TNTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SYSTEM: HARDWARE cONCEPTs 1.

" This port resides on an Ethernet Card.

Data travels at 10 megabits to 1000 megabits per seconds depending upon the network
bandwidth.
1.4.10 Game Port
Connect a joystick to a PC Game Port
Now replaced by USB.
1.4.11 Digital Video Interface, DVI port
DVI
Connects Flat panel LCD monitor to the DV-D
computer's high end video graphic cards. (digita) Grtegrate)
Very popular among video card
manufacturers. DVIPorts
1.4.12 Sockets
Connect microphone, speakers to sound card of the computer
1.5 INPUT DEVICES
Input devices are peripherals you can attach to your computer that allow it to
receive input from a user. Most computers come standard with two universal input
devices: the keyboard and the mouse. Other input devices include game controllers,
such as joysticks and game pads, web cams and microphones, scanners and digital Sockets
cameras. Computers rely on data from input devices; without input devices, a
computer cannot receive any information from the user and cannot be operated.
1.5.1 Various Input Devices
Keyboard
A keyboard is an input device used to enter text in the
document. It has various types of keys on it. It can enter your
numeric data, textual data and special characters in the documents.
A keyboard typically contains keys for individual letters,
numbers and special characters, as well as keys for specificfunctions.
A keyboard is connected to a computer system using a cable or a
wireless connection. Keyboard
The individual
Most keyboards have a very similar layout. collectively
keys for letters, numbers and special characters are called the character keys. The layout
keys on a typewriter. The most widely used
of these keys is derived from the original layout ofnamed
layout in the English language is called QWERTY, after the sequence of the first six letters
from the top left.
P

S K L

QWERTY Keys
Other sets of keys common to almost all keyboards are
entering and editing keys (e.g., Enter, Delete, Insert), modifier F1 F2 F3 F4
(e.g., arrows for
keys (e.g., Control, Shift), navigation keys(e.g.,
up, down, left, right) and lock keys Caps Lock).
Additional keys are very operating system specific (such as Function Keys
the Windows and Apple keys).
 1.10 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Most keyboards also incude a set of function keys at the top (Fl, Num
Pz, etc.). The function keys typically perform a very specific task within Lock

a particular software application. So, what they do may depend on

what you are doing on your computer at the time. 7
Home
For example; almost in every program, F1 key is assigned a special PgUp
function of Help.
Most keyboards for desktop computers also contain a separate
numeric keypad to the right. Even though there are numeric keys already 1
in a row near the top, having them all close together makes it faster to End PgDn
enter numeric data. On smaler keyboards, like those on most laptops,
these numeric keypads are typically no longer present due to space
Erter
constraints. Ins Del
1.5.3 Mouse
Numeric Keypad
A mouse is an input device which is used to interact in Windows
environment. It can be used to point the objects, commands and can do
various functions for the users like dragging, selecting, right clicking etc.
1.5.3.1 Mechhanical Mouse
A mechanical mouse is a computer mouse that contains a metal or
rubber ball on its under-side. When the ball is rolled in any direction, Mechanical Mouse
sensors inside the mouse detect this motion and move the on-screen
mouse pointer in the same direction. The picture is an example of the bottom of a mechanical mouse
with the ball removed. Today, this mouse has been replaced by the optical mouse.
1.5.3.2 Opto-mechanical or Optical-mechanical Mouse
An Opto-mechanical or optical-mechanical mouse is same as the mechanical mouse except that
the sensors used in it are optical and not mechanical. The device is a combination of optical and
mechanical techrnologies, wherein, the ball is present but the mouse movement is detected optically
leading to more accuracy.
1.5.3.3 Optical Mouse
Optical mice use LED and photo technology to detect movement,
rather than a physically moving ball. It tracks the cursor's movement
through photo sensors which take over 1,000 pictures per second. This
instantly tells the computer the position of your mouse's cursor.
Most optical mice are plug and play, meaning you usually do not
have to install any software to make the mouse work. You simply plug Optical Mouse
it into its proper connector and your mouse is ready to be used.
Optical mice normally do not require a mouse pad. Only on rough, black or glass surfaces do
the optical mice not detect movement as well.
Optical mice have several benefits over wheeled mice:
No moving part means less wear and a lower chance of failure.
There is no way for dirt to get inside the mouse and interfere with the tracking sensors.
Increased tracking resolution means smoother response.
They do not require a special surface, such as a mouse pad.
Although LED-based optical mice are fairly recent, another type of optical mouse has been
around for over a decade. The original optical-mouse technology bounced a focused beam of light
off a highly-reflective mouse pad onto a sensor. The mouse pad had a grid of dark lines. Each time
the mouse was moved, the beam of light was interrupted by the grid. Whenever the light was
interrupted, the sensor sent a signal to the computer and the cursor moved a corresponding amount
This kind of optical mouse was difficult o use, requiring that you hold it at precisely the right angle
to ensure that the light beam and sensor aligned. Also, damage to or loss of the mouse pad rendered
 1.11
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SYSTEM: HARDWARE CONCEPTS
the mouse useless until a replacement pad was purchased. Today's LED-based optical mice are far
more user-friendly and reliable.
1,5.3.4 Wireless Mouse
Wireless mouse provide capability of connecting without cables.
That is very useful for gamers as well as others who want room to freely
move their mouse. A button 'talks' to the computer with the infrared
port that you just attach yourself. Some newer laptops consist of built
in infrared ports where you can start employing the mouse without
special hardware.
These sorts of mouse include the necessary driver software. You will
normally be capable to start using your brand-new mouse during first
minutes. Wireless mouse are optical, taking into account easier movement. Wireless Mouse
Many wireless mouse are purchased plus a wireless keyboard. When you
have got a large enough monitor, you are able to safely sit well back through the computer and still
have the capacity to apply it efficiently.
1.6 LIGHT PEN
Alight pen is a computer input device in the form of a light-sensitive wand used in conjunction
with the computer's CRT monitor. It allows the user to point to displayed objects or draw on the
screen, in a similar way to a touch sereen but with greater positional accuracy. A light pen can work
with any CRT-based monitor, but not with LCD SCreens, projectors and other display devices.
A light pen is fairly simple to implement.

