Piping

Materials
Wiki Common user: Alexander AlUS

Selection
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 Process Conditions
▪ Service Fluids
▪ Corrosive - Sea Water, H2S, Ammonia, Acids
etc.
▪ Non-Corrosive – Lube oil, Air, Nitrogen etc.
▪ Temperature
▪ Cryogenic
▪ Low, Medium & High temperature
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 Process Conditions
▪ High or Low Pressure
▪ Others factor that also considered
▪ Cost
▪ Availability
▪ Weldability
▪ Manufacturability

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 Material Properties
▪ Ultimate Tensile Strength
▪ Yield Strength
▪ Elasticity
▪ % Elongation
▪ Hardness
▪ Toughness
▪ Creep resistance
▪ Fatigue Resistance
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 Classification of Piping Material
Piping Material

Metal Non-Metal Lined /Clad

Ferrous Non-Ferrous PVC / CPVC Rubber Lined

Cast Iron Copper Alloy HDPE PTFE Lined

Carbon Steel Nickel Alloy GRP/GRE FRP Lined

Alloy Steel Aluminum Alloy Cement Glass Lined

Stainless Steel Other Alloy Cement Lined

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5
 In Next Lecture

Ferrous Materials

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 Killed Steel
▪ Killed Steel
▪ Completely deoxidize steel, no free Oxygen in
steel
▪ Semi-Killed Steel
▪ Partially deoxidized and some free Oxygen in steel
▪ Rimmed Steel
▪ No deoxidization of steel
▪ Only fully killed steel is used in process
piping
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Ferrous
Metal
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 Ferrous Metal
▪ Metal contains more iron than any other
single element
▪ They are divided into following categories
▪ Cast iron / Cast Steel
▪ Carbon Steel
▪ Stainless Steel
▪ Alloy Steel Fe
Iron
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 Cast Iron
▪ Cast Iron - Carbon ≥ 2%
▪ Not useful for process piping
▪ Ductile iron pipes are used in
water distribution network
▪ Manhole covers for the drainage
system
▪ Grey cast iron (ASTM A48), White
cast iron, Malleable iron (ASTM
A47), A74, A746 Copyright - hardhatengineer.com
 Cast Steel
▪ Cast Steel – Carbon < 2%
▪ Cast steel is used in various
casting material
▪ Mainly used in manufacturing
of valves and cast fittings
▪ ASTM A216 Gr WCB, A352 Gr
LCB/C
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 Carbon Steel
▪ Extensively used piping
material
▪ Carbon steel is an alloy
consisting of iron and carbon
▪ Iron is the main element in
carbon steel.

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 Alloying Elements Cast Steel
▪ Metallic alloying elements in Carbon steel
▪ Manganese, Nickel, Chromium, Molybdenum,
Vanadium, Aluminium, Copper, Silicon
▪ Non- Metallic alloying elements in Carbon
steel
▪ Carbon, Phosphorus, Sulphur
▪ These alloying elements are having a
different effect on the metal property.
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Classification of Carbon Steel
▪ Low carbon steel: Carbon - 0.05% to 0.25%
▪ Medium Carbon Steel: Carbon - 0.25% to
0.5%
▪ High Carbon Steel: Carbon - 0.5% to less
than 2%

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In Next Lecture

Alloy Steel

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Alloy Steel
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 What is Alloy Steel?
▪ When alloying elements are added to
improve the characteristics of the material
is termed as Alloy Steel
▪ Low alloy steels: Alloying elements < 5%
▪ High alloy steels: Alloying elements > 5%

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 Alloying Elements
▪ Chromium ▪ Silicon
▪ Nickel ▪ Boron
▪ Molybdenum ▪ Aluminum
▪ Manganese ▪ Cobalt
▪ Vanadium ▪ Tungsten
▪ Titanium
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 Purpose of Alloying Elements
▪ Improved Corrosion resistance
▪ Better Hardenability
▪ Improved Machinability
▪ High or low-temperature Stability
▪ Ductility
▪ Toughness
▪ Better Wear resistance
▪ Improved Weldability Copyright - hardhatengineer.com
 Benefits of Alloy Steel
▪ High-temperature services (Heater tubes)
▪ Low-temperature services (Cryogenic
application)
▪ High-pressure service (Steam Header)

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In Next Lecture

Stainless Steel

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Stainless
Steel
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 What is Stainless Steel?
▪ Minimum chromium content of 10.5 % or
more,
▪ Maximum carbon content of less than
1.20%
▪ Stainless steel has excellent resistance to
corrosion.
▪ Un-reactive chromium oxide (Cr2O3) film
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 Types of Stainless Steel
▪ Austenitic stainless steel
▪ Ferritic stainless steel
▪ Martensitic stainless steel
▪ Precipitation Hardened stainless steel
▪ Duplex / Super Duplex stainless steel

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 Austenitic stainless steel
▪ Non-magnetic
▪ High corrosion resistance
▪ Hardenable by cold working
▪ Possess high impact strength at low temp
▪ Used in the process industry, cookware
and a variety of industrial applications
▪ Ex: Type 304, 304L, 316, 316L
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 Ferritic Stainless Steel
▪ Magnetic
▪ Contains high carbon
▪ High resistance to chlorides stress corrosion
▪ Used in marine application, petrochemical,
automotive exhaust systems, heat
exchangers, furnaces
▪ Ex: Type 409, 430, 439
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 Martensitic Stainless Steel
▪ High hardness (carbon added to the
alloy)
▪ Poor Corrosion resistant
▪ Used extensively in valve tirms, and
multi-purpose tools
▪ Type 410,420.

