum of widths of a and y. Consegvestly, if he bandwidth
of glt) is B Hz., the bandwidth of gW is 28 H. . Th geneial, bandwidth of

Ct) is hB H2.

(
 MODULAT|ON ANO FREQUENCY SHIFTING PROPERTY

Tf g(t) Glu) then (t) e jwt G(w-W)

9)iat
-jt dt
Proof By definition, F 9(t) ejt]=
-j (w - W) t

e dt

= G(-u)
-jwst
Ch angin9 W To W

yields, glt) e G(w+u

Jt

This property states 1hat multiplication of a

sighal by a faclor e shifts the
spectrom of that sighal by W=W. Since e i s hot a real function hat cah be
genevated, frequeney shi4ting in þraclice is
achie ved by mul iblying glt) by 3

sinuseid.. This can be seen from the fact that,

Cos at glt) el glt) a t 7
g(t) =

4G(-a)+G(w+a)
( t ) Cos &st

This shos that the mulliplicalioh of a sighal glt) by a Sinusoid of freqvency u

as well as 3mplitude of G(u)
is halved.
shifts the spectrom G(a) by tW,
sinosoid Cos W,t by glt) amo unts to modulating 1he sinusoid
Multiplication of a
is khowh 3s AMPLI TUDE MODOLATION along
amplitude. Thistype of modolation
bith Hhe following termi nologies
CARRIEA S16NAL(Simply called as Carrier)
Cos wt

gt) Modulatin9 Sighal

g(t) Cosbt Madula ted Signal

 Gn)
9(t)

Envelepe o f t h e Gl
at
Cds
glt)
signal

gCt) Cos a,t

As an exampleif lt)= t

Cos W,t will be

then g(t)
.T/

+T
2 T

Inporlant

The cotels of lhis page wil be

helpful in detivation of WeFM Bandwidlh.
 AMPLITUDE LINEAR) MODULATION

There are basically, two types ot comntnication melhods, 0 Baseband and

Carrier Communicafion.

Communication The teim baseband is used to designafe the band of

Baseband.
deliveved by the source oy the input tvahsducer. For
theqvencies of the signal voice sighals)f
, the baseband is the audio band (band of
example in trlephony to
In television, the baseband is the video band oecupying 0
O to3.5 KH2..
the baseband signals are tansmitted
BASEBAND CommUNICATION,
4.3 MH. In
wilhoul any shiff in the ange of freqvencies
of the
that is,
twithout modvlation, but are soitable for
cannot be transnited over a vadio link
signal. Baseband signals fibres.
a i r of wies, Coaxial
cables, o optical
ove
transmisSioh

wes modvl atlon to

shift the freqvency
Carrier Communjcation Com munication thaf
Commonicafion. Tn this, one of the
signal is Knowh as Cartier
spectrom of a
sinusoida) carhie
of 3 high frequen cy
basic paxaeers (amplitude, fregvency, phase) auailable
baseband sighal. This resulh in three
is varied in poportioh to the
eptions Amplitude Madulation
Modulation
Freguency Modolatioh (,A r e types of Angle
Modolatoh J
Phase
our study with
Amplitode Modvlation.
We begin
 AMPLITUDE MoDULATION DOUBLE SIPEBAND (DSB)

Modulation is
Let the cartier signal be A s (t + O). Ambli tude
varjed in
the fact thaT only amblitude A of the cartier is
chatacfeised. by
m(t). Fregoency We and Phase e
(hessage) signal
roportion to the baseband
= 0 without loss of generality.
emaih constanl. We can assume

dieeily propovtional
made to the modulating signal
Tf caiek amplitude A is
of modulation simply
modulated sighal is m(t) Cos wet. This type
hlt). then the
of mt) to the (aVvier freqve ncy we
shifts the spectrom
means that mlt) and
This
mla) ave a Fourie Transform
mlt) M(u) Pair.
Thes it

| m(w+W) + m(w-w)
mlt) Coswt
then,
to the left by eWe and
and,
Recall that m(w+e) is actually m(a) shifted
m(-we) is actvally m(w) shifted to the right by We.
We

m(t) Cos wet DSB-SC Modulation

mt)
Modolated Signal
Modulatin9
Signal
Cos Wet
(Cavrier) 2A

mt)
B o +B
Cin Hert2)

19
 below,
The last diagvam is redrawh mt) Cos Wt
Shectrum ot

LSB USB
USB
LSB

- +B
-W-B We + B
We-B
K
2B Hz.