GibsonLaPn Sys

Light Pen
1.7 TOUCH SCREEN
A touch screen is a computer display Screen that is also an
input device. The screens are sensitive to pressure; a user interacts
with the computer by touching pictures or words on the screen.
There are three types of touch screen technology:
Resistive: A resistive touch screen panel is coated with a
thin metallicelectrically conductive and resistive layer that
causes a change in the electrical current which is registered
as a touch event and sent to the controller for processing.
Resistive touch screen panels are generally more affordable
but offer only 75% clarity and the layer can be damaged by
sharp objects. Resistive touch screen panels are not affected Touch Screen
by outside elements such as dust or water.
Surface wave: Surface wave technology uses ultrasonic waves that pass over the touch
screen panel. When the panel is touched, a portion of the wave is absorbed. This change
in the ultrasonic waves registers the position of the touch event and sends this information
 1.12 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
to the controller for Surface wave touch screen panels are the most
processing.
Of the three types, but they can be damaged by outsíde elements.
Phen
A capacitive -touch screen panel is coated with a material that
stores
adyarxeA
the panel is touched, a thheeletrc
small amount of charge is drawn to
contact. Circuits located at each corner of the panel measure the charge and point of
information to the controller for processing. Capacitive touch screen panels must be
with a tinger unlike resistive and surface wave panels that can use fingers and
Capacitive touch screens are not affected by outside elernents and have high toshes
tylus
1.8 TRACK BALL
clarity
A trackball is a pointing device consisting of a ball
SOCket containing sensors to detect rotation of the ball housed in a
about twO
axes-ike an upside-down mouse with an
The user rolls the ball with the thumb, fingersexposed protruding ball.
or the palm of the hand
to move a cursor. Large tracker balls are common on CAD
workstations
for easy precision. Before the advent of the touch pad, small
were common on portable computers, where there may betrackballs no desk
space on which to run a mouse.
Some small thumb balls clip onto the Track Bal
have integral buttons with the same functionside of the keybuard and
as mouse buttons. The trackball was invented by Tor
Cranston and Fred Longstaff as part of the Royal Canadian Navy's DATAR system in
years before the mouse was invented. This first trackball used a Canadian five-pin 1952, eleven
Most trackballs now have direct optical tracking which follows dots on the bowling ball
ball.
1.9 JOYSTICK
A joystick is an input device that can be used for
movement of the cursor or a pointer in a comnputer device. Thecontrolling the
pointer/cursor
movement is controlled by maneuvering a lever on the joystick.
device is mostly used for gaming applications and, sometimes, inThe input
graphics
applications. A joystick can also be helpful as an input device for people
movement disabilities. with
One of the noticeable advantages of the joystick is its ability to
fast interactions, which are much needed in gaming provide
applications. The
provides a much-needed gamning experience, which is better in joystíck quality
compared to that provided by other input devices. It has a simple design and
is easy to learn and use. It is often
inexpensive. Joystick
1.10 MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION (MICR)
The MICR is the name given to the technology used in printing the code.
Recognition is acharacter recognition system that uses special Magnetic Ink Character
ink and
that contains this ink needs to be read, it passes through a machine, whichcharacters. When a docunent
then translates the magnetic information into characters. magnetizes the ink and
MICR provides a secure, high-speed method of scanning and
The MICR technology is use by the banks. The MICR processing information.
code has nine digits in it with each hree
digits signifying some important information about the
digits in the MICR code represent the city code that is thetransaction and the bank. The ffrst three
city in which the bank branch is located.
The next three digits stand for the barnk code while the last three dígits
branch code. represent the bank
For example, if you have an account with State Bank of India (SBI)
its nine-digit MICR code will be 110002195 wherein:
Faridabad (Harvana)thern
110, the first three digits representing the city code for Faridabad:
 1.13
TNTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SYSTEM: HARDWARE cONCEPTS