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 Precipitation Hardened SS
▪ Heat treatable to high strength.
▪ Very high strength-to-weight ratio
▪ Weldable and corrosion resistant similar
to type 304
▪ Used in making aerospace components,
springs etc.
▪ Ex:-17-7PH, 17-4PH
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 Duplex Stainless Steel
▪ Contain both Austenite & Ferrite in
microstructure
▪ Offer benefits of both Austenite & Ferrite
stainless steel
▪ Good resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion
▪ Used in sea water system, heat exchanger,
structural application etc.
▪ EX- UNS S32205, S31803, S32760
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 In Next Lecture

Non-ferrous Materials

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Non-ferrous
Metal
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 Non-ferrous Metal
▪ Contains no iron or insignificant amount
▪ Copper and Copper Alloys
▪ Nickel and Nickel Alloys
▪ Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys
▪ Titanium and Titanium Alloys
▪ Zirconium and Zirconium Alloys

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 Copper and Copper Alloys
▪ Good thermal conductivity
▪ Brasses, Bronzes (Cu-Sn)
and Cupronickels (Cu-Ni)
▪ Good corrosion resistance
▪ Highest corrosion
resistance among Cu alloys

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 Nickel and Nickel Alloys
▪ Good resistance to oxidation and corrosion
▪ Monel 400 and Hastelloy
▪ Used in piping systems, pressure vessel,
turbine blading, valves, and power plant
accessories handling steam
▪ Cladding material with carbon steel

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Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
▪ Good thermal conductivity & Most workable
▪ Highly resistant to atmospheric conditions
▪ Subject to galvanic attack if coupled with
more noble materials
▪ Loses strength rapidly above 175°C
▪ Used as an external clad material for
thermal insulation
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 Titanium and Titanium Alloys
▪ High strength to weight ratio
▪ Titanium Oxide is formed which prevents
corrosion
▪ Resistant to Nitric acid
▪ Welding requires inert atmosphere
▪ Loses strength above 400°C
▪ Used as clad material with carbon steel
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Zirconium and Zirconium Alloys
▪ Used in strong acids and alkalis
▪ Used in very aggressive environment

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 In Next Lecture

Non- Metallic Material

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Non- Metallic
Material
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 Non-Metallic Material
▪ PVC / CPVC
▪ HDPE
▪ GRE/GRP
▪ Cement

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 PVC / CPVC
▪ PVC – Polyvinyl Chloride
▪ CPVC - Chlorinated
Polyvinyl Chloride
▪ Tough and exceptionally
resistant to chemical attack
▪ Required protection from
ultraviolet exposure
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 PVC / CPVC
▪ Manufactured by Extrusion process
▪ Wide application in industrial and in
home water piping

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 PE / HDPE
▪ High-Density Polyethylene has may
desirable qualities over LDPE or PVC,
▪ Improved tensile strength
▪ Improved low-temperature brittleness
▪ Higher softening point
▪ Increased chemical resistance

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 PE / HDPE
▪ Manufactured by
extrusion process
▪ Used in water
distribution or low-
pressure natural gas
services
▪ Used as lined
material
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 GRP
▪ GRP: Glassfibre
reinforced plastic
▪ Water supply-
municipal, industrial
and agricultural
▪ Wastewater /
Sewerage collection,
sea water transport
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 GRE
▪ GRE: Glassfibre
reinforced epoxy
▪ Used for industrial
application as well
▪ Offshore platform
and water treatment
plant

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 GRP/GRE
▪ Excellent chemical and corrosion resistance
▪ Manufactured using filament winding
process

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 Cement Pipe
▪ Can be reinforced or
non-reinforced
concrete
▪ Used in storm water
and gravity services
▪ Used in culvert and
irrigation application
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 In Next Lecture

Lined / Clad Material

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Lined / Clad
Material
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 Lined Pipe
▪ Mechanical bonding between pipe and
line material
▪ Commonly used lined material are
▪ PTFE
▪ Rubber
▪ Glass
▪ FRP (Fiber Glass reinforced plastic)
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Lined Pipe & Rubber lined
Equipment

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52
 Advantages of Lined Pipe
▪ Ability to withstand tough chemical
environments
▪ Also, has abrasion resistant property
▪ Cost effective for non-critical services

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 Disadvantages of Lined Pipe
▪ Cannot used in high temperature and
pressure services
▪ Large no of joint due to small spool length

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 Clad Pipe
▪ Meteorological bond between pipe and
cladding material
▪ Cladding is done by
▪ Explosive bonding process
▪ Welding of cladding material on pipe

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 Clad Pipe
Explosive Bonding Weld Overly

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 Advantages of Cladded Pipe
▪ Ability to withstand tough chemical
environments
▪ Cost effective for critical services
▪ Can be used in high temperature and
pressure services

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Disadvantages of Cladded Pipe
▪ Fabrication is difficult, special skill
required
▪ Costly compare to lined pipe

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 Section Summary
▪ Material Selection ▪ Exotic materials
criteria ▪ Non-metallic
▪ Carbon steel material
▪ Alloy steel ▪ Lined and cladded
▪ Stainless steel material

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 In Next Section

ASTM Material Grades for

Piping Components

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