PoiNTS To NoTE
SoME
bandwldth of modulated signal is 28 Ha..
) If bandwidth of mlt) is BHa., then
modulated sighal spectrom centered at We is composed of two þarts : a portion
6The
Khown Upper SideBand ( UsB) and a portion that lies below aw
that lies above W as

at -de 3s Well.
called as Lower Side Band ( Lse). Same is valid for spectrom Centered
sidebands (vs6 and LsB) and is called
i) Thevefore, this modvlation scheme has double distrete
2s DSB-st modulatioh. We shall later that this scheme does hot contain
see a

For this reason it is called. as

component of the carrier freqvency we.
modulation.
DoUBLE siOEBAND 5UPPRESSED CARBIER (DSB-si)

v from the spectrum shown above, we observe that if E

centred at - and We
We 2n B, then overlap between the two spectva
B by 27 to convert it from H
is avoided.. Note that we have moliplied
in rad.sec.
be Combared with Ws which is measured
to rad./sec. So that it may setond.
Ma. then W= 2nfe is in radian þer
Tn other wards, if kreqventy t
is in ,

and the information of mlt)

(VIf We ZTB, then fhese specta will overlap
to get back mlt)
is last in the pracers of modolation, which makes it impossible

from the modulated signal mlt) Cos Wt.

becavse we need to avoid distov tion c8USed by

Generally speaKing, We 1
276
tie Yadizing rieiva, Spei fically, for brad cast band AM adio, B = 5 KH2 and
f i S 5 0 to 1600 Kte. , Cauing lie between loo fo 300 appto ximalely.
LnB
v i ) f mt) is the message signal, then the DS6 s sigval is wiffeh as:

os8set)= nt) Cos t

 DEMODULATION OP DSB SC signal

modulated signal, it neressary to etranslate

is
) To recover eviginl signal hmlt) from from the
This þrotess of recovering the signal
the spectrum to its original þesition. DETECTION.
PEMODULATION or
refferred to as
modulated signal is
is ag3ih
modulated signal spectrum as shown on the þrevioUs page
(Observe that if
ohe half)
as well as to the vight by We and multiblied by
shifted to the lest
we obtain the following spectrom.
Cos Wet
Spectrum of mlt)
shifted again by tWe (and
moltiblied by one haf as well)
Al2
Al2
A +2We
-2We

he baseband shectrum of m lt) along with

The dotted box showh above
is actually
i
an unwanted spectrom at t2We.
Cos e t shifted
above actvally the spectron of m(t)
is
vAs discussed, sbectvom shown
achieved by moliplying m(t) Cos dt a93in
by tWe. Tn time domain, this can be
above drawn spectrum is actually that of mlt) Cost.
wovds,
by Cos Wt. In other

above drawh spectrom throcgh a low pass til tek, we can recoVek imlt).
vIf we þass

mlt) Cos Wt elt) Low PAss mt)

FILTEA

DSB SC DEMODULATION
Cos t
CCavrie)
+ mt) Cos 2wt
elt) =
m(t) Coswt =
(t)

Fourier Transtorm of elt)

E(w)= m() + M(w+2w.) + M(w-2w)

4
Shectrum drawn above is adoally that of E(W),
20
This metheod of rerovering the b2seband sighal is called synehroneus detectlon
or COHEBENT DETECTION, where we Use a carrier of exactly the same

treguency ( and þhase) as the carrier vsed for modulation. Thus, for demodvlatioh,
We heed To generale a local carvier at 1he receivev in fvegvehcy and Þhase
carrier vsed af The modvlato
Ccohere nce (synchronism) with the

mODULAT1ON Somefimes the baseband sighal m(t) an be a pure

TONE
Cos mt. Then in This case, we call it
sinusoid. As an example, m(t) =

a pore sinusoid.
Tone Modulation because modulating sighalis

MODULA TORS
Modulationh can be achieved in several Ways. We discuss here some important categories
of Modelatots:

0 MULTIPLIER MOOULA TORS Here modulation is achieved direetly by multiplying mlt)

two
by Cos Wet using an avalog moltiplier whose ovtpot is proportional to the þrod uet of
becavse it is difficolt to
inpuT signals, Hewever, these tyþes of modulators ave avoided
maintain lineavity in the analag mulHplier and they tend to be rather expebsive,

Modulation can also be achieved. by vsing Non Lineav devices,

NON LINEAR MODULATORS
semiconductor diode or a fransis Tor. Öne such sche me is sho wn beloW.
such as a
Noh Linear
,0)
mlt)o- NL
zBPF
t de4bm(t) CosT
Cos wT o NL
either of the non linear element be approximated.
Let the input ootpoT chavactevistics of
y(t)= a «Ct) + b t) where lt) =
inpit y(t)= ovtpeT
by a powWeY series
m(t)
have, Ct) Cos t
+ =
above diagram, we
As per
RCt) Cos t mt) =
-

z(t) = Y (t)- Y,(t)

2(t)-a(xto) 4 bzjtl - a l ) + ba;0