fta/Dato Type Displayed

Clharacter MICR
Character
PAY S3OR BEARER

B RUPEES 7. Rs. 1
2
Ae No. 3
IPSC SBINOOO0734
State Bank of India
(OET) ESLAL OOwK, FARDABAD
NCELAM CHCWK, FARIDABAD

MARYA 6

02495 3i L1000 21950: 01459 L i0

CHEQUE NO. MICR CODE Prefix A/C TYPE

002, the next three digits representing the bank code/ for SBI;
" And 195, the last three digits representing the bank branch code
for Neelam Chowk Faridabad.
Unlike the manual clearing of cheques where there is a possibility
the MICR code
of many human errors and subsequent delay ininkclearing,
usually iron oxide has
on the cheque printed with a unique magneticmakes it machine-readable and almost error proof!
magnetic material present in it and thus
Under this method the reading machine or a cheque sorting machine reads through a cheque when
cdearing process.
inserted and identifies the branch the cheque belongs to and activates the automation
1.11 OPTICAL MARK RECOGNITION
OMR is a technology of electronically extracting data from the
marked fields such as checkboxes, ovals and other shapes on printed
forms. OMR
positions
teclnology scans a printed form and reads predefined
and records where marks are made on the form. This
technology is useful for applications in which large numbers of hand 2
filled forms need to be processed quickly and with great accuracy such
as checking of multiple choice questions, surveys, reply cards and
14

questionnaires etc. 16 CAa)

In a multiple choice question paper, the student indicates the
bubble(oval shape)
DOOo
answer on the test by filling in the corresponding Optical Mark
and the form is fed through an optical mark reader.
data
An OMR is a device that scans the document and reads the
from the marked fields.
1.12 0PTICAL CHARACTER READER
OCR (Optical Character Recognition) also called Optical Character Reader is a system that
provides a full alphanumeric recognition of printed or handwritten characters at electronic speed
OCR-A 0CR-B ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP
1234ABCD 1234ABcD
Alphanumeric Alphanumeríc QRSTUVWXYZÀRÉIÕ90
(+4 cumency char.) (+4 currency char.)

