ASSIGNMENT

BEC-209 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

SUBMITTED TO: NAME: MANSI SOLANKI

MS. ARUNA TOMAR BRANCH: ECE-AI (1)
ROLL NO: 07201182023
Q1) Define the following terms:

a) Modula on and Demodula on.

b) Draw the Block diagram of Elements of Communica on System.
c) Modula on Index in case of AM.
d) Draw the Time Domain representa on of AM.
e) Draw the Frequency Spectrum of AM.
f) Define the term QAM

Ans-1 a) Modula on and demodula on enable the transmission of informa on over a medium, such
as radio waves, light, or electrical signals.

Modula on: It is the process of modifying a carrier signal to encode informa on from a message signal.
In modula on, the characteris cs of the carrier signal (amplitude, frequency, or phase) are varied in
accordance with the message signal. This creates a modulated signal that contains the informa on
from the message signal.

Types of Modula on: Amplitude Modula on (AM), Frequency Modula on (FM), Phase Modula on
(PM).

Demodula on: It is the reverse process of modula on. It's the process of extrac ng the original
message signal from the modulated signal. Demodula on is performed at the receiver end, where the
modulated signal is received and processed to retrieve the original informa on. In demodula on, the
modulated signal is analysed to detect the changes made to the carrier signal, and the original message
signal is reconstructed.

Types of Demodula on: AM Demodula on (Envelope Detec on or Rec fier Detec on), FM
Demodula on (Frequency Discriminator or Phase-Locked Loop), PM Demodula on (Phase Detector).

Ans-1 b)
Ans-1 c) In Amplitude Modula on (AM), the modula on index is a measure of the extent to which the
amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the message signal. The modula on index
is defined as the ra o of the amplitude of the message signal to the amplitude of the carrier signal. It
is represented as μ = Am/Ac.

Consider maximum and minimum amplitudes of the wave as Amax and Amin

Depending upon cos(2𝜋fmt) following two equa ons are derived with maximum and minimum
amplitude of the modulated waves.

Amax = Ac + Am

Amin=Ac−Am

Amax + Amin = Ac + Am + Ac – Am = 2Ac

⇒ Ac = (Amax + Amin)/2

Amax – Amin = Ac + Am − (Ac−Am) = 2Am

⇒Am = (Amax – Amin)/2

μ = Am/Ac

Am/Ac = [(Amax−Amin)/2] / [(Amax + Amin)/2]

⇒μ= (Amax−Amin)/(Amax +Amin)

Ans-1 d) Time Domain representa on of AM:

Ans-1 e) Frequency Spectrum of AM:

Ans-1 f) QAM stands for Quadrature Amplitude Modula on. It's a type of modula on technique used
to transmit data through a carrier signal. In QAM, two sinusoidal carrier waves, one in-phase (I) and
the other quadrature (Q), are modulated by the message signal. The resul ng QAM signal combines
these two modulated waves, crea ng a single signal with both amplitude and phase varia ons.

QAM achieves a higher data transmission rate than tradi onal modula on schemes like AM or FM by
modula ng both the amplitude and phase of the carrier signal and using mul ple signal points
(constella on points) to represent different data symbols.
Q2) List the four advantages SSB has over standard AM.

Ans-2 The four advantages of Single Sideband (SSB) modula on over standard Amplitude Modula on
(AM):

1. SSB uses half the bandwidth of standard AM, making it more efficient for transmi ng informa on.
SSB occupies a bandwidth of around 1.5-2.5 kHz, whereas AM occupies around 6-10 kHz.

2. SSB transmits the same informa on as AM but with less power. This is because SSB only transmits
one sideband, whereas AM transmits both sidebands and the carrier wave.

3. SSB is less prone to interference from other signals, as it only occupies a narrow bandwidth. This
makes it ideal for use in crowded radio frequency bands.

4. SSB has a be er SNR than AM, meaning it can provide a clearer signal with less noise. This is because
SSB has a higher power-to-noise ra o, making it more resistant to electromagne c interference.

Q3) When transistors are used for modula on what advantages do they have over diodes?

Ans-3 Advantages of transistors over diodes:

1. Transistors have a higher input impedance than diodes, which means they can handle higher voltage
levels without drawing excessive current. This results in less loading of the signal source.

2. Transistors can provide lower distor on than diodes, especially at high frequencies. This is because
transistors can amplify the signal without introducing significant non-lineari es.

3. Transistors can provide greater amplifica on than diodes, making them suitable for applica ons
where a stronger modulated signal is required.

4. Transistors can maintain a more linear rela onship between the input and output signals, resul ng
in a more accurate modula on.