MICR E-13B SEMI M12

abcde fghijklmnop
12348ru 1234ABCD qrstuv wxyzàáéiõoü&
Numeric
(+4 special char.)
Alphanumeric
(+4 currency char.) L234567890($£. 5!?)
Special Characters
 1.14 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
by
beensimply Scanning the form. More recently, the term Intelligent Character Recognition
alphanumeric(ICR)
used to describe the process of interpretingimage data, in particular
Forms containing characters images can be scanned through scanner and text. has
then
engine of the OCR system interpret the images and turn images of handwritten or printed
into ASCII data
data (machine-readable characters). Therefore, ÖCR allows users to quickly recharcogniactteiorsn
capture from forms, eliminate
level of accuracy required keystrokes to reduce data entry costs and still maintain
in forms processing applications. automate
the high
1.13 BAR CODE READER
The input device which helps to read the bar code
is called barcode readers. This
method uses a number
of lines of varying thickness and spacing
to indicate the desired between them
information. An optical barcode
reader can read such bars and convert them
electrical pulses to be processed by a computer. into
codes are the most used on grocery items.
used bar code is a universal product code whichCommon
Bar
Bar Code Reader
2500274135,
Bar Codes
uses
the series of vertical bars of varying widths. The bars are
ive identify the supplier or manufacturer of the item and enddetected as ten digits among which frs
product also has a check digit to ensure that the five identify individual product. The
information
A point of sale terminal often contains an optical bar
read is correct or not.
reader which is used to process the sale
transaction. It is a one-line terminal connected to a computer
the optical bar code readers decoded and data are sent to for processing. The barcode reads by
the computer and the computer prints
the name, price and other information of the item on the receipt.
are then updated. The stock at hand and sale record
1.14 MICROPHONE
A microphone sometimes referred to as a mike or
to-electric transducer or sensor that converts sound into mic, is an acoustic
an electrical signal.
Microphones are transducers which detect
electrical image of the sound; they produce asound waves and produce an
voltage or a current which is
proportional to the sound
and then radio transmitterssignal. They were first used with early
and have evolved through a numbertelephones
changes to the high quality instruments of today. of major
Microphones are used in many applications such as telephones, tape Microphone
recorders, hearing aids, motion picture
audio engineering, in radio and televisionproduction, liveandandin recorded
broadcasting
The most common microphones for musical use are computers for recording voice.
Most microphones in use today for audio use dynamic, ribbon or condenser microphones.
electromagnetic
capacitance change (condenser microphone, pictured right), induction (dynamic microphone),
modulation to produce the signal from mechanical vibration. piezoelectric generation or light
1.15 WEB CAMERA
A webcam is short for web camera.
A webcam is an input device
in front of it. It is either built in to because it captures a video image of
the computer (e.g. laptop) or it is the scene
through an USB cable. connected
The video signal is made up of a series of
are an instant snapshot of the scene in front ofindividual 'image frames' which
it. Each image frame is sent to
the computer for further procesSing by webcam software. If the
fast enough (mnore tharn 25 frames per second) it appears as motionframe rate is
video. Web Camera
 1.14
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
by
beensimply Scanning the form. More recently, the term Intelligent Character Recognition
used to describe the process of interpretingimage data, in particular alphanumeric
Forms containing characters images can be scanned through scanner and then text. has
engine of the OCR system interpret the images and turn images of handwritten or printed
(CR)
into ASCII data (machine-readable characters). Therefore, ÖCR allows users to quickly
data capture from forms, eliminate keystrokes to reduce data entry costs and still maintain
reccauthoagniroamatcttieornse
level of accuracy required in forms processing applications. the high
1.13 BAR CODE READER
The input device which
is called barcode readerS. Thishelps to read the bar code
method uses a number
of lines of varying thickness and spacing
to indicate the desired between them
information. An optical
reader can read such bars and convert them barcode
electrical pulses to be processed by a computer. into
Codes are the most used on grocery items. Common
used bar code is a universal product code which uses
Bar
Bar Code Reader I2500274135,
Bar Codes
the series of vertical bars of varying widths. The bars are
ive identify the supplier or manufacturer of the item and enddetected as ten digits among which fires
product also has a check digit to ensure that the five identify individual product Th
information read is correct or not.
A point of sale terminal often contains an optical bar
transaction. It is a one-line terminal connected to a computerreader which is used to process the sala
the optical bar code readers decoded and data are sent to for processing. The barcode reads by
the name, price and other information of the item on the the computer and the computer prints
are then updated. receipt. The stock at hand and sale record
1.14 MICROPHONE
A microphone sometimes referred to as a mike or mic, is an acoustic
to-electric transducer or sensor that converts sound into an electrical signal.
Microphones are transducers which detect sound waves
electrical image of the sound; they produce a voltage or a and produce an
current
proportional to the sound signal. They were first used with early which is
and then radio transmitters and have
evolved through a numbertelephones
of major
changes the high quality instruments of today.
to
Microphones are used in many applications such as telephones, tape Microphone
recorders, hearing aids, motion picture production, live and recorded
audio engineering, in radio and television
broadcasting and in computers for recording voice.
The most common microphones for musical
Most microphones in use today for audio use use are dynamic, ribbon or condenser microphones.
electromagnetic induction (dynamic microphone),
capacitance change (condenser microphone, pictured right), piezoelectric generation or light
modulation to produce the signal from mechanical vibration.
1.15 WEB CAMERA
A webcam is short for web camera.
A webcam is an input
in front of it. It is either builtdevice because it captures a video
in to the computer (e.g. laptop) image of the scene
through an USB cable. or it is connected
The video signal is made up of a series of
are an instant snapshot of the scene n front ofindividual 'image frames' which
it. Each image frame is sent to
the computer for further processing by webcam
fast enough (more than 25 frames per second) software. If the frame rate is
it appears as motion video.
Web Camera
 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SYSTEM: HARDWARE CONCEPTS 1.15
Many webcams are also used to catch an image frame every now
minute or even every hour. Webcams are commonly and then, perhaps every
used to allow people to see each other whist
chatting over the internet. Formally this is called
Webcams can also be used to capture an image 'teleconferencing' .
only if movement is detected in the scene in
front of it so they are widely used in burglar alarms and other
security equipments.
1.16 DIGITAL CAMERA
A digital camera is a camera that
captures photographs
digitally by recording images via an electronic image sensor. It
records and stores photographic images in digital form. Many current
models are also able to capture sound or video, in addition to still
images. Capture is usually accomplished by use of a photo sensor,
using a charged coupled device (CCD).The stored images can be
uploaded to a computer immediately or stored in the camera for Cat