5. Transistors can be used in a variety of modula on configura ons, such as common emi er, common
collector, or common base, allowing for greater flexibility in circuit design.

6. Transistors can operate at higher frequencies than diodes, making them suitable for applica ons like
radio frequency (RF) modula on.

Q4) What is Modula on? Why we need modula on?

Ans-4 It is the process of modifying a carrier signal to encode informa on from a message signal. In
modula on, the characteris cs of the carrier signal (amplitude, frequency, or phase) are varied in
accordance with the message signal. This creates a modulated signal that contains the informa on
from the message signal.
Need for modula on:

Size of the Antennae

When the transmission occurs over free space, the antennae radiate the signal, and the receiver
receives it. To operate efficiently, antennae need to be in the order of the magnitude of the wavelength
of the transmi ed signal.

L = λ = u/ϑ = (3∗108)/ϑ Hz

Speech frequencies range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Suppose this is a frequency of 20 kHz, and it is radiated
out to a receiver through a channel of free space.

Length of Antennae = 3∗10820∗103 = 15000m=15km

It is imprac cal to build an antenna this big. Instead, we use a 1000 kHz carrier wave to carry the signal.
The length of the antennae now would be;

Length of Antennae = 3∗1081000∗103 = 300m

This is s ll much more prac cal.

Frequency Transla on

Modula on translates the informa on signal to a higher frequency, making it suitable for transmission
over a medium, such as radio waves.

Remove noise and co-channel interference

Modula on helps reduce noise and interference in the transmi ed signal, improving the signal-to-
noise ra o (SNR).

Mul plexing

Mul ple signals are transmi ed simultaneously over a single communica on channel by modula ng
each signal onto a different carrier frequency or by using different modula on techniques.

Q5) What are the different methods of AM genera on. Explain Ring Modulator with neat diagram.

Ans-5 Methods of AM genera on:

Square Law Modulator

A Square Law Modulator uses a non-linear device, typically a transistor or FET, to modulate the carrier
signal. The device is operated in the square law region, where the output current is propor onal to
the square of the input voltage.

1. The carrier signal is applied to the device's input.

2. The modula ng signal is applied to the device's input, causing the output current to vary.

3. The output current is propor onal to the square of the input voltage, resul ng in an AM signal.
Switching Modulator

A Switching Modulator uses electronic switches, typically transistors or FETs, to modulate the carrier
signal. The switches are driven by the modula ng signal, causing the carrier signal to be switched on
and off.

1. The carrier signal is applied to the switch's input.

2. The modula ng signal drives the switch, causing it to switch on and off.

3. The output is an AM signal, with the carrier signal amplitude varying according to the modula ng
signal.

Ring Modulator

The four diodes D1, D2, D3 and D4 are connected in the ring structure. Hence, this modulator is called
as the ring modulator. Two centre tapped transformers are used in this diagram. The message signal
m(t) is applied to the input transformer. Whereas, the carrier signals c(t) is applied between the two
centre tapped transformers.

For posi ve half cycle of the carrier signal, the diodes D1 and D3 are switched ON and the other two
diodes D2 and D4 are switched off. In this case, the message signal is mul plied by +1.

For nega ve half cycle of the carrier signal, the diodes D2 and D4 are switched ON and the other two
diodes D1 and D3 are switched OFF. In this case, the message signal is mul plied by -1. This results
in 180 degree phase shi in the resul ng DSBSC wave.

From the above analysis, we can say that the four diodes D1, D2, D3 and D4 are controlled by the
carrier signal. If the carrier is a square wave, then the Fourier series representa on of c(t) is
represented as:
We will get DSBSC wave s(t)s(t), which is just the product of the carrier signal c(t)c(t) and the message
signal m(t)m(t) i.e.,

The above equa on represents DSBSC wave, which is obtained at the output transformer of the ring
modulator.

Q6) Derive the Power Rela ons in AM wave.

Ans-6 Consider the following equa on of amplitude modulated wave.

s(t) = Accos (2πfct) + [(Acμ)/2] cos[2π(fc + fm)t] + [(Acμ)/2] cos[2π(fc−fm)t]

Power of AM wave is equal to the sum of powers of carrier, upper sideband, and lower sideband
frequency components.

Pt=Pc + PUSB+PLSB

We know that the standard formula for power of cos signal is

P = [Vrms2 ]/R = [(Vm/√2)2 ] /2

Where, Vrms is the rms value of cos signal and Vm is the peak value of cos signal.

Let us find the powers of the carrier, the upper and lower sideband one by one.