uploading into a computer. Digital Camera

Digital cameras can do things that film cameras cannot. Such as
displaying images on a screen immediately after they are recorded, storing thousands of images on
a single small memory device, recording video with sound and deleting images to free storage space.
Most digital cameras have a LCD for viewing both images in the viewfinder and those in the
camera's memory.
Kodak, Canon, Sony, Nikon, Olympus and several other companies make digital cameras of
different ranges.
1.17 SCANNER
It is an input device. Scanner is used to scan photographs, documents
and other text and can store the same directly in the computer. The scanned
text can also be edited.
Scanners are of following types.
(i) Flatbed Scanner: It contains a scanner head that moves across a
page from top to bottom to read the page and converts the image
or text of the page into digital form. Scanner
(ii) Drum Scanner: A fixed scanner head is used in such type of
scanner and the image to be scanned is placed across the head. This type of scanner is used
for scanning prepress materials.
(ii) Slide Scanner: This type of scanner is used to scan photographic scans directly to produce
files understandable by computers.
(iv) Handheld Scanner: It is a scanner that is moved by the end user across the page to be scanned.
This type of scaner is very handy and easy to use.

Flatbed Scanner Drum Scanner Slide Scanner Handheld Scanner

1.18 SMART CARD READER

Smart card readers are sophisticated devices with built-in intelligence. Smart card readers are
found in PCs, Notebooks, Servers, PDAs and Set-Top-Boxes. Some readers come with integrated
 1.16 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

secure PIN pads, displays or fingerprint sensors. This allows multi-factor authentication for
logical access
convenient and control. Combining
secure because
biometrics can make smart cards
of entering a PIN, a biometric credential is used tO even
smart
instead cards with securethe
accessmore
smart card system.
Smart card readers are also known as card readers, smart card programmers, card
card acceptance devices (CAD) or interface devices (FD). terminals,
1.18.1 Desktop Smart Card Reader
The most common smart card
sized smart readers read ISO 7816 compliant cards. These are credit card
cards with contacts.
Smart card readers are used to read data from and write data to smartcards. Card readers can
easily be integrated into a PC.
Computer systems with keyboards that include an integrated smart card reader/writer are
now available.

1.19 BIOMETERIC SENSORS

Biometrics allow people to be identified based on unique
characteristics. Examples include fingerprint scans, iris scans and voice
recognition. Biomnetric devices utilize technology to capture and process
this type of information. Such devices may be found at airports,
government buildings and law enforcement agencies.
A biometric sensor is a transducer that converts a biometric
treat (fingerprint, voice, face, etc.) of a person into an electrical signal.
Generally, the sensor reads or measures pressure, temperature, ight,
speed, electrical capacity or other kinds of energies. Different technologies
can be applied to achieve this conversion using common digital cameras
or more sophisticated combinations or networks of sensorS.
Biometric systems can seem complicated, but they all use the fingerprint scanner
same three steps:
Enrollment The first time you use a biometric system, it records basic information about
you, like your name or an identification number. It then captures an image or recording of
your specific trait.
Storage Contrary to what you may see in movies, most systems don't store the complete
image or recording. They instead analyze your trait and translate it into a code or graph.
Some systems also record this data onto a smart card that you carry with you.
Comparison The next time you use the system, it compares the trait you present to the
information on file. Then, it either accepts or rejects that you are who you claim to be.
1.20 TYPES OF BIOMETRIC SENSORS
Optical sensors Capacitive sensors
" Thermal sensors
" Electric field Sensors (eField) " Ultrasound sensors

1.20.1 Optical sensors

This is the most common type of sensor used today in solutions. These sensors function by
extraction of image points generated from a fingerprint.
1.20.2 Capacitive sensors
The capacitive method generates an image of the ridges and valleys of the fingerprint on the
Surface of a silicon integrated circuit. This type of sensor is the most expensive (of biometric
fingerprint scanners) and also the most sensitive. These sensors do not support outdoor installations
and they have traditionally been used in access control systems. More frequently, design engineers
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