Carrier power

Pc = [(Ac /√2)2 ]/R = [Ac2 ]/2R

Upper sideband power

PUSB = [(Acμ/2√2)2 ]/R = [Ac2μ2]/8R

Similarly, we will get the lower sideband power same as that of the upper side band power.

PLSB = [Ac2μ2]/8R
Now, let us add these three powers in order to get the power of AM wave.

Pt = [Ac2 ]/2R + [Ac2μ2]/8R + [Ac2μ2]/8R

⇒Pt = [(Ac2 )/2R] [1+ μ2/4 + μ2/4]

⇒Pt=Pc[(1+μ2) /2]

Q7) Write a short note on following:

a) SSB b) SSB-SC c) DSB-SC d) VSB

Ans-7 a) SSB, which stands for Single Side Band, is an amplitude modula on scheme where only one
sideband (either the upper or lower) is transmi ed through the channel. By transmi ng only one
sideband, we retain all essen al data without doubling the bandwidth. The carrier signal is
suppressed en rely, resul ng in a more efficient use of bandwidth. It’s o en used in radio
communica on, especially for long-distance transmissions.

Advantages:

 1. Enhanced communica on reliability

 2. Increased transmission range
 3. Reduced power consump on

Ans-7 b Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSB-SC) is another name for SSB modula on, which is an
amplitude modula on scheme where only one sideband (either the upper or lower) is transmi ed
through the communica on channel, along with the complete suppression of the carrier signal. This
results in a more efficient use of bandwidth.

Since SSB-SC transmits only one sideband, its bandwidth is half that of the Double Sideband
Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) modula on. Specifically, the bandwidth of the SSB-SC modulated wave
is equal to the frequency of the modula ng signal.

Advantages:

 Occupies less bandwidth compared to AM and DSB-SC waves.

 Efficient use of spectrum space.
 Eliminates the carrier, which doesn’t carry any informa on.

Ans-7 c) DSB-SC stands for Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier. It’s an amplitude modula on
technique in which only the sidebands (upper and lower) are transmi ed, while the carrier signal is
completely suppressed. The carrier itself doesn’t carry any informa on, so elimina ng it saves power
and bandwidth. The resul ng DSB-SC wave contains two sidebands, symmetrically spaced around the
carrier frequency: Maximum frequency (fc + fm), Minimum frequency (fc – fm), Bandwidth (2fm)
Advantages:

 More efficient use of bandwidth as compared to Double Sideband Full Carrier (DSB-FC).
 Elimina ng the carrier reduces power consump on during transmission.
 The saved power can be allocated to strengthen the sidebands, making DSB-SC suitable for
long-distance communica on.

Ans-7 d) VSB stands for ves gial sideband in which a part of the signal called the ves ge is modulated
along with one sideband. Transmi ng both sidebands is wasteful, but sending just one would result
in lost data, so VSB transmits a ves ge of the unused sideband while keeping the essen al
informa on intact. This modula on technique is commonly used in TV transmissions. It allows
efficient use of bandwidth while maintaining data integrity.

Advantages:

 VSB reduces bandwidth compared to SSB modula on.

 Designing filters for VSB is straigh orward when high accuracy isn’t cri cal. This is due to the
transmission of a lower sideband por on.
 Good Phase Characteris cs: VSB allows transmission of low-frequency components without
trouble.

Q8) A 400-wa carrier is modulated to a depth of 75 percent. Calculate the total power in the
modulated wave.

Ans-8 Total Power (Pt) = Carrier Power (Pc) + Sideband Power (Psb)

First, the sideband power:

Sideband Power (Psb) = (μ2) x Pc / 2

where μ = Modula on Index = 0.75 (75% modula on depth)

Psb = (0.75)2 x 400 / 2

= 0.5625 x 400 / 2

= 112.5 wa s

Now, the total power:

Total Power (Pt) = Pc + Psb

= 400 + 112.5

= 512.5 wa s

Therefore, the total power in the modulated wave is 512.5 wa s.

Q9) Explain with the help of circuit diagram Envelope Detec on Scheme.

Ans-9

An envelope detector is a system used to detect the message sent in an AM system. It is composed of
two systems: one that computes the absolute value of the input, and another that low-pass filters
the input.

The Envelope Detec on Scheme works on the principle that the envelope of the AM wave is iden cal
to the original message signal. By rec fying and filtering the AM wave, we can extract the envelope,
which is the original message signal.

1. The AM wave is applied to the input of the circuit.

2. The diode (D1) rec fies the AM wave, conver ng it to a pulsa ng DC signal.

3. The filter (R1, C1) smooths out the pulsa ng DC signal, extrac ng the envelope of the AM wave.

4. The output of the filter is the original message signal, demodulated from the AM wave.